PMR Blood Circulation and Transport Part One
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Transcript of PMR Blood Circulation and Transport Part One
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7/31/2019 PMR Blood Circulation and Transport Part One
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http://mrsuntharanmuniandy.blogspot.com
TRANSPORT
BLOOD
CIRCULATION
Chapter TwoPart One
PMRChapterReview:
Labelingofheart Doublecirculation(Pulmonarycirculationand
systemiccirculation)
Differencebetweenbloodvessels Typeofbloodcells Bloodtypeandtransfusion Transpirationprocessinplants Factorsaffectingthetranspirationprocess thestructureofstomataandguardcell. Thestructureofxylemandphloemindicotyledon
andmonocotyledon
CopyrightreservedPrepared by Mr. Suntharan
Muniandy
2012 edition
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7/31/2019 PMR Blood Circulation and Transport Part One
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Bloodcirculation
andtransport
Human
BloodCirculatorySystem. Systemconsistofheart,bloodvesselsand
bloodtissue.
Functionsaretosupplyoxygentoallbodycellsandeliminatecarbondioxide.
Italsotransportswasteproductslike
carbondioxideandurea.
Humanshaveclosebloodcirculatorysystem.
Bloodflowsinclosedbloodvesselsandexchangeofgasandfoodwilltakeplace
throughcapillariesviadiffusionprocess
Bloodvesselsthatcarriesbloodintotheheartarecalledveins/venacava.
Bloodvesselsthatcarriesbloodoutofheartarecalledarteries.
Theaortaisthelargestarteryandvenacavaisthelargestvein.
Veinhasvalvethatpreventthebackflowoftheblood.
Heartisdividedintotwomainsitesthatareleftandrightsideofheartthatis
separatedbyastructurecalledseptum
Theupperportionoftheheartiscalledatriumandthelowerportionsofheart
arecalledventricles.
Specificvalvesseparatetheatriumandventricles.
Therightatriumandventriclesareseparatedbytricuspidvalve.
Theleftatriumandventriclesareseparatedbybicuspidvalve.
Thesemilunarvalveseparatespulmonaryarteryandaortafromventricles.
Theventriclewallswillbethickerthenatriumwallsthisisbecausetheventricleswillpumpthebloodoutofheartand
atriumjustpumpthebloodtoventricle.
Theleftsideofventriclewillbethickercomparetotherightsideofventricle
becausetheleftsideofventriclewillneed
topumpthebloodtothewholebodyand
therightsideoftheventriclewilljust
pumpthebloodtolungs.
BloodCirculationinheart
Venacavacarriesdeoxygenatedbloodanddepositsitinrightatrium.Oncetherightatrium
isfull,therightatriumpumpsthebloodtoright
ventricle.Oncetherightventricleisfull,itwill
pumpthedeoxygenatedbloodtothelungs.
Thebloodfromrightventriclewillbepumpedtolungsthroughpulmonaryartery.
Inthelungs,Deoxygenatedbloodwillbeconvertedtooxygenatedblood.Thisoxygenated
bloodwillbesenttotheheartagainthrough
pulmonaryvein.
Theoxygenatedbloodwillbedrainedintoleftatrium.Oncetheleftatriumisfullitwillpump
thebloodtoleftventricle.
Oncetheleftventricleisfull,itwillpumpthebloodtothewholebodythroughaorta.
Thevalvescontrolmovementofbloodfromonechambertoanotherorchamber/vessels.The
valvespreventsthebloodfromflowingback.
CopyrightreservedPrepared by Mr. Suntharan
Muniandy
2012 edition
http://mrsuntharanmuniandy.blogspot.com
http://mrsuntharanmuniandy.blogspot.com
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Bloodcirculation
andtransport
Pulmonaryandsystemiccirculation
Pulmonarycirculation:DeoxygenatedBloodistransportedfromhearttolungs
andbacktotheheart.
Bloodfromrightventriclewillbepumpedtothelungsthroughpulmonaryartery.In
thelungs,thedeoxygenatedbloodwillbe
convertedtooxygenatedblood.
Oxygenfromthealveolusdiffusesintotheonecellthickbloodcapillaryandbinds
withthehaemoglobinintheredbloodcell.Theheamoglobinisthencalledthe
oxyhaemoglobin.
Systemiccirculation:Theoxygenatedbloodwillbesenttotheheartbackagain
thoughpulmonaryveinanddrainedinto
leftatrium.
Leftatriumwillpumpthebloodtoleftventricleanditoncethechamberisfullit
willpumptheoxygenatedbloodtothe
wholebodythoughaorta.
Bloodvessels:
Veincarriesbloodtotheheart.itcarriesdeoxygenatedbloodexceptpulmonary
vein.Lowpressuredbloodthatflows
slowly.Thevesselsarethin,lessmuscular
andlesselasticwallandthelumen
diameterisbig.Theveinsareconstructed
withvalvestopreventthebackflowofthe
blood.
Arterycarriesbloodfromtheheart.Itcarriesoxygenatedbloodexcept
pulmonaryartery.High-pressuredbloodthatflowsinhighvelocity.Thevesselsare
thickandmuscularwall.Itiselasticandthe
lumendiameterissmall.
Bloodcapillarycarriesbloodfromarterytovein.Thebloodflowsveryslowlybecause
thepressureisverylow.thisprocess
enablethediffusionandexchangeof
substanceshappensatmaximumrate.Itis
onecellthickandthelumensizeisthe
smallest.
Maintainingahealthyheart
Heartdiseaseiscausedbydamagedtothevalveintheheart,failureoftheventricles
andatriumwallstocontract,blockageof
bloodsupplytotheheartasaresultsof
cholesteroldeposits.
Balancedfoodintake,exerciseandlowworkpressurearebeneficialforahealthy
heart.intakeoffoodrichinfat
(cholesterol)shouldbereduced.
Theimportanceofmaintainingahealthyheart:
Avoidcontractingheartdisease.inseriouscases,heartdiseasecausedeath
Ensurethatourbodycellsgetenoughsupplyofoxygenandfood.thisisbecause
theheartpumpsthebloodtothewhole
body.
HumanBloodGroup:
Humanbloodgroupisclassifiedintofourgroups:A,B,AB,O
Apersonwhodonatesbloodarecalledblooddonor.andthepersonwhoreceivebloodare
calledrecipient.
Transferofbloodfromdonortorecipientiscalledbloodtransfusion.
Ifunsuitablebloodmixestogether,itwillcausebloodagglutination.
PeoplewithbloodgroupOareknownasuniversaldonor,theyareabletodonateblood
toanybloodgroup.Peoplewithbloodgroup
ABareuniversalrecipientandtheycanreceivebloodfromanybloodgroup.
Tablebellowshowsthebloodcompatibility: A B AB O
A YES NO NO YES
B NO YES NO YES
AB YES YES YES YES
O NO NO NO YES
Donors
CopyrightreservedPrepared by Mr. Suntharan
Muniandy
2012 edition
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HumanBloodTissue
Plasma
55%oftotalbloodtissueisbloodplasma.
91%ofbloodplasmaiswater. italsocontainsproteins,enzymes,
antibodies,vitamins,food,fat,
mineralsetc.
Bloodplasmaalsoplaysaveryimportantroleinbloodclotting
processasitcontainsbloodclotting
factors
Redbloodcell
Erythrocytes
Itcarriesoxygentothewholebody. It'sbiconcaveinshapeandthe
matureredbloodcellshasno
nucleus.
Redbloodcellscontainhaemoglobin(redpigments)that
bindswithoxygentoproduce
oxyhaemoglobin.
InoneRBCtherewillbeapproximately200million
haemoglobinmolecules.
RBCareproducedinhaemoglobin. Itslivespanisabout90day
Thenitwillbedestroyedinspleen
orliver.
Whitebloodcells
Whitebloodcellsareproducedinbonemarroworthymus.
Whitebloodcellscontainsnucleus Itismainlyforthedefense
mechanismwhereitkills
microorganismandpreventhumans
fromgettinginfectionsandsickness.
Platelets
Smallestbloodcell.
Ithasnonucleus. Itisalsoproducedinbonemorrow Itisessentialforbloodclotting
CopyrightreservedPrepared by Mr. Suntharan
Muniandy
2012 edition
CopyrightreservedPrepared by Mr. Suntharan
Muniandy
2012 edition
http://mrsuntharanmuniandy.blogspot.com
http://mrsuntharanmuniandy.blogspot.com
http://mrsuntharanmuniandy.blogspot.com
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Bloodcirculation
andtransport
Plants
Transportsysteminplant
Transpiration Itsisaprocessinplantswherewaterislostintheformof
watervaporthoughevaporationprocessthrough
evaporationfromthesurfaceoftheleaves.
Iftoomuchwaterislostfromtheplant,theplantwilllooseitsturgorpressureandwilt.Ifthiscondition
continues,theplantwilldie.
Mostwatervapourwillbelostthoughthestomataopeningofleaves.
Stomataareporesoropeningsontheundersurfaceoftheleaves
Stomatahaveguardcellstocontrolthelossofwaterfromplants.
Theporesizeofthestomataiscontrolledbytheguardcells
Alotofwaterwillbelostiftheporesizeofthestomataislar eandlesswaterwillbelostifthe oresizeissmall
Transportsysteminplant
FACTORSAFFECTINGTHERATEOFTRANSPIRATIONFactors Transpirationrate
HighTemperature High
HighLightIntensity High
StrongWind High
HighAir Moisture Low
THEROLEOFTRANSPIRATIONTOAPLANT: Toremoveexcesswaterfromplants. Tocoolorcontrolthetemperatureduringhotdays. Transportwaterandmineralsaltsthatcontributestothe
photosynthesisprocessofplants.
TheXylemisavesselwhichtransportswaterandmineralfromtheroottotheshootoftheplants
Thephloemisthevessel,whichtransportsfood(glucose)fromthesiteofsynthesistothewholeplant.
Onthestemofadicotyledonplantlikethebalsamplantandrambutantree,thexylemislocatedinthemiddlesection
whilethephloemislocatedinthebarkoftheplant
CopyrightreservedPrepared by Mr. Suntharan
Muniandy
2012 edition
http://mrsuntharanmuniandy.blogspot.com