POLIT ICS

POLITICS DEFINED:

♥ Greek word “polis” meaning city ♥ Study of the city or the state

PLATO AND ARISTOTLE

♥ Viewed politics in terms of moral purpose that decision makers out to pursue ♥ Plato: What is justice? ♥ Aristotle: What is the highest good?

Many political scientists believed that:

♥ The core of politics is about the nature of the good like ♥ Politics is the art of living and working together

Dictionary Meaning: “…is the science dealing with the form, organization and administration of the state, or part of one, and with the regulations of its relations with other states.”

Easton: Political acts are those that authoritatively allocate values in society.

Dahl: Politics is ant present pattern of human relationships that involves, to a significant extent, power, rule or authority.

♥ more than just persuasion (power) ♥ positional (authority)

Laswell: Politics is about who gets what, when and how

♥ The “economic” is also “political” ♥ Minority of the population gets majority of the wealth, majority of the population use minority of

the wealth

Redekop: Politics refers to all activity whose main purpose is one or more than the ff:

♥ to reshape/influence governmental structures/processes ♥ to influence/replace govt. officials ♥ to influence formation of public policy ♥ generate public awareness of, and, response to governmental processes, personnel and policies ♥ gain place of influence or power within government

Hegwood: Politics as:

♥ art of government ♥ the public ♥ consensus/compromise ♥ power

TRANSMISSION OF POLIT ICS

♥ Transmitted through the process called POLITICIAL SOCIALIZATION which is the establishment and development of attitudes to and beliefs about the political system

♥ Agencies of POLITICAL SYSTEM: o Family Religious Institution Mass Media o Educational Ins. Clubs Legislature o Employment Political Party

** we are not conscious of it but we learn to conform with authority

POLITCAL PARTY GOVERNMENT

INPUT OUTPUT

CANDIDATES LEADERSHIP

PLATFORM PROGRAMS AND SERVICES

PRODUCTIVE SPEHERE: Goods and services

Monetary value Men and women

Unequal pay for work

REPRODUCTIVE SPHERE: People

Nurturing Women

Double burden

TERRITORY, POPULATION, SOVEREIGHNTY & GOVERNMENT

Government’s function: PUT THE PEOPLE TOGETHER

3 Inherent State Powers:

♥ Eminent Domain – take private property for public use; like building roads taking away your property o Limits

Public use Just compensation To be exercised by Congress, President, LGU, Public/Quasi-public corporations

♥ Police Power – implement laws for public welfare/health/safety; regulate behavior o Limits

Due process of the law Equal protection law Congress makes the laws

♥ Taxation – political necessity to maintain government; power to collect fees; to be implemented by Congress

Logically, the people (nations) came first but history tells us that states formed nations.

Elements of a State/Nationhood:

♥ Territory ♥ People/Population ♥ Independence/Sovereignty ♥ Government

Territory

♥ All states have defined territory ♥ All territories have states

o Except Antarctica, Jews and Palastinians

Population

♥ People within territorial borders ♥ People: “citizens” and “aliens” ♥ Citizenship: law of the soil (birthplace) / law of the blood (inheritance) ♥ A family does not make a state ♥ But population doesn’t really matter

Independence/Soverignty

♥ Self governing ♥ The state is the supreme decision-making power within a geographically delineated fronties and

subject to external

STATE IN THE WEST AND EAST

West

♥ Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 ♥ French Revolution in 1789

East

♥ Marxism-Leninism: the state will wither way, masses will take over ♥ Communism by Marx anti capitalism

o Lenin was a follower of Marx and leader of Soviet Revolution

Crises of Nation or State-Building

♥ Identity nationhood/belongingness o Knowing the problems of the state

♥ Legitimacy question your leaders’ right to be leaders o Ex: GMA’s right to governance

♥ Penetration problem reaching to everyone in the state o Ex: state cant reach Ampatuan’s army

♥ Participation: who makes the decisions in society? o How indusive your state is

♥ Distribution problem of who benefits from the country’s wealth?

** We have issues of identity and penetration, not much of legitimacy, penetration and distribution.

DEMOCRACY

Etymology:

♥ Greek word “demos” meaning PEOPLE ♥ Kratia meaning RULE ♥ RULE OF THE PEOPLE

o Monarchy Tyrany o Aristocracy Oligarchy o Constitutional Government Democracy

♥ A democratic government is based on the consent of the government ♥ Or government by majority with the consent of the minority

Abraham Lincoln - Government OF the people, BY the people, FOR the people

WHO ARE THE PEOPLE?

♥ Single Body – sovereign will, collective will, general will ♥ Heterogeneous – the majority ♥ Everyone – unanimous decisions are acceptable

HOW SHOULD THE PEOPLE RULE?

♥ Direct democracy o Initiative o Referendum – when congress has a law and people are asked if its OK o Recall – replace leaders in position

♥ Representative democracy ♥ Totalitarian democracy

HOW FAR SHOULD POPULAR EXTEND? What is the proper realm of democracy?

Liberal Individualists – democracy restricted to political life; purpose is to establish a framework of laws for people to pursue private interests

Radical Democrats: principle of democracy applicable to all areas of social existence

Jospeh Schumpter: Democracy is a method – institutional method/arrangement for arriving at political decisions which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote

Samuel Huntington: Democracy is a political system where most powerful decision makers are selected through fair, honest, periodic elections in which candidates freely compete for votes and in which the adult population are eligible to vote

Schmitter & Karl: modern political democracy is a system of governance in which rulers are held….

Christian Ramney: 4 features of democracy

♥ Popular Sovereignty ♥ Political Equality ♥ Popular Consultation ♥ Majority Rule

Conditions favoring democracy:

♥ Peaceful revolution ♥ Socio-economic pluralism ♥ High level of economic development and modernization ♥ Ethnic group uniformity ♥ Leader’s commitment to democracy

WHAT ABOUT THE PHILIPPINE DEMOCRACY?

Elite democracy Patrimonial Oligarchic State Weak State Bossism Oligarchic Democracy Clientist Selectional Regime Low-intensity Democracy Cacique Democracy Contested Democracy Kerkvliet:

♥ Patron – client fractional framework ♥ Pre-authoritarian period ♥ Post-colonial Marcos Regime

2 Major Political parties then: NACIONALISTA VS LIBERAL identical in policies, ideological positions and sources of support intra-party solidarity was weakened & intraparty switching was indemic root of political dynasty

New Colonial Dependency Framework

♥ Authoritarian period ♥ Articulated by Filipino debt wing nationalists ♥ The US exercised “indirect” colonial rule over the Philippines even of granted Independence in 1946 ♥ The Filipino Elite were just “sub-elite” within an essentially colonial framework ♥ This framework dominant during Marcos’ regime because of his dependence on economic and

military assistance from the US Elite and Democracy Patrimonial Framework

♥ Post authoritarian period ♥ Dominant framework in the post Marcos period ♥ The rise of Cory Aquino meant the resurrection of an old elite and the restoration of the elite

Enzo Gutierrez

♥ Return of the oligarchs in 1987 congressional and 1988 local elections ♥ The real source of power, thus, is the “clan” rather than the party

James Pretzel

♥ The 1992 elections show that politics in the Philippines ♥ It is based on cultural & ideological hegemony, obtaining the consent of the ruled through the use

of institutions, symbols, and processes that enjoy a strong degree of legitimacy among the rule Quimpo: Contested Democracy

♥ Of the 3 frameworks, the elite patrimonial democracy framework appears superior because it takes corruption, fraud, coercion and violence into account

♥ Still, it is a top-down, static model: everything that happens in the country’s politics because of the elite

♥ All of the frameworks excluded the idea/reality of a popular opposition

ProvincialLevel[wealthylandedpoliticalleaders]

Town/MunicipalityLevel

[lessergentrypoliticians]

Barangay/VillageLevel

[villageleaders,ordinarypeasants]

ProvincialElite

TownElite

VillageLeadersandOrdinaryPeasants

Periphery

SemiPeriphery

Core

DEVELOPMENT Global Concerns

♥ Peace ♥ Freedom ♥ Development ♥ Environment

Modernization Theory

♥ Model for modernity: the industrialized West ♥ Tradition is incompatible with modernity ♥ The causes of underdeveloped are in traditional societies ♥ Mechanisms for development can be found within national societies

World Bank Indicators

♥ Classifications of countries based on gross ♥ National income (GNI) per capita ♥ Developed countries

o High income, or more ♥ Developing countries

o Low income, $995 and less o Lower middle income, $996-$3945 o Upper middle income, $3946-$12195

Core (goods <-, resources <-) (resources ->, goods ->) Context

♥ Challenge to the dominance of the modernization theory in the 1950s in the post WW 2 era ♥ In the 1860s and 1970s, economic growth proved no trickling down ♥ Attention was given production and technocracy, basic needs of people- neglected ♥ More attention to inequality and poverty issued is needed ♥ Shifts from macroeconomic growth to poverty alleviation strategies ♥ In the 1980s, decentralization became a global trend

Dependency theory

o outside circle are dependent on the major countries (they develop goods) why poor countries remain poor

o not all countries can be rich because they depend on each other

Alternative Development Theory o Criticized modernization theory as well o Another kind of development is possible

Geared to the satisfactions of needs Participative – endogenous and self reliant Sustainable – harmony with the environment

Distinguishing characteristics:

♥ Redefinition of development goals from economic growth to human development ♥ New focus on civil society as development agent ♥ Highlighted new development methodology

• Participatory • Endogenous and self-reliant • Sustainable beyond getting standards and numbers

Human Development Theory

♥ Human development reports instead of first GDP ♥ About enlarging people’s choices

o These choices are infinite and may change overtime o The objective of development is to create an enabling environment to enjoy long, healthy

lives ♥ Human development index Rating

o Standard of Living Very High HD, High HD, Medium HD Low hD o Literacy rate/Level of education (we’re high in LR but low in level of educ) o Life expectancy

Essential components of human development:

♥ Equity ♥ Sustainability ♥ Productivity ♥ Empowerment

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): we should have all the same goals and meet them all in 2050

♥ Indicate extreme poverty and hunger ♥ Combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases ♥ Reduce child mortality ♥ Improve maternal health ♥ Achieve universal primary education ♥ Develop a global partnership for development ♥ Ensure environmental sustainability ♥ Promote gender equality and empower women

Sustainable Development: “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” – Brundtland Report *intergenerational equity – there is something more for future generation

1987 Brundtland Report ♥ The environment does not exist as a sphere separate from human actions, ambitions, and needs,

and attempts to defend it in isolation from human concerns have given the word “environment” a connotations of naivety in some political circles

♥ Environment is where live and development is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within that abode. The 2 are inseperable.

The word “development” has also been narrowed by some into a very limited focus, along the lines of “what poor nations should do to become richer” and this again is automatically dismissed by many in the international arena as being a concern of specialists, of those involved in questions of “development assistance”. Definition of sustainable development:

♥ What is to be sustained? ♥ Nature (earth, biodiversity, ecosystems) ♥ Life Support (ecosystem services, resources, environment) ♥ Community (cultures, groups, places)

For how long? 25 years, “Now and In the future”, Forever What is to be developed?

♥ People (child survival, life expectancy, education, equity, equal opportunity) ♥ Economy (Wealth productive sectors, consumption) ♥ Society (institutions, social capital, regions, states)

ON MODERN POLIT ICAL IDELOGIES What is ideology? From Greek words:

♥ Eidos = words ♥ Logos = knowledge ♥ Socrates, Plato, Aristotle – 1st idea of JUSTICE ♥ First used by the French: “left” and “right” seating arrangement at the French National Assembly

of 1789 (signaled the start of the French Revolution) Drucker: the powerful political ideas of our time are almost all part of some ideology or other Sargent: a value system or belief system accepted as fact or truth by some group. Ideology provides the believer with a picture of the world both as it is and as it should be, and in doing so, organizes the tremendous complexity of the world into something fairly simple and understandable. (ideal world, foundation of beliefs) Heilboner: systems of thought and belief by which individual and groups explain… how their social system operates and what principles it exemplifies Anthony Downs: a verbal image of the good society and of the chief means constructing such a society

Characteristics of Ideologies ♥ “isms” (socialism, capitalism etc, body of knowledge) ♥ Provides an explanation of society and vision of society ♥ Action-oriented: how to get envisioned society ♥ Aimed at mobilizing mass support for desired change (or status quo)

Why is ideology important?

♥ Ideology addresses basic human needs (e.g safety, freedom, community) ♥ Provides its believers with an understanding of history ♥ Is a “reference” point, a lens to view the world ♥ inspires people ♥

Authoritarianism government control Economic Scale (capitalist) Social Scale (libertarianism) Libertarian

♥ Separate the personal from the government, no government intervention (ex. Gay marriage) Left-Liberals

♥ Generally embrace freedom of choice in personal matters, but support central decision-making in economics

Right-Conservatives

♥ Favor freedom of choice on economic issues, but want official standards in personal matters ♥ Tend to support the free market, but frequently want the government to defend the community

from what they see as threats to morality or to the traditional family structure ♥ Interfere the social issues

Centrists

♥ Favor selective government intervention and emphasize what they commonly describe as “practical solutions” to current problems

♥ Tend to keep an open mind on political issues ♥ Many centrists feel that the government serves as a check on excessive liberty

Statists (Big Government)

♥ want government to have a great deal of control over individuals and society ♥ support centralized planning and often doubt whether liberty and freedom of choice are practical

options ♥ at the very bottom of the cart, left-authoritarians are usually called socialists, while right-

authoritarians are generally called fascists

Authoritarian – more control by the government vs Libertarian – less control Left Authoritarian – economic scale vs. Right Authoritarian – less on economic Major Ideologies L ibera l ism, Economic L ibera l ism

♥ Classical Liberalism, Laissez Faire ♥ Modern Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism (privatization, de-regulation) ♥ State-Assisted Capitalism, the Developmental State *model of Japan and SK

Conservat ism

♥ Classical Conservatism ♥ Modern Conservatism

Marx ism or Sc ient i f ic Socia l ism

♥ Marxism ♥ Marxism-Leninism ♥ Maoism ♥ Marxist Revisionism or Social Democracy ♥ Gramscian Marxism

Fasc ism

♥ Associated with authoritarian

Class ica l L ibera l ism ♥ Adam Smith, 1723-1790 ♥ Scottish ♥ Political economist, moral philosopher ♥ 1776: “An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations”

o comes from the Latin word “liber” for “free” o negative Liberalism or Freedom “from” (government control) o Government by “Consent” as central value o Individual freedom o Rationality and progress o Limited government o Economic freedom

Modern L ibera l ism

♥ Positive Liberalism or Freedom “to” (be protected by government) ♥ Freedom of speech or freedom from repression is not meaningful if people cannot get an education

(welfare); economic system can be unfair so government must step in ♥ Control financial flows

Neo- l ibera l ism

♥ The private is good, the public is bad ♥ Revival of Laissez faire ♥ Rolling back of the state ♥ Privatization – government transfers its assets to private sectors

♥ Deregulation – oil companies don’t set prices, comply with world market prices ♥ Liberalization - open it up to competition, don’t favor philippine companies

State-ass isted capita l ism East Asian miracle: the “developmental” state Class ica l Conservat ism (Burke)

♥ comes from French word “conservateur” label given to French scholars who demanded for a return to pre-revolutionary conditions

♥ “reactionary”, “gradualist”, “moderate”, “slow”conservatism- resistance to change ♥ Associated with the analyses:

o humans have irrational impulses and should these impulses should be controlled o Order and stability: most important o Change should be gradual

Modern Conservat ism

♥ revival of classical liberalism in the 1980s (e.g ideas of Milton Friedman who served as Reagan’s economic adviser)

♥ “Neo-cons”: Bush et al (Adam Smith + Edmund Burke) Marx ism

♥ Karl Marx ♥ 1818-1883 ♥ German Philosopher ♥ 1848 (with Engels): “The Communist Manifesto” ♥ 1867: “Das Kapital” ♥ Captalism’s problem: profit orientation (P = I – C) ♥ You can manipulate costs ♥ Class struggle (historical/dialectical materialism) ♥ Scientific Socialism – because it’ll definitely lead to socialism ♥ Vision of a classless society

Marx ism- Leninsm

♥ Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ♥ 1870-1924 ♥ V.I Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ♥ Leader of the October Revolution (1917) ♥ First head of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic ♥ 1902: “What Is to be Done” ♥ 1916: “Imperialism: The Highest Form of Capitalism ♥ Revolution in a backward economy ♥ The necessity of organization: the Communist party ♥ Dictatorship of the Proletariat

Maoism ♥ Mao Zedong ♥ 1930s: led the Chinese Communist Party ♥ based on poor peasants ♥ guerilla warfare: surround the city from the countryside ♥ came to power in 1949 ♥ launched a cultural revolution in 1969

Socia l Democracy

♥ Edward Bernstein (1850-1892) o Developed the “revisionist” school o German Social Democratic Party o No to economic determinism o Evolutionary socialism o “welfarism”

♥ Antonio Gramsci (1891 to 1937) o one of the founders of the Communist Party of Italy (pic) o capitalism has not collapsed because of “ideological/cultural” hegemony o advocated for “war of position” rather than “war of movement”

Fasc ism

♥ Latin word “fasces” meaning bundle” ♥ Italy 1919: benito Mussolini ♥ 1940s: Adolf Hitler, National socialism or Nazism (1940s) ♥ Totalitarianism, Nationalism, Militarism, Leadership ♥

Some Theoretical Foundations

♥ Unitary and Federal Governments o Horizontal or territorial expression of power in society o Typology based on the relationship between the National/Central and the Local

governments ♥ Presidential or Parliamentary Government

o Options for a representative democracy o Typology based on relationship between the executive and the legislative o In Parliamentary: exec and legis have the same power o In presidential: they have separate powers

♥ Unitary vs Federal State Unitary

grant political power exercise political authority

People[Boardpowers&authority]

CentralGovt[limitedpowers&authority]

Govtofcomponentparts

Federa l

DIFFERENCE: you also grant power to government of component parts governed by Obama; governed by Arnold S. *Central govt cant dissolve any State Confederat ion

UNITARY GOVT Advantages:

♥ more suitable for countries that are culturally homogenous (the same) ♥ Possibility of uniform application of laws and policies to all parts of the states ♥ Requires a relatively simple organization ♥ Less “wasteful” because there is no conflict of authority between different levels of government

Disadvantages: ♥ Not suitable for large or culturally heterogeneous countries ♥ Policy-makers and administrators are physically and emotionally distant from the locality (i.e “local

affairs are decided by the “national” ♥ Tends to overcrowd the national government: agenda and personnel

FEDERAL STATE Advantages:

♥ Capable of uniting different units – under an overarching political authority – while giving them local autonomy

♥ Suitable for large territories that are culturally heterogeneous ♥ Lower levels of government benefit from national assistance (i.e military and economic mobilization) ♥ National government can focus on national and international issues

Disadvantages: ♥ Duplication of services and officeholders at the regional and federal levels (i.e it is costly) ♥ Absence of uniform policy on issues that are common or “national” in nature (e.g marriage, child

labor, voting, agrarian reform, repro rights etc) ♥ Laws at local level are often difficult to change (because laws are contained in “rigid”

constitutions)

PEOPLE CentralGOVT

GovernmentofComponent

Parts

PeopleGovernmentofComponent

PartsCentral

Government

UNITARY NOT FEDERAL ♥ (Filipino Voters (Broad Powers and authority) <-> CG <->(LIMITED powers and authority) Local Govt

Units ♥ 17 administrative regions ♥ 81 provinces (81 governors) ♥ 120 cities ♥ 1,501 municipalities (1st – 6th classes, based on income and territory) ♥ 41,939 barangays (administrative units : develop the lives of the people in your area) ♥ *congressmen/women : political units (make laws)

Par l iamentary and Pres ident ia l Forms or Systems of Government Par l iamentary

♥ The executive and legislative branches are “fused” ♥ British model

Pres ident ia l

♥ The executive and legislative branches are separate ♥ American model - our system

Br it ish Par l iamentary System

♥ Monarch as head of state ♥ Voters elect House of Commons or Parliament -> (Parliament) provides majority/support for Prime

Minister and Cabinet or Government-> (Government) directs central government agencies

Amer ican Pres ident ia l System ♥ Voters elect (president) and (congress)

o From president -> appoints agency heads -> (agency heads) directs federal agency heads French Mixed system

♥ Voters elect (president/ head of state) -> (President) appoints prime minister (head of government) and cabinet -> executive agencies

♥ (Voters also) Elect national assembly (provides majority support for..) Impl icat ions on the E lectora l Process

♥ Presidential (+) allows the people to vote for their chief executive directly and openly (-) raises the stake for presidential elections (-) tends to ignore political parties; promotes personalistic politics

♥ Parliamentary (-) choice of chief executive is indirect, prone to backroom maneuvering of politicians (and

so people may feel excluded from the selection process) (+) promotes power sharing and coalition-building (smaller parties have a stake in the system)

Impl icat ions on Governance/Pol i t ica l Process ♥ Pres ident ia l System

(+) separation of powers serve as check and balance (-) all powerful president

(-) because of the fixed term of office, political calculations get in the way of rational planning (-) government personnel often political appointees (rather than merit-based)

♥ Par l iamentary System (-) all-powerful parliament (or majority party) (+) continuity of the political process (+) government personnel more independent-minded

Impl icat ions on Pol i t ica l Stabi l i ty ; Success ion Issues ♥ Presidential System

(-) legislative branch might not be “cooperative” (-) in case of stalemate between legislative and executive, the armed forces might step in (-) successor might be of a different political orientation (-) few options for ousting abusive presidents: impeachment

♥ Voters elect o President of the Philippines o Bicameral Congress: House of Representatives (214) and Senate (24)

From 1 -> (President) appoints Cabinet of heads of Departments, plus Heads of AFP and PNP ->( Cabinet of Heads) directs national agencies for: Agriculture, Defense, Economy, Education, Energy, Environment, Foreign Affairs, Health, Housing, Justice, Labor, Local Government, Public Safety, Science, Transportation, Tourism

Arguments for a Parliamentary Shift (Abad article) ♥ Better ability to prevent gridlock and promote a cooperative relationship between the Malacanang

and congress in policy-making ♥ Greater capacity to ensure stability and continuity in governance and prevent military coups and

extra constitutional action by the executive ♥ Better capacity to ensure accountability in governance ♥ Greater propensity to create a political environment conducive to the growth of coherent,

disciplined, and strong political parties o Greater ability to encourage a multi-party setting and promote a more open and plural

politics (def. plural politics: different ideas are considered valid)