PIA 2501

Development Policy and Management

Quote of the Day

Okot p’Bitek—Uganda novelist

“Foreign ‘Experts’ and Peace Corps swarm the Country Like white Ants.” (Transition

Magazine, 1966)

Author of the Week: Robert D. Kaplan

Robert D. Kaplan (born 1952) is an American journalist, currently an editor for the Atlantic Monthly. His writings have also been featured in The Washington Post, The New York Times, The New Republic, The National Interest, and The Wall Street Journal, among other newspapers and publications, and his more controversial essays about the nature of U.S. power have spurred debate in academia, the media, and the highest levels of government. A frequent theme in his work is the reemergence of cultural and historical tensions temporarily suspended during the Cold War. He has traveled to and reported on more than 80 countries.

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The Nature of the Debate

THE NATURE OF THE DEBATE

Development as a Concept: The Problem

The industrialized countries, which accounted for 40 percent of the world's population after World War II, now account for only 20 percent, though they earn 85 percent of the world's income.

At Issue:

In the coming decades, the industrialized world is expected to make up only 12 to 15 percent of the planetary population, as 90 to 95 percent of all births take place in the poorest countries. “I [see] around the world-poverty, the collapse of cities, porous borders, cultural and racial strife, growing economic disparities, weakening nation-states--We are not in control...” (Robert Kaplan)

Development as a Concept: The Controversy

“some nations, including the United States, may be retreating into a fortress like nationalism…”

- Robert Kaplan, “Ends of the Earth” argument

Development as a Concept: The Image

Robert Kaplan’s view:

Economic and social development is “generally cruel, painful, violent, and uneven…”

The Ends of the Earth Argument

Certain countries are separating and being separated from the world economy.

Most of Africa except Egypt and South Africa Cambodia Parts of Indian sub-continent- Burma, Sri Lanka-

Central Asia Parts of South East Asia Parts of Central/South America the Balkans

follows

Reference

Robert Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century (New York: Random House: 1996).

Picard’s Perspective

History is Important

Culture Defines Choices

Start with empirical reality and normative choices follow

Regional Analysis is Important

How Did We Get to this Point?

Historical Structures

Overseas colonial structures, land-based colonialism, post-colonial society

Problems of Defining Development and Modernization Theory

Colonial Underdevelopment Argument

Overseas Colonial Structures, Values, (1500-1960) and Post-Colonial Society

1. “De Jure” overseas colonialism (Mercantilism Phase)

creation of external trade patterns and government expenditures directed toward the development of an export economy

2. “De Jure” colonialism: After 1856 legal and internationally recognized formal

control of government structures when trade, economic and governmental sectors of a society are formally or legally controlled by another country

Colonial Structures, Values, and Post-Colonial Society (1500-1950)

“Old Colonialism” vs. “New Colonialism” (after 1920)

1. Early colonial development focused on infrastructure to support export and import trade

2. Human resource development was neglected

3. ideology of Free trade that masked a reality which developed markets for mother country goods and provided raw materials for industrial production

4. New Colonialism- Modernization and Westernization (1920-1950)

Control: The Colonial Prefect- World Wide

Named the district officer, magistrate, landrost, district commissioner, the commandant, the collector (Asia, Africa, Middle East, East Europe)

By contrast, administration was Functional in Spanish Latin America, Philippines, and in some Neo-Colonial systems—no prefect

Government expenditure was limited to the military and police prior to 1920s

Land Based Colonialism

Do the terms colonialism and underdevelopment work for Eastern Europe, the CIS, Central Asia and the Caucasus?

Administrative structures were similar to those of overseas colonialism

After 1989, These are often labeled “Transitional States”

Land Based Colonialism

Janine Wedel, in Collision and Collusion, raises two questions:

Are transitional states “developmental?” Are they transitional?

What does she mean?

De Facto Colonialism

No formal legal ties but in practice power relationships between colonial powers and puppet regimes

Thailand, Ethiopia, Persia, Nepal, the Arabian Peninsula, and Afghanistan, much of Latin America after the 1850s

Parallel between formal colonial systems and informal influence

Neo-colonialism after 1960

The End of Empire

Model of Japan prior to World War II (Toland Book)

Nationalism developed in the 1930s and 1940s throughout much of the colonial

world including much of central and Eastern Europe. It had four variations.

Japan and the History of Development (Toland, The Rising Sun)

What was the Pre-War Japanese Government view of Colonialism in Asia?

Why is Japan Important in the development of nationalism in Africa and Asia?

For Further Reading: Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: Harper Collins, 2000).

Nationalism and Development- “Five Minute History

1. Neo-Nationalism- Royalist Conservatism

2. Fascism

3. Socialism/Communism

4. Keynesianism

5. New Orthodoxy

Break Time

TEN MINUTE BREAK

Neo-Nationalism in Europe and Latin America (1930s)

António de Oliveira Salazar (1932)- Overseas Territories

Peronism (Juan Peron: Argentina 1944)

Impact of the functions of government

Territorial Governors appointed by the President The importance of Military control in regions -Spanish

Military Governors called Presidencies

Neo-Nationalism in Latin America (1940s)

Patronage

Legalistic basis of governance in principle Clientalist, class or mass based appeal, charisma Community level political culture: “localismo”

inward looking villages and communities

Further Reading on Latin AmericaKenneth J. Andrien, The Kingdom of Quito: The State and Regional

Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Peter S. Cleaves, Bureaucratic Politics and Administration in Chile

(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974). Keith Griffin, Underdevelopment in Spanish America: An Interpretation

(London: Geoge Allen, 1969) Jack Hopkins, (ed.) Latin America: Perspectives on a Region (New

York: Holmes and Meier, 1987). Howard J. Wiarda, Politics and social change in Latin America : still a

distinct tradition? (Boulder : Westview Press, 1992).

Socialism and Fascism: WWII

Some have used the term “Totalitarianism”

Provided models for “Development”

Legacy of Imperial and Socialist Land Based Empires (Germany, Russia, Austria and Turkey)

Corporatist and Commandist Variations

Socialism and Fascism WWII

Dominant Nationalism Absence of Renaissance Multi-ethnicity and land based expansion Revolutionary Transformation and Collapse in the

20th Century Primacy of the Party under “Socialism” Prefectoral Model of local state: Party Authority Promoted a Mobilizing and social engineering

model of state transformation

Communist Theory and Development

1. State Control

2. Social Engineering

3. Command Economy

4. Industrialization vs. Rural Transformation

The Western Development Model

Keynesianism

Historical Character

John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946

British Economist who worked several years in the British India Office

John Rapley: “Keynes had no problem with the market economy. He liked the machine but judged it to be in need of improvement if it was to operate well.”

John Maynard Keynes

His goal was to influence the market and not replace it

Influenced the U.S. New Deal and the thinking of the Labour Party in England

He had an important influence on the social democratic parties in Western Europe

His ideas suggested that European mixed economies could be replicated in LDCs

Keynesianism as Economic Principle

Government had a role in the management of the economy

KEY: Faith in the State

Keynesianism

Physical development (roads and dams) and Economic Growth

Physical and Mental Change or Social Development

Human Resource Development vs. Social and Economic Change

Proposed a Mixed Economy—public and private

The Development Era

Decolonization

after World War Two

End of Sea Based Colonialism

Egypt- 1922

Dutch East Indies- 1944 (Indonesia)

Philippines (1946)

India- 1947

Israel-1948

From Middle Class Nationalism to Mass Movements

World War II led to the collapse of over seas empires

Begins Japanese imperialism and Asian nationalism

The Atlantic Treaty and self-determinism

Two patterns:

Gandhi and non-violence and

Sukarno, Ho Chi Minh and violent resistance or revolution

Independence

Between 1945 and 1965 more than one hundred new states came into existence

Kwame Nkrumah “Seek ye first the Political Kingdom”

implication was that economic development would follow

The “Development Era” 1948-1989

In the 1940s and 1950s there was a rhetoric of Nationalism through out the World

Political Change (Nationalism in the Middle East, and Latin America) and Independence (Caribbean, Africa, and Asia (1960s-1970s)

Transformation in Eastern Europe and the CIS (1980s)

AUTHOR OF THE DAY

Kathleen Staudt

Kathleen Staudt: Peace Corps Volunteer in the Philippines (1966-1968) Researcher in Kenya- 1970s

Is there a grass-roots perspective?

Why or Why not?

AUTHORS’ Themes

John Rapley- Keynesian

Jennifer Brinkerhoff- Public-Private Partnerships- The use of Grants

Pressman and Wildavsky- Implementation: Why plans do not become reality (Oakland, California)

NEXT WEEK

The Nature of the Debate:

Theories

Discussion- Next Week

Paul Theroux

Robert Chambers

George Orwell

The Nature of the Debate

Issues and Questions