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Monocot Leaf

a)  Xylem

b)  Phloem

c)  Sclerenchyma of the vein

d)  Mesophyll

e)  Chloroplasts

f)  epidermis

g)  cuticle

h)  guard cell

i)  stoma

1.  What is the function of the cuticle?

The cuticle’s function is to prevent the evaporation of water from the surface of the leaf. 

2.  Where are most of the guard cells and stoma?

Most of the guard cells and stomata are found on the epidermis of the leaf and stem.

3.  What is the function of the stomata?

In photosynthesis, stomata are used for gas exchange between carbon dioxide, which is taken in and

oxygen which is released by the stomata. Stomata also assist with transpiration, whether they open

or close based upon how much water a plant may need.

4.  Why are there spaces near most of the stomata?

There are air spaces near most of the stomata in order to allow gas exchange. The space does not

have enough CO2, which allows areas of high concentration of CO2 to flow into the space, which has

a lower concentration.

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Stomata

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Monocot stem

a)  Xylem

b)  Phloem

c)  Pith

d)  Epidermis

e)  Bundle sheath cells (sclerenchyma

1.  What is the function of the epidermis?

The epidermis has multiple functions; it protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, and

secretes metabolic compounds.

2.  Do the epidermal cells have a consistent shape? Describe this shape.

Different types

3.  What type of tissues is the pith composed of?

Pith is made of parenchyma tissues, which store and transport nutrients throughout the cell.

4.  Knowing the type of tissue the pith is composed of, what would you expect its function to be?

storing food and transporting nutrients.

5.  How are the vascular bundles arranged in the stem?

In monocots the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem, but in dicots they are

arranged in a ring.6.  Where are most of the vascular bundles found? Why?

Most of the vascular bundles are found in the stem of the plant because they contain the xylem and

phloem which transport water, nutrients and sap throughout the plant.

7.  Why are these bundles referred to as vascular bundles?

they are called vascular bundles because they contain “vessels” that run throughout the plant. They

are a “bundle” of the xylem, cambium and phloem.

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Dicot Stem

a)  Xylem

b)  Phloem

c)  Pith

d)  Epidermis

e)  Bundle sheath cells (sclerenchyma)

f)  Cortex

g)  Cambium

1.  How are the vascular bundles arranged in the stem of the dicot? Why?

The vascular bundles are arranged into a ring in the stem of a dicot because annually new cells are

added to the surface of the plant in order to reinforce the plant as it grows.

2.  List any other differences between the dicot and the moncot stem.

Monocot Dicot

1. A large number of vascular bundles. 1. A limited number of vascular bundles.

2. The vascular bundles are scattered in the ground

tissue.2. The vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.

3. No cambium occurs between the xylem and phloem. 3. Cambium occurs between the xylem and phloem.

4. There is no distinction between the cortex and pith. 4. The cortex and pith can be clearly distinguish.

5. No Secondary thickening. 5. Secondary thickening can occur.

6. No annual rings are formed. 6. Annual rings are formed due to secondary thickening.

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3.  Just outside the xylem is the cambium, how does it differ from the xylem?

Cambium is made of up “embryonic” cells that can make new layers or be any type  of cell that the

plant needs it to be. The xylem is made up of dead cells that only transport water and nutrients to

the varied places they need to go.

4.  Just outside the cambium is the phloem, how does it differ from the cambium?

The phloem is made up of living and conducting cells that are only concerned with the organic

material made from photosynthesis. This is different from the cambium because the cambium deals

with growth of the cells of the plant where phloem deals with pushing the sugars generated from

photosynthesis where they need to go.

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Monocot root

a)  Root hairs

b)  Cortex

c)  Endodermis

d)  Pericycle

e)  Phloem

f)  Xylem

g)  pith

1.  In the root, which type of tissue is most common?

Parenchyma and ground cells are the most common in the root.

2. 

How does this relate to the function of the root?This shows that the root takes up, stores the water and nutrients needed for the plant, which it does

when it is in the soil.

3.  What is the function of the endodermis?

The endodermis prevents water, or soluble minerals from passing through the apoplast pathway.

4.  How does the monocot root differ from the monocot stem?

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Dicot Root

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Dicot Leaf

 j)  Xylem

k)  Phloem

l)  Sclerenchyma of the vein

m)  Mesophyll

n)  Chloroplasts

o)  epidermis

p)  cuticle

q)  guard cell

r)  stoma

1.  What structures are present in the palisades cells?

Chlorophyll structures are found in palisades cells, which cause the cells to take a green color.

2.  Why are these found in this layer?These are found in this layer because it on top and closest to the sunlight, so that it can absorb more

energy.

3.  What is the function of the phloem of the leaf?

The phloem, which is composed of living cells, transports sap from source to sink. The source in this

case would be the leaf because it is producing sugar by photosynthesis.

4.  What is the function of the xylem of the leaf?

The xylem can transport water and soluble minerals to the leaf and can replace the water that was

lost by transpiration during photosynthesis. (transpirational pull)

5.  How does the Dicot leaf differ from the monocot leaf?

Dicot leaves branch from a large vein into secondary veins. The stomata on dicots are generallylocated on the bottom of the leaf. A monocot leaf has parallel veins, (like grass), and has stomata on

both sufaces of the leaf.

6.  Where are most of the stomates found in the dicot leaf? Why?

Most dicots have stomata on the bottom of their leaf because they are less exposed to the sun’ s

rays, which allow less water loss.