Planning and Development of Urban Settlements in Respect of Spontaneous Growth

7/30/2019 Planning and Development of Urban Settlements in Respect of Spontaneous Growth

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IN RESPECT OF SPONTANEOUS

GROWTH


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THE NEED

By 2030, an estimated 70percent of Indias jobs willbe in cities, and about590 million Indians will

live in urban areas. Indiasslum population isprojected to rise to 93million this year, or 7.75percent of the totalpopulation, according to areport by the Ministry ofHousing and UrbanPoverty Alleviation.

Thus a need emerges forplanning and directingthe spontaneous growthwhich is to be more

spontaneous than thegrowth itself.


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Why do cities grow?

Urban populations grow in two ways

Natural increase (more births than deaths)It is fueled by improved food supplies, better sanitation

and good medical care. in Latin America and east Asia naturalincrease is responsible for two-third of urban population growth.

ImmigrationImmigration can be caused both by push factors (that force

people out of the area) and by pull factors (that draw them into thecities) .in Africa and west Asia immigration is the largest source ofurban population.


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Urban challenges in the developing world

90% of the human population growth in the next century isexpected to occur in the developing world. Almost all the

growth will occur in cities, which already have trouble

supplying food, water, housing, jobs, and basic services for

their residents. the unplanned and uncontrollable growth of

those cities causes tragic urban environmental problems.

It is estimated that the

slum population will

increase from 32 percentof the worlds total urban

population in 2001 to

about 41 per cent in 2030.


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Traffic congestion

Due to the rapid populationincrease, the traffic problemalso increased. the road aretoo narrow for increasingtraffic which result in traffic

congestion in thesecountries. e.g. in Bangkok anaverage resident spends theequivalent of 44 days a yearsitting in traffic jams. About

20% of all fuel is consumedby vehicles standing still.hours of work lost each yearare worth of least $3 billion


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Air pollutionThe traffic much of it involving old poorly

maintained vehicles, combine with Smokey factories andthe use of wood or coal fires for cooking and heatingcontribute to air pollution. An estimated 60% ofCalcutta's residents are thought to suffer fromrespiratory diseases linked to air pollution.

Water pollutionThe disposal of solid waste into water bodies and

insufficient sewage treatment causes water pollution in

developing countries. e.g. in Latin America where only2% of urban sewage receives any treatment. some 400million people in developing world cities do not have safedrinking water.


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Urban sprawlCities that once were compactnow spread over the landscapeconsuming open spaces andwasting resources. This patternof urban growth is known assprawl. This is the urban

challenge in the developedworld. Sprawl eat up openspaces, it consume thousand ofacres of forest and farmland,woodland and wetland because

these sprawl cities often arelocated in fertile river valleys orshorelines, much of that landwould be especially valuable forproducing crops for local

consumption.


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Characteristics of urban sprawl

Unlimited outward extension.

Low-density residential and commercial development.

Leapfrog development that consume farmland and natural

area. Fragmentation of power among many small units of

government..

Dominance of freeways and private automobiles.

No centralized planning or control of land use.

Widespread strips malls and big-box shopping centers.

Decaying city centers as new development occurs inpreviously rural areas.


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CITYS GROWTH

Agglomerations of individually initiated buildingsalong natural paths of movement

The most intensely used natural paths ofmovement acquire an importance

These paths eventually form the familiarorganic pattern of streets seen in medievalcities.

This process still takes place today in areas wheregovernment is weak or dysfunctional and in theinfamous squatter slums that have proliferated inthe 20th century.


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SPONTANEOUS ORDER THEORY

Given by Friedrich A. von Hayek (Hayek, 1973)

Spontaneous order is the spontaneous emergence of order out of

seeming chaos; the emergence of various kinds of social order from a

combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying

to create order through planning.

Examples:

The evolution of life on Earth

Language

Free market economy

Anarchism

Naturalists often point to the inherent "watch-like" precision of

uncultivated ecosystems and to the universe itself as ultimate examples of

this phenomenon.


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PLANNING

Planning has to be done for both the existingland-uses to blend with the upcoming growthpatterns.

To predict the future expansion or growth. GROWTH FORCASTING

Sleuth model

Cellular automaton Smart growth

Land-Use and Land-Cover Change - LUCC


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SLEUTH MODEL

Slope from Digital Elevation Model in %

Land cover

Exclusion -- Areas resistant to urbanization. Water bodies, parks, wetland,protected game land, floodplain, etc.

Urbanization

Transportation -- Simulate the influence of roads on development.Assign different values based on road accessibility.

Hillshade -- Used as background to identify the spatial extent

Appropriate Coefficients used for prediction

Used for: New York, Detroit, Chicago, Washington D.C., San Francisco,and Albuquerque, Netherlands, Portugal, South America, Africa,and Australia


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CELLULAR AUTOMATON

Each cell in a row is an actor,making a decision on its nextaction based on its state and thestates of its direct neighbors (itscontext). All cells share the samerule set to determine how to do

this, that is to say all cells will actthe same way with the samecontext. In this way each row isthe product of the actions of thecells in a previous row, forming afeedback loop. The patterns ofthese rows are not in themselvesinteresting, but when collected ina sequence and displayed as atwo-dimensional matrix, theydevelop complex structures inthis dimension.


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Smart Growth

Smart growth is a term that describes such strategies for well planeddevelopments that make efficient and effective use of land resources andexisting infrastructure.

Goals for smart growth

Create a positive self-image for the community. Make the city vital and livable.

Solve problems with air, water, toxic waste, and noise pollution.

Improve communication between groups.

Alleviate substandard housing.

Concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl

'urban intensification

Influenced Government planning policies in the UK, the Netherlands andseveral other European countries.


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Land-Use and Land-Cover Change -

LUCC

Addresses the question: How do human andbiophysical forces affect land use and hence land cover,and what are the environmental and social impacts ofthis change?

The pace, magnitude and spatial reach of humanalterations of the Earth's land surface areunprecedented. LUCC research addresses the problemof land use dynamics through comparative case studyanalysis, addresses land cover dynamics through

empirical observations and diagnostic models, andextends the understanding of cause-use-coverdynamics through integrated regional and globalmodelling.


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Curbing Excess Sprawl with

Congestion Tolls and Urban Boundaries

The part of sprawl that is caused by distortions may be called excesssprawland its reduction or elimination is a reasonable policy goal if thiscan be done without creating other more harmful distortions.

The automobile-related distortion causing the excessive sprawling of landuse is un priced traffic congestion.

Economists have known for decades that the lack of marginal cost pricingin urban transportation makes road travel cheap and that the misuse ofcost benefit rules by transportation planners has resulted in too muchhighway-building, causing too much urban expansion into suburban areaswhere land was initially cheap.

One of these is the policy of levying optimal congestion tolls on traffic,favored by economists.

The second is a planned urban boundary (also known as an urban growthboundary or UGB) that reduces the urban radius and beyond which thereis a greenbelt in which urban development is not allowed or is severelylimited. A good example is the UGB around Portland, Oregon.


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Using such a model suitable for modern cities, we establish several results.

First, we show that as employment and residences decentralizeout of the center, commutes are shortened because average distancesbetween jobs and residences are reduced.

Second, road planners in our model can finance roads by levying a headtax or by implementing first best congestion tolls.

When tolls are used, roads become self-financing and the initial aggregateover allocation of land to roads is self correcting in the long run with lessroads being allocated to the suburbs and more to the heavily congestedcenters.

We show that the excess sprawl induced by un priced congestion andinitially misallocated roads result in a daily average travel time ofcommuting plus discretionary round trips per worker that is about 8minutes or 13% too long. The congestion tolls eliminate this excess travelor excess sprawl by making the job and residence distribution of the citymore compact. In doing so, efficiency gains of about 0.22 % of averageincomes are achieved.

Planning and Development of Urban Settlements in Respect of Spontaneous Growth

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