My name is Madeleine Ingham. I am origi-nally from Hepburn Springs in country Vic-toria but have since moved to Melbourne to pursue territory study. I am currently a third year Bachelor of Environments student with a major in Architecture. I hope to continue into a Master of Architecture in the upcom-ing years with a focus in sustainable and functional design. Over the years I have gained some experience in digital software in Photoshop and InDesign and have basic

skills in Rhino from Virtual Environments in my first year. Below is my body lantern which was completed through using Rhino software. In the subject Architecture Studio: Air I hope to broaden my very limited skills with digital software for design and in turn broaden my design capability as an Archi-tect.

Madeleine Ingham

Introduction

Discourse In Architecture Shigeru BanPAPER HOUSELake Yamanaka, Yamanashi, Japan, 1995

Shigeru Ban has created discourse in the architectural industry by creating a new building material. Ban’s use of paper to create load bearing building elements was revolutionary to the building industry. Ban came up with the material as a design solution in providing tempo-rary shelter to residents affected by the Kobe Earthquake in Japan. Ban used paper as it was a material readily accessible, made sturdy enough to support a structure and could be bro-ken down and recycled after use. He transformed this make shift shelter solution from paper tubes into a more permanent solution in structures such as Paper House (Lake Yamanaka, Yamanashi, Japan, 1995). Ban uses his paper tubes in a curving dynamic manner to create the walls in between the static floor and the roof elements. The floor and roof looks to refer-ence back to Le Corbusier’s simple design principle of a flat floor and ceiling separated by columns but Ban has made it strictly his own style through the use of the paper tubes. The use of paper has become a defining element in Ban’s work and he continually experiments to push the boundaries with the material.

Source: http://aldorf.wordpress.com/2010/08/29/amazing-paperhouse-by-shigeru-ban/

Source: http://aldorf.wordpress.com/2010/08/29/amazing-paperhouse-byshigeru-ban/

Source: http://www.homeexteriorinterior.com/interior-pictures/2010/06/Paper-house-Shigeru-Ban.jpg

Timo and Tuomo SuomalainenTEMPPELIAUKIO CHURCH (Church of Rock)Helsinki, Finland, 1969

The Church of Rock is very unique in its design features but does incorporate many ideas from other building of the past in response to the landscape and topography which surrounds it. The Church of Rock is built directly into the bedrock of the landscape and the only thing visible from above the ground is the copper dome roof which has the appearance of floating within the landscape due to the large panelling of glass directly below it. The idea of using the natural topography to form a feature in the landscape can be seen in earlier inspirational buildings such as Frank Llyod Wright’s Falling Water. Like Wright, brothers Timo and Tuomo Suomalainen have used the landscape around the site to create features in the building. Wright used some of the natural rough stone surface in the interior of the building and contrasts it against smooth concrete and stone elements and this can be seen again in the Church of Rock. Most of the rock surfaces have been left rough, but there is the contrast of smooth stone and of course the very smooth and perfectly rounded dome. The dome references back to the original idea of a dome within a church but the use of glass and copper has fundamentally changed the antiquity representation of the church and dome.

Discourse In Architecture

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temppeliaukio_Church_1.jpg

Source: http://upall.co/helsinki-rock-church-1556.php

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temppeliaukio_Church_1.jpg

Contempory Computation Design

The role of computers in contemporary design can be likened to the revolution of the industrial age on architecture. Beginning with Frank Gehry’s Guggehium Muesum, digital technologies have created a new relm to work in and are changing the way which we practice architecture. Computer programing has allowed for the design, development and manufaturing of more ex-perimental designs. In particular curved structures which were once limited by what was capable to communicate on paper are being revolutionised into organic forms which challenge the tradi-tional development of buildings (solid, rigid structures which uniformly disipate loads). Architec-ture largely ignored the use of curves throughout the last century despite how developed the use of curves were in other built industires. Now, architecture is a leading industry in the development of curvilinnear built forms.

The more developed computer programs are becoming, the more experimental architects be-come in trying to push the limits of what can and can’t be fabricated. Despite this leap forward into a new dimension of design, digital technologies have created discourse amoungst the ar-chitectural community as these technologies, although pushing limits in designs, can also limit creativity. As with any media, the design in some ways is limited by parameters. It is of concern to the architecture community that the set paramerters of a program will not be broken if we be-come too reliant on digital technologies. It is therefore encouraged in many academic journals that the design process should use multiple medias or follow the traditional explorative design process.

Contemporary computer aided design can be separated into two categores; computerisation and compoutation.Computerization is primarily seen as a tool in architectural design. This is where the initial design is created by the architect but computerization is used to present the final design which the architect has envisioned, such as Frank Gehry’s Guggenhium Muesum in Bilbao. In contrast computation is where the computer aided design is used initially in the design process and continued to the end of the design. This sometimes begins by the exploration of patterns in computer programs where a set architectural form has not already been made. Computation is surrounded by a large amount of discourse in the architectural community as this process solely relies on the parameters of a set program and redifines the role of an architect in the design process, which some architects believe is limiting.

Preston Scott Cohen INCTORUS HOUSEOld Chatham, NY 1998-1999.

The Torus House by Preston Scott Cohen is an example of computer aided architecture. The curves are based on the mathematical concept of a torus. Computer aided design heavily assisted in the evolution of this project as the unconventional curves between the straight flat surfaces require careful mapping and calculations. This project is referred to as smooth architecture belonging to an avant garde style which explores curvilinear design. Computer technologies and CAD programs revolutionized the possibilities of curvilinear design through the understanding of NURB systems. Computers also heavily assist in the manufacturing of these designs. This design can be described as a computerization design as the archi-tect has used the computer to assist in representing the design after the initial idea was already created prior to computering commencement. In my opinion this is an example of where digital technologies have been positively utilized as a tool in the architectural process. The design may not have been possible to complete and may have encountered many more problems if computer aided technologies were not used in this project.

Source: http://dmageeish.blogspot.com.au/2009/01/preston-scott-cohen.html

Contempory Computation Design

Source: http://www.tasmeemme.com/project/view/1002

Source: http://www.pscohen.com/torus_house.html

Franken Architekten GmbHBMW BubbleFrankfurt, Germany, 1999

The BMW Bubble is one of the first structures in the world that was created from start to finish by com-puters. This can be described as computation as the whole design process has been developed using digital technologies. The design is based on the interaction between two water droplets and like Torus House, the design is curvilinear and computer aided technologies greatly assists in producing this structure. The movement and tension of the water droplets were explored and this is communicated in the design. The curves do not follow one radius and are not necessarily symmetrical. This design, in my opinion, is successful in communicating the idea of two water droplets. The design does not appear restricted by computer aided technologies, instead enhanced. It is an example of a computation design success where the design is creative and the materials elaborate the form of the design.

Source: http://www.franken-architekten.de/index.php?pagetype=projectdetail&lang=en&cat=0&param=overview&param2=21&param3=0&

Contempory Computation Design

Source: http://www.franken-architekten.de/index.php?pagetype=projectdetail&lang=en&cat=0&param=overview&param2=21&param3=0&

Source: http://www.franken-architekten.de/index.php?pagetype=projectdetail&lang=en&cat=0&param=overview&param2=21&param3=0&

Parametric Design

Parametrics is a term borrowed from mathematics. Weisstein 2003, describes parametrics as a ‘set of equations that express a set of quantities as explicit func-tions of a number of independent variables known as parameters’. This expression has been adopted into architecture where ‘the idea of the explicit connection be-tween the parameter and the geometry at the end’ is explored as design, Daniel Davis 2013.

It is widely misleading that parametric modelling only uses scripting and computa-tion as this is not always the case. A perfect example of this is Gaudi using a model consisting of weights forcing point sources into centrain shapes based on the force of gravity. This can be defined as parametric as there are set parameters (location of the weight points), equations (laws of gravity) and quanities (the model itself).

As previosuly mentioned there are positives and negatives to many new technolo-gies. Despite the control and efficiency of parametric modelling there are issues with major changes to parameters and re-use and sharing of parametrics to de-sign. Parametric modelling is being used to a very large scale in design and often this envolves computation. This makes it very difficult for external onlookers who have not participated in the digital parametrics to alter the design. In general it can even become hard for the original user of the parametric model to create major changes to the design as changing the parameters can create larger scaled negative effects. Creating changes to parametric designs later in the design pro-cess can lead to disfunction in the construction process as the initial parameters have been disrupted and altered.

The Mercedes Benz Museum was a very large project comprising of over two hundred and forty six companies and engineering firms. The museum is a complex double helix form based on the shape of the Mercedes Benz logo. Parametric design was used throughout the design, more specifically in reducing the labyrinth to a single diagram and controlling the overall geometry. According to Ben van Berkel, UN Studio’s co-founder and director, parametric modelling and digitally controlling the design made it possible for changes to be made quickly and efficiently and display the change on all other aspects of the building. This was interest-ing to read as the effect of small changes in para-metric modelling can sometimes have negative impacts on the design. It is surprising that para-metric modelling was used to map and experiment changes in the design as working with such a large

variety of companies requires many people to be able to use and adjust the design. This is dif-ficult as it requires many people to know the ex-act paramaters of the design and continually fol-low the changes which are made. As far as we know parametric modelling was successfully used throughout this design as the complex form has been compiled together effectively. Computer aid-ed design separate to parametric modelling was also very important to this designs structure due to the combination of many materials and the curved surfaces in the design.

Parametric DesignUN StudioMercedes Benz MuseumStuttgart, Germany, 2001–2006

Source: http://architecturerevived.blogspot.com.au/2008/08/mercedes-benz-museum-in-stuttgart.html

Source: http://architecturerevived.blogspot.com.au/2008/08/mercedes-benz-museum-in-stuttgart.html

PROJECTiONEEXOtique Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA

The EXOtique project was produced PROJECTiONE and students from the Institute for Digital Fabrication. There were specific constraints such as time, budget and the site (the cieling at the school architecture building). The intention of the designers was to ‘create a simple, hexagonally based, component system that would act as a lit “drop ceiling” for the space, as the ceiling height would allow for quite a bit of variation in the surface.’ To create this design PROJECTiONE used the paramatric modelling program Rhino and primarily used its plug in Grasshopper. These com-puter tools were also used for preparing the fabricated surface, printing and connections. The design created is lightbulb lit, loose hanging structure which is curved throughout the structure rather than just at its edges. The connections of this project were therefore critical to the design as it is the connections which are also responsible for the way in which the fits together and reacts with each hexagonal member. This process was an exploration of digital modelling for fabrication where the design was already in their minds. In Rhino they created a surface and divided the space into hexagonal forms with the aim of creating a non planar folding and bending surface.

http://www.archdaily.com/125764/exotique-projectione/

http://www.projectione.com/exotique/

Source: http://zeospot.com/exotique-by-projectione-an-amazing-interior-installation-architecture-design/exotique-lighting-installation-design/

Parametric Design