Phtbsoptry 39b. Phllosophic Scmantlcs and Philosophlc ...
3
bescd on rhat ie preacnted aa inqrdrlf ap rcndcrgd . algnlflcant ard relo.vent. "byr" scnantlcs. Brrt tte pr.cess lnvoLves nore t ben factb and icnlp -- Lt elgo invelrrcs cenncctlons and dlscourse. l,rts Cut actosg enblgultlco and preclslona rd.thout the need of t trypetheJ ses ard categerlcg and erplorc ernnectlngttthsrrsn and lnqu ry enters tr sa\r€ tho tbms f rom fantaey and enpty verba] Lstn -- lnaginat!-on ard lerguege -- by catabllahLng noorlng pcets ln nthcgesrr. Instced ef rrdrfurrl|t anblgulty-prcclai bn (factual) palrr F bm ncved tr Lnconslstency-sclf- : cvident (refl-erivc)pelr. Suggestive inconsistcncleo cx- plor,d in thc arts !n a crntc:rt ef ebJcctivc rerrantablllQ Ln lrqufuy. Baclc lrryortance of thc palr -- sdmntLcs-inqrfuy. Scnantlcs aa prepadcuctlc te phiJ.oaophlclnqd-ry. . hyprthcocs- thesesS @ prrductlve rnbd.gutty- sugg€ stl"ve l-nc ons lstcncy. Sp hern gtarted wi-th scmantlcs erd gonGon to tnqilTy end ttpn fllled ln the gap bctnccn tihen by erta. In our Ecquence yt con finally tr trplca and ttp simples rr , catcgorles rf trplce. (il.B. prcsent feshlon rf ncatcgrrletr. ena\relan end ncatrgorlrl nlotakcsrr. CcqerabJ.e te thc l nodern fagblon rf sccld-ng lnqufuy ln e pbllosophy rf dlelrguc er philoecphlcal anthroprlcgtr s phlloeeptry of culturc ln non-Anglo-Anertcan pld.bscpbJ-cs; or thp feshtrq of rcduclng lhlJ.osrpty tr Loglc er tr thc phenemoprbglcC.I mthod; or thc fashitn cf appcallng to the concretcr thc : e!.stentlal, tbe qerientie.l) . Trples last becauoc efunplc terss -- onc noeds at least a proposltion tr statc r trrrth. Trplce rcLetJ.vq tr scmantlcsr arts or lrquJ.ry. Hrr dres rnc crnaldrr dlsccncry and cvelultlons. Naturu of thc problon ferrnd ln the qrnstlen -- la a hcurl,sil.c rrpst*rcdrr poaslbJ.c? and tb qrratirn -- can nLurabe reduccd tonfeets?il ltlght edd e legs faehbnaJ.c queetion -- irre lrE fecta end velucs nprlnctplca?n Reagon rtry ttn qr.rcetlons can bc raisod -- rJGhnw becn dclng scmantics durlng thesc flrst tE far discnsshnsr the scrnotlce cf sonantlcse of lnqulryl and of ar:b8 - we have not bccn drlng irqqiry or erryr rf t^hc.ar!c. Sr m beeln on toplcs W noene of a scmantlca ef slnplos - th-{ngs; thoirghtsr- sSmbo1al ectbnal tcrus. .C,s e prfpr- dcuctls tr the uscs ef trplcs tr dLscrv€r end tr Phtbsoptry 39b. Phllosophic Scmantlcs and Philosophlc Inqufuy. 5. ptrtlosophic Topics: Dlscovery end SrL. Evaluatlons. I*tth ttp fourbh aspect of the philosophic rnterprlso thc verlous parts fall lnto placc. I{hat ls phLlosophizLng? (1) It is the continuetlon of the lcng dlalogue of man and philosphers -- lt ls the discusslon of firnda nentel gustlens and cormunlcation concerning tt. ?hflt la,lt ls the treatlcn_t- pf questions other phllosophers trJvs treatede agruefnp8$ difrcrlng fron tbm. Nb phl- lesophizlng wlthout thls dial.gue. (The phllosoptryr of ndialoguett trday). (2) It la the recognition and trcatrpnt of fundarnrntal problens cncountered Ln tbought and ercperience. Probl- cns whLch arlse not from what men eey (cxcept ln sense in whLch thlt 1g taken ag a nfacln) but frorn rhet is tb casr. Probl.cre frem sourcc independent of cornnunl- catlon; soLutlons must rrct rcqulnments that bavc cxlgcnclca beyrnd thrsc ftxed b5r dJ.acussLon. (3) It ls th€ practicc of eemuunlcatlon end lnqulry not hephazerdly bgrt b5r dlsdpJ.Lnc ard art. The sequenocs end conscqrDnecs follored by arts (slnce they arr unlvcraeL) cennot bc dctcrrd.ncd bJr ftrred patterns ln tbc natup of thingo n.r by arbltrery crnventions. Thercfrrc thc ertg csfE$.lch ccnnections srnongall tha trfi-a1d strof knowledgc ard expeii6iffiil-transfrrnr argr cnttty rr fect lntr other pnds. l{Uat lE@tt rhat le nJuattce.n Substancc Le evcrythLng er nothing; Juotlce la thc artl,flcla1 harmorgrcotabJ.ishcd by mn cr t,he naturaL bernery cstablished b5r Grde rr both eompact erd netural leu. (b) ft ls th dlocrvcry of gomth:lng nGlr ard thc attah rcnt rf valuea prcvlously lnececssl,blc. It mut bc the dLacuaaLen of phlloeoptric questLonsr the solutl.on of roel prrblcnal the practice of l&ntlf,trtLc and nc}lablc ptrilrseptrlc erts, and tte dlscewry and epprecietlon of amthLng mr. But theec drr* arc not ncrely additlvc -- ttry arc dlffcrent lnnmcdcrl. Semantlcs -- narpr nnanLnga; lnquiry -- uaenblguezuly ldcntlflcable facte. I{pothe- aoo arG tranelatcd to catcgcia.l etatcmcnts blr way od etnnccttng rrembiguous questlonsn andnambJrguouo preposl- ttcns.n lnbfguous ensrtrs tr questlone (anblgurua er unrnbtguoua) arc rgB{glred prefclee and rerrantcd (unemblgurus) b5: lifla+ All.cged preclsl.ons
Transcript of Phtbsoptry 39b. Phllosophic Scmantlcs and Philosophlc ...
bescd on rhat ie preacnted aa inqrdrlf ap rcndcrgd .algnlflcant ard relo.vent. "byr" scnantlcs.
Brrt tte pr.cess lnvoLves nore t ben factb and icnlp -- Ltelgo invelrrcs cenncctlons and dlscourse. l,rts Cut actosgenblgultlco and preclslona rd.thout the need of t trypetheJses ard categerlcg and erplorc ernnectlngttthsrrsn and lnqury enters tr sa\r€ tho tbms f rom fantaey and enpty verba]Lstn -- lnaginat!-on ard lerguege -- by catabllahLng noorlngpcets ln nthcgesrr. Instced ef rrdrfurrl|t anblgulty-prcclaibn (factual) palrr F bm ncved tr Lnconslstency-sclf- :cvident (refl-erivc)pelr. Suggestive inconsistcncleo cx-plor,d in thc arts !n a crntc:rt ef ebJcctivc rerrantablllQLn lrqufuy.
Baclc lrryortance of thc palr -- sdmntLcs-inqrfuy.Scnantlcs aa prepadcuctlc te phiJ.oaophlc lnqd-ry.
. hyprthcocs- thesesS @ prrductlvernbd.gutty- sugg€ stl"ve l-nc ons lstcncy.
Sp hern gtarted wi-th scmantlcs erd gonG on to tnqilTyend ttpn fllled ln the gap bctnccn tihen by erta. In ourEcquence yt con finally tr trplca and ttp simples rr ,catcgorles rf trplce. (il.B. prcsent feshlon rf ncatcgrrletr.ena\relan end ncatrgorlrl nlotakcsrr. CcqerabJ.e te thc lnodern fagblon rf sccld-ng lnqufuy ln e pbllosophy rfdlelrguc er philoecphlcal anthroprlcgtr s phlloeeptry ofculturc ln non-Anglo-Anertcan pld.bscpbJ-cs; or thp feshtrqof rcduclng lhlJ.osrpty tr Loglc er tr thc phenemoprbglcC.Imthod; or thc fashitn cf appcallng to the concretcr thc :
e!.stentlal, tbe qerientie.l) .Trples last becauoc efunplc terss -- onc noeds at leasta proposltion tr statc r trrrth. Trplce rcLetJ.vq trscmantlcsr arts or lrquJ.ry.
Hrr dres rnc crnaldrr dlsccncry and cvelultlons.Naturu of thc problon ferrnd ln the qrnstlen --la a hcurl,sil.c rrpst*rcdrr poaslbJ.c? and tb qrratirn-- can nLurabe reduccd tonfeets?il ltlght edd elegs faehbnaJ.c queetion -- irre lrE fecta endvelucs nprlnctplca?n
Reagon rtry ttn qr.rcetlons can bc raisod -- rJG hnw becndclng scmantics durlng thesc flrst tE far discnsshnsrthe scrnotlce cf sonantlcse of lnqulryl and of ar:b8 -we have not bccn drlng irqqiry or erryr rf t^hc.ar!c. Sr mbeeln on toplcs W noene of a scmantlca ef slnplos -th-{ngs; thoirghtsr- sSmbo1al ectbnal tcrus. .C,s e prfpr-dcuctls tr the uscs ef trplcs tr dLscrv€r end tr
Phtbsoptry 39b. Phllosophic Scmantlcs and PhilosophlcInqufuy. 5. ptrtlosophic Topics: Dlscovery end SrL.Evaluatlons.
I*tth ttp fourbh aspect of the philosophic rnterprlso thcverlous parts fall lnto placc. I{hat ls phLlosophizLng?
(1) It is the continuetlon of the lcng dlalogue ofman and philosphers -- lt ls the discusslon of firndanentel gustlens and cormunlcation concerning tt. ?hfltla,lt ls the treatlcn_t- pf questions other phllosopherstrJvs treatede agruefnp8$ difrcrlng fron tbm. Nb phl-lesophizlng wlthout thls dial.gue. (The phllosoptryr ofndialoguett trday).(2) It la the recognition and trcatrpnt of fundarnrntalproblens cncountered Ln tbought and ercperience. Probl-cns whLch arlse not from what men eey (cxcept ln sensein whLch thlt 1g taken ag a nfacln) but frorn rhet istb casr. Probl.cre frem sourcc independent of cornnunl-catlon; soLutlons must rrct rcqulnments that bavccxlgcnclca beyrnd thrsc ftxed b5r dJ.acussLon.
(3) It ls th€ practicc of eemuunlcatlon end lnqulry nothephazerdly bgrt b5r dlsdpJ.Lnc ard art. The sequenocsend conscqrDnecs follored by arts (slnce they arrunlvcraeL) cennot bc dctcrrd.ncd bJr ftrred patterns lntbc natup of thingo n.r by arbltrery crnventions.Thercfrrc thc ertg csfE$.lch ccnnections srnong all thatrfi-a1d strof knowledgc ard expeii6iffiil-transfrrnr argrcnttty rr fect lntr other pnds. l{Uat lE@ttrhat le nJuattce.n Substancc Le evcrythLng er nothing;Juotlce la thc artl,flcla1 harmorgr cotabJ.ishcd bymn cr t,he naturaL bernery cstablished b5r Grde rrboth eompact erd netural leu.(b) ft ls th dlocrvcry of gomth:lng nGlr ard thc attahrcnt rf valuea prcvlously lnececssl,blc.
It mut bc the dLacuaaLen of phlloeoptric questLonsr thesolutl.on of roel prrblcnal the practice of l&ntlf,trtLcand nc}lablc ptrilrseptrlc erts, and tte dlscewry andepprecietlon of amthLng mr.
But theec drr* arc not ncrely additlvc -- ttry arcdlffcrent lnnmcdcrl. Semantlcs -- narpr nnanLnga;lnquiry -- uaenblguezuly ldcntlflcable facte. I{pothe-aoo arG tranelatcd to catcgcia.l etatcmcnts blr way odetnnccttng rrembiguous questlonsn andnambJrguouo preposl-ttcns.n lnbfguous ensrtrs tr questlone (anblgurua erunrnbtguoua) arc rgB{glred prefclee and rerrantcd(unemblgurus) b5: lifla+ All.cged preclsl.ons
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hrt tbr rr15t.!t .!d thc rq)rr.r..nc.d rr. .ncount.lcd I o.!8 tb!?ln cantartr ard rcqE!!cc!, ena tbrctet! thc t.Dd,c! I Tbr raDntlc rtaFr 1! caaJr - .F he€ rrcauraa ta tltln cantartr ard rcqE!!cc!, |nd th!!t9f" trhc t.pd,c! I It! laDntlc rrDtll 1! caaJr - .F be€ rtcaur., taln tlt .strbllrbnt .t that ddcfflptlAolb quiufgra I ethcr coLrma .f tb lchlmt tblr rt! ctrg.r{as .tt ct d .ccr8nnc. .!d of dlgc.ursa. Tlray <bfuw I nfsctrr tr lntatprctetleli .f .tt ar lltarl'retationi .tprrtlculer c.nacqucnccs flhldt arra sought fron tbc | lnqulry 3r [email protected]. gr. Dth.d ls 1.810. I thb 1! rhr.uf phll.E.phlc l.tr8urga ccntlnucs fr6
ButTFia=GlE-fif and tb crger:trncoE .td tb d.sl!.d I trtotottr i vrrtity or tqms to r eici t. th.n (rhlch[|rt b. astsblllbpd ln the .bJcctl,v! rr th. c.sr.s or I ut th.n ln tb sananticr .f.u. psrtlcuhr pbll.s.phlc
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.t dlff.$nt .8.r. I Phll. 39L. ?bllsophlc se@sttlca end Phtlo€eph1c lhqtlirfi.I 5. Philosophic trptcst Dlscovery and Evaluetions 5r2.
PhJ-J-osophtc trpies thon l-s thc proccss of transforrning I
" ttplrccrl 6 rrg346onpkeott rf discussJ-on1 lnqulry tr art I cvaluato sLmples.
lnt. . ortrd.r,Jr d rdltrDrr. ltvtblng that, yru cen crn- |crLv! .f 1r p.t.qt181v &rn n d.at rc.n ln !plt. o! tb I B.gfu tdth tL n dcs .f God6tono. and .lpsrLnc..tprd t. dlsthgulsh tb! €d.stoit fron tha !.Hr1st.!t. I fn fqufry c4lerllnc. lEDdl&tsly gli.n ad lubi.ct t.tht ls r prcoar nllcb or! b. q.r.|rtld .D .Dly W provfa- | arnlysfs lnt. rD ind!f,lnltrly hrg€ nrub.r .t frct€ -tng th. criiratr .f adrtallr - s t.!k unaortalia tn | ltrt d h truc !r.p.sllt.r8. Elr.ritnc. hrE lta ltlBtcn-
lrethodn posslble? thc enblgulty of confuEtng toplcs I h.ads of tlp fu colunns -- the slnpJ.cs cfvfth nlthad a! tbr arta. T.plc€ lndl.pqDrabt t. tb I .{,rtarocr ar th. .f.4t5 ot axperl€ nca, |a tb srts .t.Jl't! but caa.t b. !r duccd t. en e1.t .l s.qu.nccr .! I
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Arc facts valucs or valueg fects? the amblguity rf c.nfus;rethrdsl rr lnterprctatione nay bc nadc the slruplcs rf86l.c ctLon. This the source of thetrfashicnstt of
tbg tetcs rdth th. rri! utdlffelcrtl.tsd frol scrertlcs I pbtla!.plf r.hlch eDrg6 frm th. succa€gLs r.lccttinr
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d1aLctlc. Thc tranacerEiElFf,Fc tsut.I.sour. I subJ.ctE .ni pFdlc.tle, thc ol@La ol th. .rta .r.Th.|. tn. u6!6 .f th. t.pts! rupply tlp arsir 616 | u*r prdffffiEi-- 1... c.pablr .t b.lng r8t.blkh-qutetlons Ot rbet !.rt ls lt? |nd n$r? -- $rrtlons .t | .c u Da.dlod.6t Orc h .leacE .f lnqulqr €r. temr,Ydur i! tblr c.EblEd urc. -
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y and t'r,lu. - al llnrv.tlc la hdlldg! |nd.f ttmwattai F.dlc.Drts ar catcgorl!!, 1... lEdlvlitbL rartr vtthh .Dd! .td rctio!6. . d4rla DrlllrSs .rd sielc allr1lcstlgDr.trd! .td .ctio!r. i d4,1. Drnllrgs .rd slelc rpllcstlgnr.
FYm thls p.lrlt anan !€ crn b. glvsn tr tb prredd-c{! Lto t|. tb. rrbigulty that ths 8.nrntJ.c anelyEls .fqu€rtl8r,,stat d ln thc h.gtllnllg -- Is r iblur.lstlc I dtfrFllt ph11.s.ph1!! lndlcet.s th€ ebd.guitt .l thc
Asslgnmnt -- tollc a pspcr (5-fO pages)on rnc.ef ttrcfour nodcs 9f philoscphlc trquiry ---triatrng a problomof your choicc. confercncc conclrning problirns chlscn.No flnal examinatlon.
Phil. 391r. Phtlosophlc Semantics and Philosophic Inquiry5. Philoscphd.c Tdpics: Dlscovery.end Evaluations 513
the valuos of tbe arts and thE faets of "cr*ntfcs.Trplce aro lndisponsablc to both, but cannot bc reducee
to oithcr ard thc arts of scquenees or contcxts eannotbc reduced to the scrnntlcs of facts or true proposl-t long.
Arc faetse valurlse er categeries rrprincipLcs?tt the m-blgulty of confusing toplcs tdth irquiry undiffercntlatedfron scmantlcs and arts --the recessltles of lrquiryl thevalrrs of artsl and the facts of fementicg, ?oplcs arclndiepcneablc to all threc but cannst bc reduecd tc aqyof thcn and inqulqf cf posslbLlites cannot bc deduccd trartg of valuc or scmenties of facts.
Thus fetr nc hcvr bcen dcellng rlth semntlcs. Dlfficulty ln distingutshing phLlesrphic smnntics frcm phlbsopl*bic lnqrdryr ln spltc ef ',hc asscrtlon that scnrntlcs lsprrapdcuctic to lrqulry. Test -- rr have rnede no truapnposl-tloro -- wttich m should harn had to dc in lnquiryIb harr crard.nrd crndttlons set for dcterrnlning truc prt-pooitlonor erd arts fcrmed tc cstabllsh thcml endprinclplco pesited to ramant thcn,
Turn nrr tr lnqutry -- ncxt feur t oplcs rf discussion.Notc dlffcrencc Ln crder. th ahall bcgin inqulryvlth thesesl that is tdth considcratj.ons ef principlcsAs p bogan scnrntics with phllosophtc senantics rrdlscusglon.
But wc sheLl not bc concerned rlth the qrrostion ofthp vertttlos of ll,nds of prlneiples -- that lascmantlcs. th shell try to establish sel6phlloacphLc prlncipbs and arrlw at some trurprrpoaltlens ttatlng thcm. Hor is that donc?
Dlffercnt frrm the apprraeh of scmantLcs.RclatlveJy sfurpIc -- construct a natrlx (rr user llkc devta) and fenru rnanings by crmbtntngend ocpar:eblng torms ln meenlngs Justifiablc bythc senantlc seheme.
l{or the stabemcnt rf problcns and thc frr:nulatlonrf solutions.
l{rtc that thc ceursc night bc extcndcd te cight nrroncctLrgs- -- frur en the erts and frur on trplca. Butluet 1r lnqulry dcs not censiet ln scDanti[s, sr tJitt ahurld nrt bc reduced tr arts or trpl_es.
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