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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Chapter 1
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
The study of constancy
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Developmental Science
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Scientific
Applied
Interdisciplinary
Developmental Science
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
An orderly, integrated
describes
explains
predicts
behavior
Theory
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Continuous or discontinuous?
Basic Issues
in Development
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Unique combinations
paths of change
Contexts of Development
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Nature
Nurture
Basic Issues
Nature vs. Nurture
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Stability
Plasticity
Stability and Plasticity
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Ongoing process from conception to death
Molded by network of influences:
biological
psychological
social
Dynamic System
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Development is
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Lifespan Perspective
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Periods of Development
65 years–death
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Major Domains
of Development
Figure 1.2
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Multiple, interacting forces:
Influences on Development
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Ability to adapt effectively
Factors in resilience:
Resilience
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Lifespan View of Development
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Scientific Beginnings
Mental testing movement
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Theory of evolution
Mental testing movement
Early Scientific Theories
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Emphasis on individual’s unique life history
Conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
Psychoanalytic Perspective
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Freud’s Three Parts
Ego
Conscious, rational part of personality Emerges in early infancy Redirects id impulses in acceptable ways
Superego
The conscience Develops from ages 3 to 6 through interactions with caregivers
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Erikson’s
Psychosocial Stages
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Behaviorism and
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Contributions:
Behaviorism and
Social Learning Theory
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Children actively construct knowledge by manipulating and exploring their world.
Mental structures adapt to better fit with environment.
Development moves through four broad stages.
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
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Concrete operational
Formal operational
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View of the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system
Development as a continuous process
Use of rigorous research methods
Little insight into creativity or imagination
Information Processing
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Relationship of brain changes to cognitive processing and behavior patterns
Brings together researchers from
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Adaptive value and evolutionary history of behavior
Acquisition of adaptive behaviors:
Ethology
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Adaptive value of
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Transmission to the next generation of a culture’s
values
beliefs
customs
skills
Cooperative dialogues between children and more expert members of society
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Vygotsky’s
Sociocultural Theory
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Ecological Systems Theory
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Layers of the environment:
Ecological Systems Theory
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Systematic observation:
Naturalistic observation
Structured observation
Ethnography
Common Research Methods
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Naturalistic Observation
Reflects participants’ everyday lives
Gives all participants opportunity to display behavior
Systematic Observation
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Clinical
Interview
Structured
Interview
same way
Self-Reports
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Full picture of individual’s psychological functioning
Combines information from
Clinical/Case Study Method
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Participant observation
Rich, descriptive insights
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Ethnography
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Correlational
Does not permit cause-and-effect inferences
Experimental
Detects cause-and-effect relationships
General Research Designs
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Independent Variable
Dependent
Variable
Expected to be influenced by independent variable
Experimental Design
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Unbiased procedure used to assign participants to treatment conditions
Increases chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across conditions
Random Assignment
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Field Experiment
Participant groups matched as much as possible
Modified Experiments
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Developmental
Cross-sectional
Sequential
Compares similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (sequences)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Participant dropout
Practice effects
Cohort effects
Problems in Conducting Longitudinal Research
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Sequential designs
Permit longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons
Combining experimental and developmental designs
Experimental manipulation of experiences
Improving
Developmental Designs
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Protection from harm
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
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