Phytochemical Compound of Orangutan Food Plants and Its Potency for Traditional Medicine

by:

Tri Atmoko

Institute of Research for Technology of Nature Resources Conservation Jl. Soekarno-Hatta, Km. 38 Samboja, Kalimantan Timur

© tri.atmoko

Paper presented in International Seminar “Forest and Medicinal Plant for Better Human Walfare”

Bogor, 10-12 September 2012

INTRODUCTION

• Herbal medicine behavior of wild animals.

• The animals lern of self-medication by watching one another.

• Sef-medication on non-human primates.

http://yubanet.com/enviro/Gorillas-caught-in-the-crossfire-in-the-DRC.php http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/File:Chimpanzee-picture.jpg http://www.animalfactguide.com/animal- facts/bonobo/

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• Information of OU self medication is limited.

• The orangutan are non-African great apes.

• (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus).

Source: Nater et al. (2011)

Photo: T. Wahyu-Unas (Yuwono et al. 2007)

Photo by Tri Atmoko. © tri.atmoko

• Habitat of orangutan has rich of flora.

• Small number of wild plants have been studied for medicinal plant.

• This paper, combining traditional science, modern science, and animal behavior to identify of plant as priorities for remedies.

© tri.atmoko

METHODS

Study Sites

Gunung Beratus Protected Forest.

• Altitude from 200 to 1.227 m asl.

• Type of soil are podsolik, latosol, and litosol.

• The climate type is "A”.

• BOS-F has released orangutan since 1997.

Phytochemical test in Mulawarman Univ.

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EXPLORATION

Collection of leaf samples

Collection of herbarium specimen

LITERATUR REVIWER

Detail identification to valid scientific name

Gunung Beratus Protected Forest

Preparing powder samples

Phytochemical test

Potency and traditional medicine used

TRADITIONAL SCIENCE MODERN SCIENCE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

Orangutan food plant Alkaloid, flavonoid, Fenol, Saponin, steroid, triterpenoid

Plant species priorities for research or remedies (Orangutan and Human)

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Results

• Orangutan is frugivore great apes.

• At least 1,666 plant species was known comsume by orangutan (Russon et al., 2009).

• 189 species are food plant of orangutan in GBPF.

• 31 (16.4%) species was taken as samples.

• 100% has secondary metabolic compound.

• 7.4% potencial and used as traditional medicine.

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Phytochemical test

23 (74%)

16 (52%)

21 (68%)

27 (87%)

30 (97%)

1 (3%)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Alkaloid Flavonoid Fenolik Saponin Steroid Triterpenoid

Nu

mb

er

of

Sp

ecie

s

Secondary Metabolic

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No Samples Secondary Metabolic

Alka. Fla. Phen. Sap. Ster. Triter

1 P.sericeum +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ -

2 P. pinnata +++ +++ +++ + +++ -

3 A.anisophyllus +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ -

4 K. pinnatum +++ +++ ++ + +++ -

5 M. glabra +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ -

6 P. sumatrana +++ +++ ++ + ++ -

7 H. polypetala +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ -

8 O. sumatrana +++ + +++ ++ ++ -

9 D. rostrata +++ ++ +++ ++ + -

10 P. oblongifolia +++ - +++ ++ + -

11 D. excelsa ++++ - - + ++++ -

12 S. apiculata + ++ ++ ++ + -

13 M.malabathricu +++ + - + +++ -

14 R. kostermansii +++ + - ++ ++ -

15 D. longan. ++ ++ ++ - - ++

16 S. tomentosa ++ - ++ ++ ++ -

No Samples Secondary Metabolic

Alka. Fla Phen. Sap. Ster. Triter

17 F. obscura +++ - - +++ ++ -

18 A.lanceifolius ++ + ++ + + -

19 P. anisophylla + - + +++ ++ -

20 G. nervosa ++ - ++++ ++++ + -

21 P. griffithianum ++ - + + ++ -

22 O. bracteata + + + + + -

23 D. oblongifolia ++ - + + + -

24 D. borneensis - - + ++ ++ -

25 M. crassifolia - - - +++ ++ -

26 M. euneura - - - +++ + -

27 F. splendidissima - - +++ - + -

28 A.ridleyi - ++ - - + -

29 M. tomentosa - - - - +++ -

30 M. pearsonii - - - + + -

31 P. javanicum - - - + + -

23 16 21 27 30 1

All samples together contain 1-5 secondary metabolic with variety of composition.

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Potency and Traditional Medicine Used No Species Potency and Used 1 D. rostrata Seeds potential as antioxidants

2 O. sumatrana Beneficial for improvement of hyperglycemia, colic, and “masuk angin”

3 D. excelsa Toothache remedy

4 D. borneensis Bark contains antibacterial 7-metiljuglon

5 H. polypetala Extract oil from seeds as a cure wounds or eczema

6 G. nervosa To treat diarrhea, irregular menstruation, earaches, itches, wounds, ulcers, fevers

and after childbirth.

7 F. splendidissima Bark and roots are used to cure joint pain, injuries and after childbirth

8 M. malabathricum To heal diarrhea, thrush, burns, ulcers, smallpox sores, wounds,

infection of the genitals, melena, leucorrhoea, indigestion,

dysentery, abscess, hepatitis, postpartum, antibacterial, and

toothache remedy. As larvicidal. 9 A. anisophyllus As medicine (dysentery)

10 A. lanceifolius As medicine and antidiabetic.

11 P. anisophylla As antimicrobial

12 M. glabra As antioxidant capacities and influenza

13 D. longan As medicine, antifungal, antiobesity, and hypolipidemic effects. Its

seed has great potential for its antibacterial, antiviral, anti-

inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties, and antiglycated

and anticancer activities. 14 P. pinnata The leaves and bark are used to make a bath for fever and . The antiseptic property

of the plant is probably owed to saponins © tri.atmoko

CONCLUSSION

• Knowledge and wisdom of local people and animal habit can be initial data to search of potential plants for pharmacological.

• Similar study with considered of behavior and condition of orangutan health is still needed to be conducted.

© tri.atmoko

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank to Noorhidayah, M.Si. (Alm), and staff of Mathematics and Science Faculty,

Mulawarman University for their help in laboratory. We also thank to Imam Gazali, Zainal Arifin and

Mukhaidil for their help during the field work and identification of herbarium speciment.

© tri.atmoko

Thank You Photo from: Agnes