Physiological support for professional boxing
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1@alanruddock - Physiology of Pro
Boxing
@alanruddock - Physiology of Pro Boxing
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Alan Ruddock CSci MSc BSc (Hons.)Chartered Scientist
BASES accredited sport & exercise scientistDoctoral researcher
Academy of Sport and Physical ActivitySheffield Hallam University | Faculty of Health and Wellbeing
A016 Collegiate Hall, Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield S10 2BPemail: [email protected] | Telephone: +44 (0) 114 225 4439
@alanruddock #bxar
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Sport and Exercise Science
The scientific study of factors that influence our ability to perform
exercise or physical activity
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Physiology of Sport and Exercise
The scientific study of how the body responds and adapts to exercise...
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...to enhance performance
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Systematic Enquiry
Scientific Method
Observation
Research question
Hypotheses
Experimental method
Data Collection
Conclusion
Broadcast
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Observation: How to win a boxing
match
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Knockout
Failing to continue with the contest after a boxer goes ‘down’ after a legitimate blow. British Boxing Board of Control rules 3.32 & 3.33
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Cerebellum
Brain Stem
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Technical Knockout
If at any time during a Contest the Referee decides in his complete discretion that one contestant is outclassed or is unable to continue as a result of injury, or is not in a position to continue boxing or, at the conclusion of any round, is ten points or more behind his opponent, he shall stop the Contest and declare the opponent the winner.
British Boxing Board of Control rule 3.34
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Potential neurological trauma Three primary manifestations
1) Acute neurological injuries (causing knockout)2) Persistent groggy states and post-concussion
syndrome3) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, “punch drunk
syndrome” or “dementia pugilistica”
The American Medical Association, Australian Medical Association, and World Medical Association have providedposition statements opposing boxing and recommending that
boxing be banned@alanruddock - Physiology of Pro
Boxing
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Ethical?
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Knowing these risks would our ethics committee approve such activity?
I must abide by BASES code of conduct Professional and personal code of conduct 7 a) Members paramount concern is the well-being of their clients7 g) Members must ensure, where appropriate, the highest standards of safety and working practices and research both in respect of work undertaken by members themselves or by others under their supervision.
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Points system
For “attack” – direct clean hits with the knuckle part of the glove of either hand to any part of the front or side of the head or body above the belt. For “defence” – guarding, slipping, ducking or getting away from an attack.
Where contestants are otherwise equal the majority of points will be given to the one who does most leading off or displays the better style
British Board of Boxing Control rule 3.31
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Are boxers malicious thugs who intend to put their own and opponents life at risk?
No… The majority intend to display their physical, technical and tactical skills within the rules of the sport.
“I’m not in this sport to get hit.”- Kid Galahad
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Safety aspectsMedical examinations
Doctors present before, during and after contest
Referee’s experience Trainers duty of care
Positive aspects
Health benefitsCultural traditions
Economic opportunities
Informed decisions
TrainersBoxing commissions
PromotersMedics
ScientistsBoxers
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AttackJabRear hand crossLead hookRear hookLead uppercutRear uppercutInverted jab
Lead hand feintRear hand feintHead/body feintFoot feint
DefenceBlock both arms
Block rear armBlock lead arm
ClinchDuck
Foot defenceLean back
PushSlip left
Slip rightRoll clockwise
Roll anti-clockwise
Performance indicators
Footwork + precise jab + intensity = contest control
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J Sports Sci. 2013;31(5):516-28
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1005
1015202530354045
Round
Nu
mb
er o
f pun
ches
Mean ± SD number of punches per round 34 ± 3Mean ± SD time between punches 5 ± 0.5 s Often attacks are sustained clusters. Particularly before TKO
Punch stats
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Offensive Punches(n=336)
Successful(n=94, 28%)
Jab (n=51, 54%)
Hook (n=18, 19%)
Uppercut(n=11, 12%)
Combination(n=12, 13%)
Cross(n=2, 2%)
Unsuccessful(n=242, 72%)
Jab(n=185, 76%)
Hook(n=30, 12%)
Uppercut(n=7, 3%)
Combination(n=15, 6%)
Cross(n=5, 2%)
70% punches = jab
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26 kphJab
40 kphReverse hook
0.6 sJab
0.2 sJab in combo
High intensity neuromuscular action @alanruddock - Physiology of Pro
Boxing
Sports Biomech. 2011 Mar;10(1):1-11
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PEAK IMPACT FORCE
= 2000 to 5000 N= 2.5 to 4.5 of body
mass
PEAK IMPULSE
18.3 ± 2.3 N·s-1
Reduction in momentum of punching arm
explained 95% of variance of the
impulse of impact force@alanruddock - Physiology of Pro
Boxing
J Sports Sci. 2014 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
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F · t = m · v
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Energy production Force production Force transmission
= Mechanically effective punches
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Simple approach
Winter D. Biomechanics and motor control of human movement
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Force productionPunches:•delivered at high velocity •from action to contact >200 ms +•require rapid rate of muscular force development•must be impulsive
• Increase strength = Increase rate of force development
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Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006 Jan;96(1):46-52.
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Force transmissionEffective summation of segmental forces ~ Energy flow
Winter D. Biomechanics and motor control of human movement
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Energy production Activity (e.g. punch) Result from excitation-contraction coupling
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Sparring
Estimated mean oxygen uptake = 85 - 90% O2max Associated blood lactate concentration = 4 - 5 mmol·L-1
Does this look like an endurance sport?@alanruddock - Physiology of Pro
Boxing
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Footwork + precise jab + intensity = contest control
Capacities set upper limit to performance...
A B0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Intensity Cumulative fatigue
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Physiological determinants
HRmax SVmax
Hb; %SaO2
(Ca - Cv O2) maxCOmax
O2max
Capillary density Oxidative enzymes
% O2max at LTP
Boxing intensity
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Additional considerations...
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Front Physiol. 2012 Apr 11;3:82
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Cardiac (central) adaptations
Maximal stroke volume is a limiter to boxing intensity
Mechanical overload of the heart caused by reaching and maintaining an elevated cardiac filling is the main stimulus for myocardial adaptations associated with the enhancement of maximal stroke volume (and cardiac output).
Intensity of exercise = Cardiac output (heart rate x stroke volume)
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Sports Med. 2007;37(10):857-80
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Muscle capillarisation (angiogenesis)The network of capillaries supplying blood to the exercising muscle is a limiting factor to boxing intensity
Possible stimuli causing skeletal muscle angiogenesis
• Exercise induced increases in blood flow• Shear stress• Muscle 'stretching' - structural disruptions• Lowered oxygen tension (PaO2)• Metabolic alterations (caused by oxygen demand)
Intensity of exercise = Blood flow, shear stress, structural disruption, changes in PaO2 and oxygen demand
Biochem Soc Trans. 2011 Dec;39(6):1628-32
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Mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative enzyme capacity
The number of mitochondria and associated oxidative enzymes is a limiter to boxing intensity
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1 ) and αits binding partners are responsible for many training adaptations and in particular mitochondrial biogenesis.
Intensity of exercise =
Mechanical stretch & tensionIncrease in reactive oxygen speciesIncrease in muscle calcium concentrationAltered energy status (ADP, AMP)
= PGC-1 , number and size of αmitochondria and aerobic capacity
@alanruddock - Physiology of Pro Boxing
Sports Science Exchange (2013) Vol. 26, No. 115, 1-5
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What type of training induces appropriate physiological strain, in a time effective manner and is specific to boxing?
High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
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Balance between intensity & Time ≥ 90% O2max
High energy demand &
calcium release
High blood flow Cardiac strain
@alanruddock - Physiology of Pro Boxing
Bacon AP, Carter RE, Ogle EA, Joyner MJ (2013) VO2max Trainability and High Intensity Interval Training in Humans: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 8(9): e73182. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073182http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073182
Increase in O2max of 0.5 L·min-1 (95% CI: 0.43 to 0.60) 6 to 9 ml·kg·min-1
CV (%) 0.25 L·min-1
Moderate increase (ES = 0.86; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.99)
3 - 5 min intervals appear most effective to increase O2max in moderately trained individuals.
0.85 L·min-1
HIIT Meta analysis
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"There is more than one way to skin the cat"
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Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Oct;20 Suppl 2:1-10Sports Med. 2013 May;43(5):313-38
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Boxing
Sports Med. 2013 May;43(5):313-38
Skin it this way?
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Skin it this way?
Sports Med. 2013 May;43(5):313-38
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Even longer?
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013 Feb;23(1):74-83
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Even longer...?
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013 Feb;113(2):385-94
Using O2max as the controlling variable time at O2max can be extended beyond 15 min within a session.
Use of iso-effort (RPE) controlled sessions.
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Recommendations for ≥ 90% O2max
Sports Med. 2013 May;43(5):313-38
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Train hard. Fight easy.
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FIGHT
0 – 6 weeksDevelopment of physical
capacities
9.9 weeksMake weight, rehydrate & refuel
9 - 10 weeksTaper & cut
6 – 9 weeksTechnical training
& sparring
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Typical 10 week training plan
9.99 weeksOptimised warm-up strategy
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Coaching opinion &
perspectives
Regular trend analysis of
collated data
Habitual objective & subjective monitoring
Training direction & decision- making
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2012 Sep;7(3):242-50.
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AcknowledgementsMany thanks to
Dave Hembrough @dwhembro
Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Sheffield Hallam University
Dominic Ingle, Ian Grant - Ingle gym @dominicingle @grant_i @inglegymwww.inglegym.com
Dave Stache @totalbd - Nourish restaurant
Edward Winter - Professor of the physiology of exercise @winteredward