1. Inequality and poor quality in South African education 2.
Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries....
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Transcript of Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries....
![Page 1: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal migrants in the South are a clear majority of migrants worldwide.
© Claudiad/istock
![Page 2: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
One of the least visible forms of migration, but one of particular importance in poor communities, is that of children and young people who move without their parents.
© Samrat35/dreamstime
![Page 3: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Education and training play a major role in the migration decisions of children and poor people but are easily overlooked.
© Koscusko/dreamstime
![Page 4: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Policy: data on numbers•Continued need for better data•Standardised census questions•Increase public availability of data•Use ‘migration modules’ within socio-economic surveys. © Claudiad/istock
![Page 5: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Policy: child migration•Policy development to support children and youth in safe mobility •Build on measures that children, parents and communities already take •Understand when child migrants are vulnerable to exploitation and/or abuse.•Address vulnerabilities of specific groups of child migrants
© Samrat35/dreamstime
![Page 6: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Policy: education•Stopping child migration will not improve education•Improved education will not necessarily stop child migration
© Koscusko/dreamstime
![Page 7: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Liberalising the mobility of people should lead to global welfare benefits. Migration is also a common livelihood strategy of the poor, but comes with risks and costs
© Iva Zimova/panos
![Page 8: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Where poor people have a greater choice in terms of migration destinations, the net effect on inequality is more likely to be positive. Migration can increase or decrease inequality, depending on geographical scale and the location and type of inequality.
© Paul Smith/panos
![Page 9: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Access to formal social protection for migrants is highly patchy, as are agreements between countries that allow people to transfer social benefits from one state to another.
© Dave Logan/istock
![Page 10: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Policy: barriers to migration•Reduce de jure or de facto restrictions on internal migration•Remove unnecessary barriers to international migration
© Iva Zimova/panos
![Page 11: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Policy: reducing inequality•Wider access to legal migration opportunities for poor people should reduce inequality•Scope to reduce inequality by facilitating economic conditions for investment and redistribution of remittances
© Paul Smith/panos
![Page 12: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Policy: social protection•Facilitate portability of social benefits •Develop southern capacity to coordinate pension payouts across borders•Increase support to migrants’ associations to bolster informal social protection structures.
© Dave Logan/istock
![Page 13: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Skilled migration is largely a symptom, not a cause of underdevelopment. A distinction needs to be drawn between countries that export skilled labour from a large pool of supply, and those which are losing high proportions of scarce and critical human resources.
© Sven Torfinn/panos
![Page 14: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Migration can both exacerbate the impact of existing gendered roles and bring about significant changes in gender norms. © Sanjit Das/panos
![Page 15: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Diaspora engagement can contribute to the development of countries of origin but this is often highly political.
© Sanjit Das/panos
![Page 16: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Policy: skilled migration•‘Ethical recruitment’ should not involve barriers to movement•Need for policies that support human resource development•Need for different approach in small and large states
© Sven Torfinn/panos
![Page 17: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Policy: gender•Some opportunities for policies to build on the transformational potential of migration •Need to pay attention to regulation of labour standards in areas of women’s employment
© Sanjit Das/panos
![Page 18: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Policy: diasporas•Pro-active policies in origin countries to mobilise diaspora can be helpful•Attention also needs to be paid to issues of citizenship, trade and investment regulation and corruption.
© Sanjit Das/panos
![Page 19: Poor people are more likely to move over shorter distances, either within or between poor countries. These South-South international migrants and internal.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070404/56649f395503460f94c566ce/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Policy development on migration remains fragmentary, and there is still a lack of consensus on what pro-poor migration policies should look like in poor countries.© Abbie Trayler-Smith/panos
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Policy development:For migration to have its full developmental impact, the most beneficial policy change would be to reduce barriers to migration, especially for the poorest© Abbie Trayler-Smith/panos