Potential alternative automotive transportation fuels for Turkey Centre National de la Recherche...

Potential alternative automotive transportation fuels

for Turkey

Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Combustion Aérothermique

Réactivité et Environnement - ICAREIskender GÖKALP

Director

ICAT2008Hyatt Regency, Istanbul, 14 Novembre 2008

ICARE – CNRSInstitut de Combustion, AérothermiqueRéactivité et Environnement1c, avenue de la Recherche Scientifique45071 Orléans – Cedex 2 – France

Orléans

Paris

ICARE is in Orléans, 125 km from Paris

Total staff : 11035 Researchers30 Engineers and technicians30 PhD students and post-docs15 Various trainees

Where is ICARE ?

Research domains of ICARE

Energy & EnvironmentPropulsion & Space

• Combustion • Chemical kinetics • Plasmas physics • Fluid mechanics, turbulence • Two phase flows • Supersonic, hypersonic flows • Ionized, rarefied flows

Application domains

• Aerospace propulsion• Electric propulsion• Liquid and solid propulsion

• Atmospheric reentry• Atmospheric chemistry• Energy production• Alternative fuels, biofuels, hydrogen• Pollutant emissions reductions• Industrial risk prevention

Main cooperations

International cooperations: All EU countries, Russia, USA, Canada, China, Japon, Ukraine, Turkey, Argentine, etc

Potential alternative automotive transportation fuels

for Turkey

Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Combustion Aérothermique

Réactivité et Environnement - ICAREIskender GÖKALP

Director

ICAT2008Hyatt Regency, Istanbul, 14 Novembre 2008

Energy security and independency elements

• Energy resources• Knowledge and technology to convert the ressources to fuel and

energy • Investment capacity • Methodology, Organisation, Strategy (MOS)

Energy resources and Turkey

• Oil and natural gas (largely exported)• Coal (largely exported)• Lignite• Biomass, various organic waste

(agriculture and forestry)• Hydropower• Solar, wind• Geothermal

Energy security and independency elements

• Energy resources• Knowledge and technology to convert the ressources to fuel

and energy • Investment capacity • Methodology, Organisation, Strategy (MOS)

Potential alternative automotive transportation fuels for Turkey (Rational1)

Automotive transport of persons and goods is a crucial issue in modern societies. Therefore, automotive transportation fuels are an important ingredient in shaping the economic and social structure of a given country. Like electricity, its shortage may totally hinder the efficient organisation of societies.

This is much more critical for countries like Turkey where transport of persons and goods almost totally depends on road and automotive transport, in the absence of a reliable intercity railroad transport system and of a reliable city public transport system. Individual cars, buses and every kind of trucks are the major transport means in Turkey.

Consequently it is easy to imagine the degree of social disorganisation that a shortage of automotive transportation fuels may cause in a country such as Turkey. This is obviously also true for air and ship transport, both for civil and defence purposes.

Potential alternative automotive transportation fuels for Turkey (Rational2)

• For transportation fuels, the foreign dependency of Turkey is almost total. It is therefore mandatory that a national strategy and action plan put in place immediately to promote alternative automotive transportation fuels.

• Several domestic resources could be mobilized for this purpose in Turkey.

Potential alternative automotive transportation fuels for Turkey (Resources1)

• Lignite and various biowaste resources can be liquefied to obtain liquid fuels such as diesel fuel or gasoline. Indirect liquefaction is today operational in many countries and in development in many others. In this process, lignite is first gasified to syngas (mostly CO+H2) and then converted to liquid fuels by Fischer-Tropsch processes.

• It is mandatory to capture the CO2 released during the gasification process.

• The syngas generated can also be used to produce almost pure hydrogen or to drive a gas turbine for electricity production


• Biowaste resources and municipal organic waste can be converted to biogas (CH4+CO2) by anaerobic digestion processes.

• Methane and CO2 can be separated and compressed methane can be used in car engines similar to CNG.


• CO2 captured from various sources can be used to grow microalgae in photobioreactors in the sunny regions of Turkey.

• The microalgae can then be used to generate biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas or syngas. The integrated bio-refinery and the carbon capture potential of this approach is very high.


• Renewable electricity potential of Turkey (using solar, wind or geothermal energy) can be converted to hydrogen by water electrolysis.

• Hydrogen can be added to CNG or to compressed bio-methane to improve its combustion and emission characteristics.

Combustion of alternative fuels

Detailed characterization of lean laminar and turbulent premixed flames at high pressures

CH4/Air (thesis of Dr Th Lachaux, 2004)•CH4/H2/Air (thesis of Dr F Halter, 2005)•CH4/CO2/Air (thesis of Dr C Cohé, 2007)•Nicolas Bouvet (ongoing, laminar syngas)•Ludovic Ponty (ongoing, turbulent syngas)•Baris Yilmaz (ongoing, Fluent modelling)•Cem Celik (ongoing, CFX modelling)

Establishment of data bases on flame structure, flame propagation velocities..

High pressure and hydrogen addition effects on the laminar and turbulent premixed flame structures

A schematic view of the spherical combustion chamber of ICARE for laminar flame propagation studies

High pressure and hydrogen addition effects on the laminar and turbulent premixed flame structures

Typical shadowgraphs of propagating flames in the spherical combustion chamber. CH4/Air mixture, equivalence ratio =0.8, Pini=0.1 MPa, Tini=298 K; images taken at 11200 fps

t = 0.3 ms t = 4.7 ms t = 9.2 ms

t = 13.7 ms t = 18 ms t = 22.6 ms

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High pressure flame studies facility at ICARE

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High pressure flame studies facility at ICARE

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• Max. Pressure 1 MPa• H = 1200 mm D = 300 mm

chamber/burner = 12

• Walls are water-cooled• Windows diam. 100 mm at 90°• Internal walls painted in black• Monitoring of P and T• Pressure is set by a valve• Burner can move axially• 2 mass flowmeters for Air

and CH4

• N2 to remove condensation

The Combustion Chamber

Global shape of the flames

Pressure effect

0,1 MPa 0,3 MPa 0,9 MPa

H2 effect

= 0 = 0,1 = 0,2

Combustion rate

H2 effect

0

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= 0 = 0.2

0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 1< C >

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0 .0 5

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Tau

x de

com

bust

ion

(kg

.s-1

.m-3

) = 0

= 0 ,2

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Industrial Gas Turbine Technology from a Socio-Historical PerspectiveIndustrial Gas Turbine Technology from a Socio-Historical Perspective

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Assembly of the first model of Whittle’s experimental engine which run for the first time on 12 April 1937.

The W1 engine had its first run on 12 April 1941 and was first flight tested with The Glouster E28 aircraft on 15 May 1941


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Whittle’s combustion chamber test rig


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The prehistory of the gas turbine technology starts with the patent issued to John Barber in England (1791), but no working model of it was ever built.


Potential alternative automotive transportation fuels for Turkey Centre National de la Recherche...

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