Philosphical Foundation

7/31/2019 Philosphical Foundation

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Focus Questions

What is the nature of philosophy?

Why is philosophy important to

teachers?What determines your

educational philosophy?


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Focus Questions

What are the six branches of

philosophy?

What are six philosophicalorientations to teaching?

How does one build aneducational philosophy?


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Questions..

What should the purpose(s) of

education be?

What is the nature of knowledge?

Are students inherently good or evil or

somewhere in between?

What knowledge is of most worth? How should learning be evaluated?


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What is the nature of

philosophy?

Concerned with identifying the basic

truths about being, knowledge, and

conduct


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teachers?

Reveals principles that may

be used as guide for

professional actionset of beliefs about human beingslearn and grow and what one should

learn in order to live a good life


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schools?

Public statement of what a

school values, a description ofeducational goals it seek to

attain


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What determines your


Lays down a plan for what is

considered to be the best

educationGive direction with respect to the

kind of education that is best in a

certain political, social &economic context


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What determines your


Correct violations of educational

principle & policy

Centers attention on issues ineducational policy & practice that

require resolution either by

empirical research or rationalexamination


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Beliefs aboutteaching &

learning

Beliefs aboutstudents

Beliefs aboutknowledge Philosophy ofEducation TeachingBehavior

Beliefs aboutwhat is worth

knowingPersonal Beliefsin Philosophical

areas


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There is a strong connectionbetween your behavior as a

teacher and your beliefs aboutteaching and learning, students,knowledge, and what is worth

knowing


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Beliefs about Teaching &Learning

What is the teachers primary

role?

subject matter expert?Skilled technician?

Art?

Student experience & cognition orstudents behavior


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Beliefs about Students

An image of our student liketheir dispositions, skills,

motivation level & experiencesAll children can learn?


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Beliefs about knowledge

A sum/total of small bits of

subject matter or discrete facts?

A big idea that enable us tounderstand & influence our

environment


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Beliefs about what is worthknowing

3 rs?

Classics?

Reason, communicate effectively& solve problems?

Develop the whole child


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a. Practical preparation for life and work

b. The fostering of curiosity & creativity

c. The teaching of cognitive & critical

thinking skills

d. Self-actualization of the whole person

e. The teaching of basic communication

skills

f. Behavior modification

g. Moral education

h. Exposure to great ideas & enduring truths


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i. Preparation of whatever the future holds

j. The search for truth

k. The teaching of problem solving skills

l. Exposure to great works in humanities

m. Fostering of positive values & citizenship

n. Mastery of facts & scientific information

o. Transmission of common core of

knowledge

p. Cultivation of the intellect


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q. Development of rational , well-rounded

individuals

r. The search for personal meaning

s. Development of rational, well rounded

individuals

t. The search for personal meaning

u. Values clarification

v. The global improvement of the quality of

life


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Branches of Philosophy

Branches ofPhilosophy

Metaphysics

Epistemology

Axiology

Logic


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What is philosophy?

The derivation of the word "philosophy"from the Greek is suggested by the

following words and word-fragments.

philolove of, affinity for, liking of

philanderto engage in love affairsfrivolously

philanthropylove of mankind in general

philatelypostage stamps hobby


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The derivation of the word "philosophy"

from the Greek is suggested by the

following words and word-fragments. phile(as in "anglophile") one having a love

for

philologyhaving a liking for words

sophoswisdom

sophistlit. one who loves knowledge

sophomorewise and moron

foolish; i.e. one who thinks he knows manythings

sophisticatedone who is knowledgeable


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London Timesin an article dealing with

the 20th World Congress of Philosophy:

"The great virtue of philosophy is

that it teaches not what to think,

but how to think. It is the study of meaning, of the

principles underlying conduct,

thought and knowledge


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Metaphysics or Ontology

Metaphysics is the study of reality.

More specifically it is the study of reality

that is beyond the scientific or

mathematical realms. The term metaphysics itself literally

means beyond the physical. The

metaphysical issues most discussed arethe existence of God, the soul, and the

afterlife.


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metaphysics

the study of what is reallyreal.

Metaphysics deals with the so-called first

principles of the natural order and "the

ultimate generalizations available to thehuman intellect.

Specifically, ontology seeks to indentify

and establish the relationships between the

categories, if any, of the types of existent

things.


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Ontology

ontoto be andology the study of

Concerned of with the nature of beingand explores questions such as

What does it mean to exist?

What is human kinds place in the scheme ofthings.


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Ontological questions

What is reality?

What is the world made of?

What is the meaning of life?

Do events in the universe occur

randomly or according to a purpose?

Is our behavior determined or the result

of our free will?


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Implications for education

School curriculum is based on what we

know about reality


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Epistemological questions

What knowledge is true?

How does knowing take place?

How do we know that we know?How do we decide between

opposing views of knowledge?

Is truth constant?

What knowledge is most worth?


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Epistemology

The study of knowledge

In particular, epistemology is the

study of the nature, scope, andlimits of human knowledge.

Investigates the origin, structure,

methods & integrity of knowledge


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Consider the degree of truth of

the statement, "The earth is

round.

"The earth is spherical.

The earth is oblate spheroid.Does its truth depend upon the

context in which the statementis uttered?


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Within epistemology there are two

important categoriesrationalism and

empiricism. Rationalism stresses reason as the most

important element in knowing. Rationalismholds that knowledge is gained primarily through

the mind. It also asserts that we are born withinnate ideas that precede any experiences we

may have with our physical senses.

Empiricism, on the other hand, asserts that all

our knowledge comes from our five senses. Touse the terminology of the empiricist, John Locke,our minds are a blank slate at birth. Thus

knowledge comes from our experiences.


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Present knowledge of the world to

students

How is it that students come to know

Determine the truth of the content you

will teach, then decide on the most

appropriate means of conveying this

content to students


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Ways of knowing.based on

AuthorityDivine revelation

EmpiricismKnowledge acquire through the

senses

Rationalism

Logical analysis Intuition


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Axiology

What values should teachers

encourage students to adopt?

What values raise the human race to its

highest level of humaness?

What values does a truly educated

person hold?

How do we define quality of life? Whatcurricular experiences contribute most to

that quality of life?


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Axiology

study of values

the study of the nature, types, and

governing criteria of values and value

judgments


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What curricular experiences contribute

to the quality of life?


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Ethics

Ethics is the study of moral value,right and wrong.

Ethics is involved with placing value

to personal actions, decisions, andrelations.

Important ethical issues today

include abortion, sexual morality, thedeath penalty, euthanasia,

pornography, and the environment.


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example

Plagiarism

Is an elementary teacher justified in

trying to increase achievement of the

whole class by separating two disruptivegirls and placing one in Mathematics

group beneath her level?

Ethical thinking and decision makingare not just following the rules


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Aesthetics

Aesthetics is the study of art and beauty.It attempts to address such issues as:

What is art?

What is the relationship between beauty

and art?

Are there objective standards by which

art can be judged?

Is beauty in the eye of the beholder?


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Helps teacher increase his/her

effectiveness

Teaching is an artistic expression

Can be judged according to artistic

standards of beauty and quality


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Logic

Logic is the study of right reasoning.

It is the tool philosophers use to study

other philosophical categories.

Good logic includes the use of good

thinking skills and the avoidance of

logic fallacies.


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Present ideas to students in sequential andwell-organized manner

Employs logic as a tool for problem solvingand decision making

Provide feedback to students who usefallacious reasoning therefore arrive aterroneous conclusion

Evaluate validity of new method, materials

& subject matter Use hypothetical thinking to explore

probable outcomes of new approaches

Si Phil hi l


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Six PhilosophicalOrientations to Teaching

Focus onSubject

Focus on Self& Society

A Continuum

PERENNIALISM

EXISTENTIALISM

RECONSTRUCTIONISM

ESSENTIALISM

PROGRESSIVISMBEHAVIORISM


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Perennialism

Views truth as constant orpermanent

Ensure that students acquire

these knowledge of theseunchanging principles or greatideas

Natural world & human naturehave remained unchanged forcenturies


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Perennialism

Emphasizes cultivation of theintellect

Stress students intellectual

growth in arts & sciences

Advocates: Robert Maynard

Hutchins & Mortimer AdlerWestern World Curriculum


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Perennialism

Developed Great Books of theWestern World Curriculum

The study of over 100 enduring

classics form Plato to Einstein

Focuses on the enduring

disciplines of knowledge rather

than on current events or studentinterest


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Perennialism

Stresses the humanities and literature the best education for the best is the

best education for all


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PROGRESSIVISM

Differs with essentialism for it

begins with the child rather than

the subject matter

Greatly influenced by John

Deweys writings in the 20s


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assumptionsContent of curriculum should be

derived from students interest

rather tan academic discipline

Effective teaching takes intoaccount the whole child, his her

interests & needs in regard to

cognitive, affective &psychomotor areas.


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assumptions

Learning is essentially activerather than passive

The aim of education is to

teach students to thinkrationally so that they may

become intelligent,

contributing members of the

society


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assumptions

At school, students learnpersonal as well as social

values

Humankind is in a constantstate of change and education

makes possible a future that

is better than the past


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Progressive strategies

Equip students with problemsolving strategies

To cope with new challenges in

lifeDiscover truths relevant to the

present(self-analysis &

relection)


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And may be trusted humanbeings are basically good

Begin with where the students

are, through the daily give &take of the classroom


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Teachers serve as guide orresource persons; his/her

primary responsibility is to

facilitate student learningProvide experiences that

replicate everyday life


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ESSENTIALISM

A conservative philosophy ofeducation in response to

progressive trends in school

Founded by William C. Bagley(1974-1946) ; founded

Essentialist Education Society&

the educationaljournal, School &Society


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ESSENTIALISM

Emphasizes

a set ofexternaltruths

Essentialknowledge

& skills

Culture has acore common

knowledge


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ESSENTIALISM

Schooling should be practical Schools should not influence or set

social policies

Indoctrination& rule out

possiblity ofchange

Run counter tothe expected

standards & theneed for order


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The Back-to-Basics Movement

Began in mid-seventiesmovement

Contends that schools must trainstudents to communicate clearly& logically

Core skills in the curriculum

should be reading, writing &speaking


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Critical of any innovations

Provide special programs for

talented youth whose needs arenot met by the curricula

Emphasizes teaching of facts

Frowns upon indirect,introspective approaches


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Hard sciences, technical &

vocational education are the true

essentials

Children need to be actively &

vigorously taught the value of

discipline, hard work & respect forauthority


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EXISTENTIALISM

Focuses on the experience of theindividual

Emphasizes creative choice & thesubjectivity of human experience& concrete human acts of humanexistence over any rational

scheme for human nature orreality


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EXISTENTIALISM

Jean-Paul Sartre a French

philosopher responsible for the

spread of existential ideas

Soren Kierkegaard


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Danish

philosopher

whose concern

with individual

existence, choiceand commitment

profoundly

influenced modern

theology andExistentialism


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according to Sartre

Every individual first exist and then he

or she must decide what that

existence is to mean

The task of assigning meaning to thatexistence is the individuals alone; no

preformulated belief system


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according to Sartre

Existence precedes essence First

of all man exists, turns up, appears on

the scene, and, only afterwards,

defines himself.


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teachers must allow students

freedom of choice & provide them

with experiences that will help

them find meaning to our lives


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BEHAVIORISM

Give me a dozen infants, well-formed,and my own specifies world to bringthem up in, and Ill guarantee to takeany one at random and train him to

become any type of specialist I mightselect-doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man &thief, regardless of his talents,

penchants, tendencies, abilities,vocations, & race of his ancestors.


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BEHAVIORISM

Human behavior can be a product of

design, rather than accident

It is an illusion that man have free will

Our behavior is determined by the

forces in the environment that shape

our behavior


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BEHAVIORISM

John B. Watson originator of

Behaviorism

B. F. Skinner the best known

promoter

behavioral engineering (novel

Walden Twoin 1962) would lead to

the creation of a utopian society


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All learning is conditioninga. Identify desired behaviors in

concrete terms

b. Establish procedure for recordingspecific behavior & counting

frequenciesc. Identify appropriate reinforcer

d. Ensure that students receive

reinforcer as soon as possible afterdisplaying a desired behavior


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RECONSTRUCTIONISM

Theodore Brameld acknowledged

founder of Reconstructionism

We live in a period of great crisis

Humankind has the intellectual,technological and moral potential to

create a world of abundance, health &

humane capacity.


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RECONSTRUCTIONISM

Schools are the primary agent for

planning & directing social

change

Transmitand reconstruct


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reconstructionismProgressivism

Attach importance ofexperiencesOppurtunities to interact

beyond the four walls ofthe classroom

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