Physical Exams SymposiumMeasuring fitness

Measuring Fitness

• Mark D. Hopkins, M.D.

• Board-Certified Orthopedic Surgeon

Measuring fitness

• Sit ups• Push ups• Pull ups

Weight Measurement Versus Waist Measurement

• Which is better

• Or should we be doing it another way?

• Cost Effectiveness

• Time Effectiveness

SIT UPS

SIT UPS

SIT UPS

SIT UPS

SIT UPS

SIT UPS

SIT UPS

PUSH UPS

PUSH UPS

PUSH UPS

PULL UPS

MEASURING FITNESS

MEASURING FITNESS

MEASURING FITNESS

• In order to measure, we must define…

MEASURING FITNESS

• Encarta Definition: The ability of the human body to function with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to engage in leisure activities, and to meet physical stresses.

MEASURING FITNESS

• CDC: Set of attributes a person has in regards to a person’s ability to perform physical activities that require aerobic fitness, endurance, strength, or flexibility and is determined by a combination of regular activity and genetically inherited ability.

MEASURING FITNESS

MEASURING FITNESS

• Fitness parameters

• Cardio-respiratory endurance

• Muscular Strength

• Muscular endurance

• Flexibility

• Body Composition

MEASURING FITNESS

• Components of fitness: Limit Strength, Starting Strength, Explosive Strength, Agility, Flexibility, Static Balance, Dynamic Balance, Muscular Endurance, Speed Endurance, Cardio-respiratory endurance, Muscle Mass, Percent Body Fat, Freedom from Stress, Freedom from Disease or Injury, Preventive Lifestyle

MEASURING FITNESS

MEASURING FITNESS

• Benefits

• Decreased risk of hypertension, colon cancer and diabetes

• Increased well being

• Decreased risk of coronary artery disease

• Increased immunity

• Decreased incidence of depression

BODY COMPOSITION

• Weight – BMI – Body Mass Index

Wt in lbsHt” X Ht”

X 703 = BMI 220 lbs75” X 75” X 703 = 27.5

Wt in kgHt M X Ht M = BMI

99.79 kg1.905M X 1.905M

= 27.5

BODY COMPOSITION

BODY COMPOSITION

• CDC Definitions

• Underweight – less than 18.5

• Recommended – 18.6 – 24.9

• Overweight – 25.0 – 29.9

• Obese – 30 or greater

• 64.5% of adults in U.S. are overweight

BODY COMPOSITION

• Advantages

• Easy and inexpensive

• Increased BMI correlates with increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, some cancers and osteoarthritis

BODY COMPOSITION

• Disadvantages• BMI does not

distinguish fat from muscle

BODY COMPOSITION

BODY COMPOSITION

BODY COMPOSITION

BODY COMPOSITION

• Waist measurements

• Fat around waist – more likely to develop health problems than if around hips and thighs. This is true even if BMI is normal.

• Women with waist more than 35 inches

• Men with waist more than 40 inches

BODY COMPOSITION

• Body fat percentage• May be a better measure of risk

American Council of Exercise Guidelines

women menEssential fat 10-12% 2-4%Athletes 14-20% 6-13%Fitness 21-24% 14-17%Acceptable 25-31% 18-25% Obese 32% 26%

BODY COMPOSITION

BODY COMPOSITION

• Measuring body fat

Skin fold: accuracy varies greatly based on user’s abilitiesBIA: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis accuracy 8% plus or minusCadaver analysis: The only direct method, but impracticalHW: Hydrostatic Weighing: gold standard, not easy, expensiveDXA: Dual energy xray absorpiometry, low dose radiation exposure, trained tech, expensive equipmentBODPOD: new, expensive technology

BODY COMPOSITION• Do you feel lost?

CARTILAGE REGENERATION

• Reversing the aging process…

• HTO, microfracture, OATS, carticel, chondroitin, glucosamine, hyaluronase, gene therapy

CARTILAGE REGENERATION

• Divided into relieving load bearing, with secondary repair, metabolic engineering, direct and indirect repair, transplantation and direct chondrocyte cell DNA modification

CARTILAGE REGENERATION

HTO, High Tibial Osteotomy

CARTILAGE REGENERATION

• Microfracture

CRATILAGE REGENERATION

• OATS – Osteochondral autograft resurfacing mosaicplasty

CARTILAGE REGENERATION

• OATS

CARTILAGE REGENERATION

• Carticel

CARTILAGE REGENERATION• Chondroitin

Analysis of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate Content in MarketedProducts and the Caco-2 Permeability ofChondroitin Sulfate Raw MaterialsAbimbola O. Adebowale, PhD, Donna S. Cox, MS, Zhongming Liang, MS, Natalie D. Eddington, PhD,* Pharmacokinetics-Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland

CARTILAGE REGENERATION

• Glucosamine

CARTILAGE REGENERATION

• Hyaluronase

CARTILAGE REGENERATION• Gene therapy

QUESTIONS?