1st International Conference on South East Asia Studies (ICSEAS) 2016

Ornamental Plants as CO2 Sequestration in Residential

Syaukat Ali1, Aniek Hindrayani2

Vocational School, Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaEconomic Eductaion, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Abstract

This study aims to identify the ornamental plants that are beneficial to beautify the house as well as the function of CO2 sequestration in minimizing the effects of air pollution caused by pollutants in the domestic housing. This research method iss field study to test model CO2 calculation mathematically using Takaoki Method. Samples are ornamental plants grown in a residential area in Yogyakarta. The results showed that there are several kinds of ornamental plants that have high CO2 sequestration namely (1) Piper crocatum (2) Bambusa sp, and (3) Bougainvillea spectabilis, recommended to be planted in order to reduce domestic pollutants

Keywords: CO2 sequestration, ornamental plants, residential, domestic pollutants

1. Introduction

Residential development in civil engineering damages environment and changes natural land into constructed land. Especially they produce CO2. Whereas, the resedential development of civil engineering itself cannot be stopped. This has to be solved, by compensating CO2 prodeced by CO2 sequestrated through vegetation. If this compensation found equal, there will be no pollution, furthermore, if the compensation is more than expected, it means environment preservation.

On the other hand, land use is not only to build housing, but also to support facilities such as roads and other public facilities. This led to a growing number of land cover, thereby diminishing farmland. In line with this, the construction of a city following the activity taking place in it requires a certain amount of energy. Most of the energy derived from the combustion of carbon, or in other words emit CO2. Some of the elements that produce CO2 actively in urban life are as follows [1]: (1) building, (2) transport, (3) Infrastructure, and (4) Industry.

Residential Development includes two major infrastructures, namely roads and residential. Good building of roads and residentials, will produce CO2 emissions. During the process of residential construction, the production of CO2 arise among others from building materials used as road material/homes, motor vehicles used for the transport of materials, the activity of the workers at the construction site, and so forth. Meanwhile after the residential is completed, the source producers of CO2 in residential buildings include home, motor vehicles, and the respiration of living beings who live in the house. CO2 production in these sources is basically a reflection of human activities remain in residential.

Healthy residential cannot be separated from the availability of relevant infrastructure and facilities, such as water supply, sanitation, waste disposal, transportation, and the availability of social services [2]. Problems of settlements and residential become one of the parameter welfare levels of a society prosperities, which meet the standards of welfare and buildings that technically meet the technical requirements of adequate residential is still very alarming.

Several approaches have been developed to reduce the incidence of carbon emissions in the air in the pre-construction and construction through the formation of society "Zero-Emission" which emphasizes saving movement building materials through the recycling of materials, use of building materials durable repair

1 icok@gadjahmada.edu2 aniekhindrayani@gmail.com

material systems and construction of buildings, as well as through the optimization of existing network system [3]. Meanwhile, in the post-construction phase, the CO2 emission reduction efforts will be done primarily through the consumption of electrical energy and fuel from household purposes [4].

Planting vegetation can be used to reduce CO2 emissions and anticipation. Even so, there are some provisions that should be considered in selecting and arranging appropriate vegetation, associated with the main function as a residential, planting vegetation will not interfere with the activity of the occupants as well as the optimization capabilities of each vegetation to absorb CO2 emissions.

If the residential building does not have a yard large enough, greening can be accomplished by planting vertical or vertical gardening. CO2 emissions will rise to the upper air layer to be absorbed by the existing plant on each floor of multistory buildings. The types of crops grown on high-rise buildings are type of shrub-resistant hard wind at a certain altitude, heat, a little water and a lot of leaves to improve the absorption of CO2 [5].

Ornamental plants as well as the aesthetics and beauty of the home page also serves as an absorber of CO2

in the residential. This study aims to identify the species of ornamental plants grown in housing in Yogyakarta as an absorber of pollutants generated by the domestic housing and roads in residential, and to calculate the CO2

sequestration on ornamental plants then to identify the plants that have the highest CO2 sequestration. Sampling was done by means of surveys and mathematical calculations using models Takaoki.

The results show that in addition to fulfill the functions of aesthetics and beauty, ornamental plants also serve as a CO2 sequestered. Ornamental plants that have the highest CO2 sequestration namely (1) Piper crocatum (2) Bougainvillea spectabilis, and (3) Veitchia merillii.

Furthermore, the following discussion of this paper is the research methods, results and discussion and conclusions and suggestions

2. Research Method

The choice of location in this study determined in purposive, based on various sources of data include the Regional Statistical Department. Special Region of Yogyakarta was chosen with a primary focus in Sleman district, with the number of housing as many as 73 residential which found 162 types of vegetation. Furthermore, CO2 sequestrations calculate using Takaoki method of natural photosynthesis. Testing Takaoki done with a leaf of plants cut to a length of 4 cm and 0.4 cm. A necessary ingredient in this study is a liquid safranin used to determine the parameters increasing in photosynthesis and respiration of leaves tested and Carbonate Buffer fluid is used to stabilize the carbon dioxide in the leaves that will be tested in the glass.

CO2 sequestration by vegetation depends on the process of photosynthesis and respiration. Broadly speaking, in the process of photosynthesis vegetation absorbs CO2 and produce O2 while the reaction in the process of respiration is the opposite. If the amount of CO2 absorbed during photosynthesis exceeds the amount of CO2 emitted during the process of respiration, it can be said that the vegetation is able to absorb (sequester) carbon.

Calculation of CO2 sequestration by vegetation was done using Takaoki method, a method that was discovered by Takeshi Takaoki and Keiji Kitao to measure the photosynthetic activity and plant respiration. In a calculated CO2 sequestration by vegetation used the same leaf area. After that, doing the comparison of the amount of CO2 sequestration by the same leaf area, to get the sequestration of CO 2 produced by one tree to the formula as follows:

leaf area= A x BC

Where:A = area of comparative paper (cm2)B = Weight Paper Blat / Tracing leaf patterns in the test (grams)C = Comparative Paper Weight (g)Next calculating the amount of CO2 sequestration in the tree, then analyzing the flow of CO2 conversion:

3. Results and Discussion3.1. Identifying type of residential

Data taken from the entire amount of the existing residential in Sleman. The number of residential according to the Regional Planning Department of Yogyakarta, is 60 residentials, while there are 13 residentials found in the field. So that the entire housing in this research was 73 residentials. Number of residential that allows for survey is of 55 residentials. We choose 8 residentials for collecting the data.

3.2. Identifying type of vegetation in residential

Collecting data on type of vegetation obtained by data collection in the field. Several samples were taken from home to be observed directly linked to vegetation type and approximate age. Name of vegetation known either from interviews or through the literature reviews. Based on the survey results, it is known that there are 162 types of vegetation planted on the residential in Sleman, consisting of fruit trees, agricultural annual crops, timber, traditional medicinal plants, vegetable plants, and ornamental plants. Ornamental plant species have been identified as of 16 types.

Almost every home provides a garden as a green open space in the yard. Even so, the yard is found more often in houses with type 2 and 3. While there is more than one type of ornamental plants in front of the house or the highway around the home environment planted because of limited yard. Identification of plants in residential by type of residential as follows:

a. Residential type 1

dominated house with media of potted plants. As the plants are planted on the side of the house before the entrance, in front of the house, on the roof, and on the balcony

Figure 1. Ornamental Plant in Residential Type 1b. Residential Type 2

dominated houses provide garden in the yard of the house (usually located on the front porch after the entrance gate). Some house building full of land (without garden) providing plants grown in pots and placed or hung on the fence and balcony

Figure 2. Ornamental Plant in Residential Type 2c. Residential Type 3

dominated houses provide garden in the yard of the house (usually located on the front porch after the entrance gate). In addition, the park is also located next

to or surrounding the house.

Figure 3. Ornamental Plant in Residential Type 3

Based on the survey results, it is known that the type of plants being grown on the residential in Sleman is Cambodia (Plumeria alba), Evorbia (Euphorbia milii), Orchid (Orcidaceae), Rhoediscolor, Croton (Codiaeum variegatum), Palm (Palmae), and Sri Rejeki (Aglaonema crispum).

3.3. CO2 sequestration

Based on survey results from interviews and questionnaires, it is found that CO2 production from the residential use of electricity, motor vehicles, the use of gas cylinders and the occupant is quite high, especially CO2 production from the motor vehicle, as shown in Figure 4 below.

Figure 4. Diagram of CO2 Production in Residential

Figure 4 shows that the highest production of CO2 is Taman Kuantan at 4173.12 ton CO2/year. At Taman Kuantan there are some vegetation that can reduce CO2 production, and from the survey data obtained of CO2

sequestration by vegetation in a residential neighborhood, is only can reduce CO 2 by 68.65 tonCO2/year. This indicates that the provision of the vegetation in a residential neighborhood has not been able to reduce the overall production of CO2. While the test results of CO2 sequestration in plants are presented in the following table:

Table 1. CO2 sequestration of Ornamental Plants

No

Kinds of Ornamental Plants Latin Name CO2 sequestration

per 1,6 cm2Sequestration each tree (kg/hour)

CO2 Sequestration each tree (kg/year)

1 Sirih Merah Piper crocatum 0.0236 0.0025 9.07

2 Lidah Buaya Aloe vera 0.012 0 0.04

3 Evorbia Euphorbia milii 0.0191 0.0004 1.3

4 Palem Putri Veitchia merrillii 0.0317 0.0014 5.21

5 Puring Codiaeum variegatum 0.0175 0.0008 3

6 Rhoeo discolor Rhoeo discolor 0.0099 0.0001 0.27

7 Tetehan Theaceae 0.0089 0.0011 3.99

8 Melati Combretum indicum 0.016 0.0003 0.94

9 Kuping GajahAnthurium crystallinum

0.0173 0.0003 0.99

10 Anggrek Orcidaceae 0.016 0 0.18

11 Bambu Bambusa sp 0.0133 0.0022 8.18

12 Kamboja Plumeria alba 0.0246 0.0003 1.11

No

Kinds of Ornamental Plants Latin Name CO2 sequestration

per 1,6 cm2Sequestration each tree (kg/hour)

CO2 Sequestration each tree (kg/year)

13 Suplir Adiantum peruvianum 0.0073 0.0001 0.29

14 Sri Rejeki Aglaonema crispum 0.0107 0 0.12

15 Bougenvil Bougainvillea glabra 0.0183 0.002 7.38

The highest CO2 sequestration leaf samples can be seen in the following chart.

Piper

croca

tum

Aloe ve

ra

Eupho

rbia m

ilii

Veitch

ia merr

illii

Codiae

um va

riega

tum

Rhoeo

disco

lor

Theac

eae

Combre

tum in

dicum

Anthuri

um cr

ystall

inum

Orcida

ceae

Bambu

sa sp

Plumeri

a alba

Adiantu

m peruv

ianum

Aglaon

ema c

rispu

m

Bouga

inville

a glab

ra 0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

CO2 sequestration per 1,6 cm2

CO2 seques-tration per 1,6 cm2

Figure 5. CO2 sequestration per 1,6 cm2

Per 1.6cm2 highest CO2 uptake in plants Palm Daughter (Veitchia merrillii), while the lowest uptake in Sri fortune (Aglaonema crispum). If seen from the absorption per tree (kg / year), then the highest in the Red Betel (Piper crocatum), as seen in the chart below.

Piper cro

catum

Aloe vera

Euphorbia

milii

Veitch

ia merr

illii

Codiaeum vari

egatu

m

Rhoeo disc

olor

Theace

ae

Combretum in

dicum

Anthurium cr

ystallin

um

Orcidac

eae

Bambusa

sp

Plumeria a

lba

Adiantum peru

vianum

Aglaonem

a cris

pum

Bougainville

a glab

ra 0

0.00050.001

0.00150.002

0.00250.003

Sequestration each tree (kg/hour)

Sequestration each tree (kg/hour)

Figure 6. Sequestration each tree (kg/hour)

Piper cro

catu

m Aloe v

era

Euphorb

ia milii

Veitch

ia merr

illii

Codiaeum va

riega

tum

Rhoeo disc

olorTh

eace

ae

Combretum in

dicum

Anthuriu

m cryst

allinum

Orcidac

eae

Bambusa

spPlumeri

a alba

Adiantu

m peruvia

num

Aglaonem

a cris

pum

Bougainvil

lea gl

abra

02468

10

CO2 Sequestration each tree (kg/year)

CO2 Sequestration each tree (kg/year)

Figure 6. CO2 Sequestration each tree (kg/year)

Differences in the measurement of CO2 sequestration in each of ornamental plants caused by the difference of photosynthetic activity, duration of exposure, soil moisture content, and temperature. Besides, the effectiveness of chlorophyll, particularly Mg as forming chlorophyll. In fact, the type of leaf CO 2 high, not necessarily the CO2 sequestration of a high tree. It is highly depend on the heaviness or the number of leaves.

4. Conclusion And Recommendation

This study identifies types of ornamental plants grown in a residential that serves as an absorber of carbon dioxide in order to reduce domestic pollutants generated by households and vehicles in residential. The results showed that the types of plants that have the highest CO2 sequestration were (1) Red Betel (Piper crocatum) (2) Bambu hias (Bambusa sp), and (3) Bougainvile (Bougainvillea spectabilis). It can be a reference for related parties to plant and cultivate these plants. Based on the results of the study need to follow-up to similar research in terms of other aspects, such as carbon monoxide and various other types of air pollution

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