Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less...

27

Transcript of Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less...

Page 1: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in
Page 2: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in
Page 3: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary AtmospheresPlanetary Atmospheres

•• Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

90 atmospheres!90 atmospheres!

Page 4: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary AtmospheresPlanetary Atmospheres•• Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

240 240 watts/mwatts/m22

outout50% reflected by50% reflected by

clouds and surfaceclouds and surface

Small fractionSmall fractionescapes intoescapes into

spacespace

240 240 watts/mwatts/m22

inin

COCO22HH2200

Page 5: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary AtmospheresPlanetary Atmospheres•• Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Energy In Energy Out

100 energy units 100 energy units

100% gate 50% gate

200 energy unitsstored

in equilibrium

Page 6: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary AtmospheresPlanetary Atmospheres•• Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Energy In Energy Out

100 energy units 100 energy units

100% gate 1% gate

10, 000 energy unitsstored

in equilibrium

Page 7: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary AtmospheresPlanetary Atmospheres•• Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Page 8: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

ConcepTestConcepTest!!

Frosts are most likely to happen on clear nights rather than Frosts are most likely to happen on clear nights rather than cloudy nights. This is because cloudy nights. This is because

A) Cloudy nights lead to falling snowA) Cloudy nights lead to falling snowB) Clouds are not transparent to optical lightB) Clouds are not transparent to optical lightC) More infrared light can be radiated through clear skiesC) More infrared light can be radiated through clear skiesD) Snow and frost reflect rather than absorb visible lightD) Snow and frost reflect rather than absorb visible light

Page 9: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution

•• Essential IdeaEssential Idea

•• Evolution of both geology and atmospheresEvolution of both geology and atmospheresdriven by energy flow from planetary coresdriven by energy flow from planetary cores

Page 10: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution

•• Essential IdeaEssential Idea

•• RecallRecall•• Amount of residual thermal energy stored in planetAmount of residual thermal energy stored in planet

depends on planet volume (amount of material)depends on planet volume (amount of material)

•• Rate of energy loss depends on planet surface areaRate of energy loss depends on planet surface area

•• Small planets go dormant soonerSmall planets go dormant sooner

Lifetime of geological activity = Residual thermal energyRate of energy loss

∝

43πRplanet

3

4πRplanet2 ∝ Rplanet

Page 11: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution

•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- Earth and MarsEarth and Mars

MarsMars EarthEarth

Dormant Dormant volcanos volcanos Active Active volcanosvolcanos

Page 12: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- Earth and MarsEarth and Mars

MarsMars EarthEarth

Dormant Dormant volcanos volcanos Active Active volcanosvolcanosWater in past Water at presentWater in past Water at present

Page 13: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- Earth and MarsEarth and Mars

MarsMars EarthEarth

Dormant Dormant volcanos volcanos Active Active volcanosvolcanosWater in past Water at presentWater in past Water at presentThin COThin CO22 atmosphere Natmosphere N22/O/O22 atmosphereatmosphere

(0.01 (0.01 atmosatmos) (1) (1 atmosatmos))

Note: Liquid water would not survive on Mars today Note: Liquid water would not survive on Mars today --it would boil due to low atmospheric pressure. it would boil due to low atmospheric pressure.

So if liquid water in past, must also have beenSo if liquid water in past, must also have beensubstantial atmosphere and greenhouse effect in pastsubstantial atmosphere and greenhouse effect in past

Active volcanoes could have provided such an atmospherActive volcanoes could have provided such an atmospheree

Page 14: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- EarthEarth

Plate tectonics is critical to Earth atmospherePlate tectonics is critical to Earth atmosphere

washed out with H20 rain

Ozone O3

Page 15: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- EarthEarth

washed out with H20 rain

Ozone O3

Life is critical to oxygen in Earth atmosphereLife is critical to oxygen in Earth atmosphere

Page 16: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

ConcepTestConcepTest!!

If plate tectonics on the Earth were to end, you would expect thIf plate tectonics on the Earth were to end, you would expect the e temperature of the Earth’s surface totemperature of the Earth’s surface to

A) IncreaseA) IncreaseB) Change little or not at allB) Change little or not at allC) DecreaseC) Decrease

Page 17: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- Mars at 1 billion yrMars at 1 billion yr

(end of geologi(end of geologic activity)c activity)UV

O,C

1.1. HH22O rain washes COO rain washes CO22 into surface into surface -- permanentlypermanently2.2. Greenhouse effect reducedGreenhouse effect reduced3.3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous COColder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO22, less greenhouse, less greenhouse

(“Runaway Icehouse Effect”)(“Runaway Icehouse Effect”)4.4. Most COMost CO22 in carbonate rocks, most Hin carbonate rocks, most H22O in permafrostO in permafrost5.5. UV sunlight breaks up molecules and provides energy of escapeUV sunlight breaks up molecules and provides energy of escape

Page 18: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- Mars at 4.5 billion yrMars at 4.5 billion yr

Recent liquid water?Recent liquid water?

Page 19: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution

•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- Earth and VenusEarth and Venus

VenusVenus EarthEarth

Active Active volcanos volcanos Active Active volcanosvolcanos

Page 20: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution

•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- Earth and VenusEarth and Venus

VenusVenus EarthEarth

Active Active volcanos volcanos Active Active volcanosvolcanosVVescesc = 10.3 km/sec = 10.3 km/sec VVescesc = 11.2 km/sec= 11.2 km/sec

Page 21: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution

•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- Earth and VenusEarth and Venus

VenusVenus EarthEarth

Active Active volcanos volcanos Active Active volcanosvolcanosVVescesc = 10.3 km/sec = 10.3 km/sec VVescesc = 11.2 km/sec= 11.2 km/secCOCO22 atmosphereatmosphere NN22/O/O22 atmosphereatmosphere

(90 (90 atmosatmos) ) (1 (1 atmosatmos))

Page 22: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary EvolutionPlanetary Evolution

•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- Earth and VenusEarth and Venus

VenusVenus EarthEarth

Active Active volcanos volcanos Active Active volcanosvolcanosVVescesc = 10.3 km/sec = 10.3 km/sec VVescesc = 11.2 km/sec= 11.2 km/secCOCO22 atmosphereatmosphere NN22/O/O22 atmosphereatmosphere

(90(90 atmosatmos) ) (1(1 atmosatmos))Dry (10Dry (10--44 Earth HEarth H220) 0) Water at presentWater at present

Note: Based on measurements of deuterium (“heavy water”)Note: Based on measurements of deuterium (“heavy water”)Venus had substantially more water in the pastVenus had substantially more water in the past

Consistent with Consistent with outgassing outgassing from from volcanos volcanos and largeand largeescape velocityescape velocity

Page 23: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary AtmospheresPlanetary Atmospheres

•• Comparative Comparative Planetology Planetology -- VenusVenus•• Suppose Venus were “EarthSuppose Venus were “Earth--like” (liquid water) and …like” (liquid water) and …

Light from Sun Light from Sun or COor CO22, H, H22O O

Temperature Temperature

COCO22, , HH22O O

from oceansfrom oceansfrom rocksfrom rocks

“Runaway Greenhouse Effect”“Runaway Greenhouse Effect”

Page 24: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary AtmospheresPlanetary Atmospheres•• Runaway Greenhouse EffectRunaway Greenhouse Effect

•• once RGE begins …once RGE begins …

RGERGE HH220 in0 inatmosatmos

UVUVfromfromSunSun

HH22

OO22

EscapeEscape

SurfaceSurfaceCompoundsCompounds

++

Irreversible!!Irreversible!!

Page 25: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary AtmospheresPlanetary Atmospheres

•• ComparativeComparative Planetology Planetology -- Venus at 4.5 billion yrVenus at 4.5 billion yr

Page 26: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary Evolution Planetary Evolution -- SummarySummaryEarthEarth

77% N77% N22, 21% O, 21% O2215 15 ooCC

1 atmosphere1 atmosphere

MarsMars

95% CO95% CO22--50 50 ooCC

0.01 atmospheres

VenusVenus

96% CO96% CO22470 470 ooCC

90 atmospheres

MercuryMercury

Trace ofTrace ofHe, Na, O

0.01 atmospheres90 atmospheresHe, Na, O

Moon Trace of He, Na,Moon Trace of He, Na, ArAr

Page 27: Planetary Atmospheres2. Greenhouse effect reduced 3. Colder temperatures lead to enhanced rain, less gaseous CO. 2, less greenhouse (“Runaway Icehouse Effect”) 4. Most CO. 2. in

Planetary Evolution Planetary Evolution -- SummarySummary

• Geological EvolutionGeological Evolution•• Mercury, Moon Mercury, Moon -- smallest radii => dormant, crateredsmallest radii => dormant, cratered•• Mars Mars -- active for 10active for 1099 yr, now dormant (shield volcanoes)yr, now dormant (shield volcanoes)•• Venus Venus -- current current volcanos volcanos (shield volcanoes)(shield volcanoes)•• Earth Earth -- convection => plate tectonicsconvection => plate tectonics

• Atmospheric EvolutionAtmospheric Evolution•• Moon, Mercury Moon, Mercury -- low escape velocity, hot, low escape velocity, hot, atmos atmos escapesescapes•• Venus Venus RGE, massive CORGE, massive CO22 atmosatmos•• Earth COEarth CO22, H, H22O , NO , N22 NN22, O, O22•• Mars Mars Runaway Icehouse,Runaway Icehouse,

thin COthin CO22 atmosatmos


Phytoplankton calcifiers control nitrate cycling and the ... · a stable icehouse climate (283.9ppm) into a greenhouse cli-mate (1263ppm); the second represents a symmetric rapid

Phytoplankton calcifiers control nitrate cycling and the ... · a stable icehouse climate (283.9ppm) into a greenhouse cli-mate (1263ppm); the second represents a symmetric rapid

Open stack icehouse microsoftupdate

Open stack icehouse microsoftupdate

Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years

Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years

Instructions for use - eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp · The Earth’s climate has alternated between greenhouse (warm) and icehouse (cool) modes throughout the Phanerozoic (Fig. 1A).

Instructions for use - eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp · The Earth’s climate has alternated between greenhouse (warm) and icehouse (cool) modes throughout the Phanerozoic (Fig. 1A).

Neritic isotope and sedimentary records of the Eocene–Oligocene … · 2017-12-04 · Neritic isotope and sedimentary records of the Eocene–Oligocene greenhouse–icehouse transition:

Neritic isotope and sedimentary records of the Eocene–Oligocene … · 2017-12-04 · Neritic isotope and sedimentary records of the Eocene–Oligocene greenhouse–icehouse transition:

Asymmetric dynamical ocean responses in warming icehouse ... · Keywords:oceandynamics,greenhouse,coolingclimate,warmingclimate,icehouse,oceancirculation,oceanheatrelease Abstract

Asymmetric dynamical ocean responses in warming icehouse ... · Keywords:oceandynamics,greenhouse,coolingclimate,warmingclimate,icehouse,oceancirculation,oceanheatrelease Abstract

Review of OpenStack Icehouse & OpenStack Summit · Review of OpenStack Icehouse & OpenStack Summit ... Focus on enterprise features in Icehouse and Juno accelerates maturity ... that’s

Review of OpenStack Icehouse & OpenStack Summit · Review of OpenStack Icehouse & OpenStack Summit ... Focus on enterprise features in Icehouse and Juno accelerates maturity ... that’s

Reading the first early Cenozoic central Arctic sediment ...pastglobalchanges.org/download/docs/magazine/2009/... · Hiatus at the greenhouse-icehouse transition Biostratigraphical

Reading the first early Cenozoic central Arctic sediment ...pastglobalchanges.org/download/docs/magazine/2009/... · Hiatus at the greenhouse-icehouse transition Biostratigraphical

IceHouse Menu

IceHouse Menu

Greenhouse icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician ...geosci.uchicago.edu/~foote/REPRINTS/PNAS2016.pdfGreenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change

Greenhouse icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician ...geosci.uchicago.edu/~foote/REPRINTS/PNAS2016.pdfGreenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change

Contents/media/shared/documents...greenhouse-icehouse transition 10.00 Questions for speakers 10.15 Break: tea, coffee, refreshments and posters (Lower Library and Arthur Holmes room)

Contents/media/shared/documents...greenhouse-icehouse transition 10.00 Questions for speakers 10.15 Break: tea, coffee, refreshments and posters (Lower Library and Arthur Holmes room)

HADLEY CELL EXPANSION IN TODAY’S CLIMATE …...Greenhouse and icehouse climate modes Questions from paleoclimatology Mathematical model of Hadley convection Numerical analysis by

HADLEY CELL EXPANSION IN TODAY’S CLIMATE …...Greenhouse and icehouse climate modes Questions from paleoclimatology Mathematical model of Hadley convection Numerical analysis by

Southern high-latitude terrestrial climate change during ... · a decisive step in the earth’s transition from a “greenhouse” into an “icehouse” world. Organic geochemical

Southern high-latitude terrestrial climate change during ... · a decisive step in the earth’s transition from a “greenhouse” into an “icehouse” world. Organic geochemical

IODP Expedition 318: From Greenhouse to Icehouse at the Wilkes ...

IODP Expedition 318: From Greenhouse to Icehouse at the Wilkes ...

saving the linwood icehouse

saving the linwood icehouse

An early Cambrian greenhouse climate · the current icehouse and early Cenozoic greenhouse climate states (34–37), we use a conservative estimate of a −0.5‰ deviation from the

An early Cambrian greenhouse climate · the current icehouse and early Cenozoic greenhouse climate states (34–37), we use a conservative estimate of a −0.5‰ deviation from the

Linwood Icehouse Museum

Linwood Icehouse Museum

Reading the first early Cenozoic central Arctic sediment record: A … · 2017. 6. 13. · Hiatus at the greenhouse-icehouse transition Biostratigraphical analyses, based mainly on

Reading the first early Cenozoic central Arctic sediment record: A … · 2017. 6. 13. · Hiatus at the greenhouse-icehouse transition Biostratigraphical analyses, based mainly on

Back into the Icehouse

Back into the Icehouse

Icehouse Release Webinar

Icehouse Release Webinar