Plant Anatomy. Definitions Anatomy Study of form and basic organization. Morphology Study of tissue...
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Transcript of Plant Anatomy. Definitions Anatomy Study of form and basic organization. Morphology Study of tissue...
Plant Anatomy
Definitions Anatomy
Study of form and basic organization. Morphology
Study of tissue organization. Physiology
Study of normal organism function.
Life Cycle Juvenile Adult Reproductive
Vegetative
Plant Structure Two main organ systems: shoot
and root Shoot
Above ground Leaves, buds, stems, flowers, fruits
Root Below ground roots, tubers, rhizomes
Plant Cells Formed at meristems.
Mitosis in meristem produces new cells.
Two types of meristems. Apical – produces primary growth, ex.
tip of root or shoot. Lateral – produces secondary growth,
ex. cambium.
Apical Meristem
Lateral Meristem
Cells are grouped into tissues. Dermal Ground Vascular
Cell Types
Epidermal
Ground
Vascular
Zea mays L. leaf cross section
Dermal Tissue Covers outer surface of
herbaceous plants. Composed of epidermal cells that
secrete the waxy cuticle. Waxy cuticle protects against
water loss.
Ground Tissue Bulk of the primary plant body. Composed of parenchyma,
collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
Parenchyma
Parenchyma
pineapple
Collenchyma
Celery
Schlerenchyma
used to make rope
Vascular Tissue Transports food, water, hormone,
and minerals. Composed of xylem, phloem,
parenchyma, and cambium.
Vascular tissue
Xylem
Dutchmens pipe
Dicot stem
Vegetative Structures Roots Stem Leaf
Roots Tap root Fibrous root Adventitious root Tuberous root Aerial root
Roots
TaprootTaproots
Tuberous Fiberous
Stem Anatomy Bud – undeveloped shoot. Node – Location of leaf or bud on
stem. Internode – Space between nodes. Pith – Spongy tissue in the center of
the stem. Lenticel – Pore in the outer layer of
the stem.
Stem
Stem Modifications Tuber – underground stem with nodes Rhizome – underground stem with
buds Stolon – aboveground stem with shoot
buds Bulb – underground stem with fleshy
leaves Corm – underground stem with papery
leaves
Modified Stem
Thorn
Tendril
Onion set Rhizome
Modified Stem II
Asparagus Stolon
Growth Form Herb Shrub Tree Vine
Growth Cycle Annual – single season Biennial – two seasons Perennial – multiple seasons Evergreen – leaves persist > 2
seasons Deciduous – leaves die in cold or
dry
Leaf Parts Petiole Blade Stipule Axillary bud
Leaf Structure
Blade
PetioleAxillary Bud
Stipule
Leaf Arrangement Alternate Opposite Whorled
Leaf form Simple Compound
Pinnate Palmate
Vein Arrangement Pinnate Palmate Parallel Dichotomous
Dichotomous
Leaf Shape Ovate Elliptic Oblong Lanceolate Linear Orbicular
Cordate Hastate Sagittate Peltate Perfoliate Terete
Leaf Margins Entire Serrate Doubly serrate Dentate Crenate
Undulate Revolute Crisped Lobed
Misc. Vegetative Structures Thorns
modified stems (Honey Locust) Spines
modified leaves (Cactus) Prickles
epidermal outgrowth (Rose)
Reproductive Structures Flowers Fruits
Floral Parts Pedicel Sepal Petal Perianth Stamen Carpel Pistil
Flower
Floral Symmetry Actinomorphic (regular)
Many axes of symmetry,i.e.. the same wherever you cut it.
Zygomorphic One axis of symmetry, i.e.. can only cut one way.
Inflorescence Types
Solitary Spike Spadix Spikelet
RacemeUmbel
Whorl
CompoundUmbel
Panicle
Fruit Types Dry, indehiscent fruit Dry, dehiscent fruit Fleshy fruit Other
Dry, indehiscent fruits Achene (lettuce) Samara (maple) Caryposis (wheat) Nut (almond)
Dry, Dehiscent Fruit Legume (soybean) Capsule (tobacco) Silique (Arabidopsis) Schizocarp (maple)
Fleshy Fruits Drupe (peach, nectarine) Berry (tomato) Pepo (cucumber) Hesperidium (citrus) Hip (rose) Pome (apple, pear)
Other Fruit Types Aggregate
mature ovaries from separate pistils of one flower (ex. raspberry)
Multiple mature ovaries from separate pistils of
several flowers (ex. pineapple) Accessory
fruit is something other than ovary tissue (ex. strawberry is a swollen receptacle, seeds are achenes)
Placentation
Marginal Axile Parietal
Free central Apical Basal
Ovary Position
Hypogynous(above calyx)
Perigynous(within the floral cup)
Epigynous(below calyx)
Monocots vs. Dicots One cotyledon Parallel leaf veins Flower parts often
in multiples of three
Vascular bundles scattered in stem
Two cotyledons Netlike leaf veins Flower parts often
in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular bundles in a ring in the stem
Other Anatomy Terms
Cell sketch
Roots
Leaf section
Other TermsGrape Cane Section