Phonation + Voice Quality
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Transcript of Phonation + Voice Quality
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Phonation + Voice Quality
Feburary 8, 2013
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Heretofore• We have talked two different factors affecting phonation in the larynx:
1. Adductive Tension
• Tension towards center of glottis
• Pushes vocal folds towards each other
• Controls voicing (and voicelessness)
2.Longitudinal Tension
• Tension along the length of the vocal folds
• Increases or decreases F0
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Phurther Phonation Phacts• Increasing longitudinal tension also makes the vocal folds thinner.
• Thinner vocal folds open and close more quickly.
• Average thickness of male vocal folds =
• 2-5 mm
• Female folds are somewhat thinner
low F0
mid F0
high F0
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Frequency and Vowels• In the mystery tone language exercise, you may have noticed that the fundamental frequency of [i] was slightly higher than that of [a], for the same tones
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“Intrinsic” Pitch• It’s been observed that F0 is usually higher for high vowels than for low vowels
[i] 183 Hz
[e] 169
[æ] 162
[a] 163
[o] 170
[u] 182
• Data from Lehiste & Peterson (1961) for American English
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• The “Tongue Pull” Hypothesis (Honda, 2004):
• Raising the tongue for high vowels also raises the larynx
• The cricoid cartilage rises up and around the spine…
• Thus stretching the vocal folds
• and increasing longitudinal tension.
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An Intrinsic Summary High Vowels Low Vowels
Intensity Less More
Duration Shorter Longer
F0 Higher Lower
• A word of caution:
• All of these factors (intensity, duration, F0) factor into perceived prominence and stress.
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Contact!• Interesting (and important) fact: the vocal folds do not open and close all at once.
• Their upper and lower parts open and close out of phase with each other.
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Implications• Glottal opening and closing forms a complex wave.
• The out-of-phase factor is reduced with thinner vocal folds.
• i.e., the glottal cycle becomes more sinusoidal
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Electroglottography• The degree of vocal fold separation during voicing can be measured with a method known as electroglottography (EGG)
• Electrodes are placed on either side of the larynx
• More contact between vocal folds greater conductivity between electrodes
• A caveat:
• tends to work better on men than women.
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EGG Readout
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EGG Output
“The north wind and the sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak.”
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An EGG Schematic1. Complete closure of vocal folds
conductivity
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An EGG Schematic2. Lower half of folds begin to open
conductivity
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An EGG Schematic3. Upper half of folds open
conductivity
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An EGG Schematic4. Folds are completely apart
conductivity
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An EGG Schematic5. Lower half of folds begin to close
conductivity
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An EGG Schematic6. Upper half of folds close
conductivity
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An EGG Schematic7. Folds are completely closed, again
conductivity
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An Actual EGG Waveform• Modal voicing (by me):
• Note: completely closed and completely open phases are both actually quite short.
• Also: closure slope is greater than opening slope.
• Q: Why might there be differences in slope?
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Factor #3• There is another force at work: medial compression.
• i.e., how tightly the folds themselves are compressed against each other.
• Medial compression determines, to some extent, how quickly/slowly the folds will open.
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MC Forces, yo• Medial compression is caused by constriction of:
1. The lateral cricoarytenoids
• which adduct the vocal folds
2. The thyroarytenoids
• which pull the arytenoids towards the thyroid
• But not the interarytenoids
• ...which only squeeze the arytenoid cartilages together
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For the Record, part 3• It is not entirely clear what the role of the vocalis
muscle plays in all this.
• The vocalis muscle is inside the vocal folds
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The Vocalis Muscle1. It may also shorten the vocal folds through contraction
• thereby potentially lowering longitudinal tension
• and lowering F0
2. However, the same contraction would increase medial compression within the vocal fold
• thereby decreasing vocal fold thickness
• and increasing F0
• Researchers still need to figure out a way to get at this muscle while it’s in action…
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Vocal Fold Force Summary1. Adductive Tension
• between arytenoids + folds
2. Longitudinal Tension
• stretches vocal folds
3. Medial Compression
• squeezes vocal folds together
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1. Modal Voice Settings• At the low end of a speaker’s F0 range:
1. Adductive tension force is moderate
2. Medial compression force is moderate
3. Vocal folds are short and thick.
• = longitudinal tension is low
4. Moderate airflow
• F0 is increased by:
1. Increasing the longitudinal tension
activity of the cricothyroid muscle
2. Increasing airflow
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A Different Kind of Voicing• Tuvan throat singing (khoomei):
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A Different Kind of Voicing• The basic voice quality in khoomei is called xorekteer.
• Notice any differences in the EGG waveforms?
• This voice quality requires greater medial compression of the vocal folds.
• ...and also greater airflow
• Check out the tense voice video.
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Modal vs. Tense Voice• The language of Mpi contrasts modal voice vowels with tense voice vowels.
• Mpi is spoken in northern Thailand.
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Taken to an Extreme• Extreme medial compression can lead to the closure of the ventricular folds, as well as that of the true vocal folds.
• = ventricular voice
• The false and true vocal folds effectively combine as one.
• …and open and close together (usually)
• Kargyraa voice
• Head over to the video evidence.