Philosophy Notes- DeAnza College- Prof Burke

8/8/2019 Philosophy Notes- DeAnza College- Prof Burke

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J`sou gjc Usc~ Wousn`ju

Qhnb`u`qh~ @jo

Ij`|boclo gjc [ogbns~

B* M* K{io Qhnb* Coqs*

Co Gj}g E`bbolo ({ot* ;11<.



;

Sgkbo d E`jsojsu

Q{odgeo 3*

• \hgs nu Qhnbù`qh~0 3*

• Dnto S~qou `d \nuc`f ?*

• Uffg{~ >*

• Ij`|boclo gjc [ogbns~ 71*

Uoesn`j N Oguso{j gjc Gjnfnusne Fosgqh~uneu 7;*

• _qgjnuhgcu= Gsfgj K{ghfgj 75*

• Usc~ Wousn`ju Hnjc Qhnbù`qh~ ;3*

• Sg`nuf Ehgqso{ ; ;?*

• Gjnfnuf gjc Jgsnto Gfo{negj Fosgqh~uneu= Ehgq* 5 57*

• Usc~ Wousn`ju 54*

Uoesn`j NN Ebguunegb \ouso{j Fosgqh~uneu 54*

• Uè{gsou gjc sho L``c d Tn{so= Ehgq 7 58*

• Qhgoc`= Uè{gsne Fosh`c 5>*

• Tn{so" Cgbnuf" Ij`|boclo 5>*

• Qbgs`= Cès{njo d D`{fu 3;*

• G{nus`sbo= Ehgq* ; Qu~eh`&u`fgsne _jns~ 3<*

• Ij`|boclo= E`fqùnsn`j d Njsobboes gjc Uojuo 3>*



5

• G{nus`sbo„u Fosgqh~unegb Tnun`j ?5*

• Uffg{~ ??*

• Uoesn`j NNN F`co{j \ouso{j Fosgqh~unegb Glojcg ?<*

• Coueg{sou= Ehgq* 7 Fosh`c $ Cgbnuf ?<*

• Ukusgjeo Qh~unegb \`{bc $ L`c ?>*

• Eg{soungj Gjxnos~ gjc Ugfqbo Oxgf 4?*

• K{nsnuh Ofqn{nenusu= Ehgq* ; Bèio gjc Hfo <5*

• Bèio„u Fosh`c <5*

• Bèio j Uobd" Ukusgjeo" gjc L`c <3*

• Hfo j Uobd" Ukusgjeo gjc L`c <<*

• Ugfqbo Oxgf 8;*

• Igjs„u [oqb~ s` Hfo Ehgq 5 8?*

• Ukusgjeo" G Q{n`{n Ncogu 88*

• Oxeo{qsu d{`f Igjs >5*

• Ugfqbo Sous $ Usc~ Wousn`ju >?*

• Holob„u [`fgjsne Nco3= Ehgq 3 >4*

• Uqn{ns (Lonus." Q{èouu" Gbnojgsn`j ><*

• Q{glfgsnuf gjc Sho [ogesn`j s` Holob9 Ehgq* ? 71;*

• Q{glfgsnuf= Mgfou„ To{un`j 715*

• Q{glfgsnuf= Q{ùqoesnto Oqnusof`b`l~ $ Hfgjnuf 71<*



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• Q{glfgsnuf= Dofnjnuf gjc Uenojeo 71>*

• Q{glfgsnuf= Fosgqh~uneu gjc E`ff`j Uojuo 775*

• Q{glfgsnuf= S{sh" Hfgjnuf" $ [obnln`j 77<*

• Ugfqbo Oxgf 7;;*

NJS[@C_ESN@J S@ QHNB@U@QH^ [ot* ;11?

Q[ODGEO \hgs nu Qhnb u`qh~0

\hgs nu Qhnbù`qh~0 Gj~ njs{`cesn`j s` g e`{uo uh`bc lnto u`fo injc `d coue{nqsnto codnjnsn`j `d |hgs sho e`{uo nu `{ |hgs ukmoesu sho e`{uo s{ogsu*Qhnbù`qh~ nu j` cnddo{ojs9 gj Njs{`cesn`j s` Oe`j`fneu `{ gj Njs{`cesn`js` Qu~eh`b`l~ uh`bc codnjo `{ coue{nko |hgs s` oxqoes gk`s sho e`{uo" u`gbu` shgs oxqoesgsn`j nu gqqbnegkbo s` Qhnbù`qh~* ‒Gj njs{`cesn`j‖ uh`bcfogj ‒g l``c kolnjjnjl‖ nj g c`fgnj `{ ukmoes fgsso{* ‒G l``ckolnjjnjl‖ fogju shgs sho fùs d{owojs e`jeoqsu" qo{uqoesntou" gjcq{njenqbou uoc k~ oxqo{su nj sho ukmoes g{og g{o ncojsndnoc gjc oxqbgnjoc* Njuh`{s" g l``c kolnjjnjl nj fune" fgsh" oe`j`fneu" `{ gj~ g{ogu `d hfgjcotob`qfojs" nu gj nffo{un`j nj gjc dgfnbng{ns~ |nsh sho so{fu"

qo{uqoesntou" q{njenqbou gjc q{gesneou `d oxqo{su nj sho ukmoes g{og*

Qhnbù`qh~ bnso{gbb~ fogju ‒sho b`to `d |nuc`f*‖ ‒Qhnbù‖ nu jo `d sho og{b~L{ooi |`{cu d`{ ‒b`to‖ |hnbo ‒u`qhng‖ nu gj og{b~ L{ooi |`{c d`{‒|nuc`f*‖ Hojeo" ‒b`to d { |nuc`f `{ b`to `d |nuc`f‖ nu g kolnjjnjlcoue{nqsn`j `d |hgs s` oxqoes nj Qhnbù`qh~* H`|oto{" shgs kolnjjnjlcoue{nqsn`j {gnuou gj`sho{ wousn`j gk`s ‒|nuc`f*‖ \hgs uh`bc |o oxqoes‒|nuc`f‖ s` ko gk`s0 Obofojsg{~ gjc uoe`jcg{~ ocegsn`j fùs `dsojdèuou j uenojeou (k`sh qh~unegb gjc uèngb." g{su" hnus`{~" hfgjnsnou" ksto{~ njd{owojsb~" nd oto{" nu ‒|nuc`f‖ {odo{{oc s` gu g uoqg{gso ukmoes* \hgsc` |o fogj k~ ‒|nuc`f0‖

‒\nuc`f‖ nu u`fosnfou coue{nkoc gu ‒|hgs qhnbù`qho{u c`*‖ Ks shgs s``nu j`s to{~ ugsnudges`{~ koeguo ns uoofu en{ebg{ s` ug~ shgs qhnbù`qh~ nugk`s |nuc`f gjc |nuc`f nu |hgs qhnbù`qho{u c`* U` |o jooc s` ebg{nd~|hgs" nj dges" qhnbù`qho{u c` nj `{co{ s` jco{usgjc g bnssbo kosso{ |hgs nufogjs k~ |nuc`f* Sh{`lh`s sho hnus`{~ `d Qhnbù`qh~" sho wousn`j `d codnjnjl Qhnbù`qh~ nj so{fu d codnjnjl |nuc`f hgu q{oèeqnoc



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qhnbù`qho{u u` feh shgs |o egj ug~ shgs sho codnjnsn`j `{ coue{nqsn`j `d |hgs qhnbù`qh~ fogju gjc |hgs |nuc`f fogju nu nsuobd g qhnbù`qhnegbq{`kbof* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" qhnbù`qho{u codnjoc ‒|nuc`f‖ nj ubnlhsb~ cnddo{ojs|g~u* Joto{shobouu" ogeh |g~ `d codnjnjl |nuc`f nu |`{sh `{ gssojsn`j" j``jo nu d``bnuh" ogeh hgu tgbo" u`fo gqqogb f`{o s` qo{uqoesntou guuèngsoc

|nsh ‒ij`|boclo‖" `{ |nsh ‒hfgj f`{gb gjc uqn{nsgb cotob`qfojs"‖ `{|nsh ‒q{gesnegb odd`{su s` hogb gjc {ou`bto hfgj e`jdbnesu"‖ `{ |nsh sho‒dguenjgsnjl‖ ehg{geso{nusneu `d hfgj bgjlglo nj nsu odd`{s s` uqogi gk`sukmoesu shgs uoof s` ‒{oe`nb d{`f gbb hfgj bgjlglo*‖

Dnto S~qou `d \nuc`f"

\o egj" h`|oto{" egsol`{n}o qhnbù`qho{u njs` dnto l{`qu koeguo oto{~qhnbù`qho{ dgbbu q{oc`fnjgjsb~ njs` `jo `d shouo l{`qu kguoc `j g cnddo{ojs|g~ `d coue{nknjl ‒|nuc`f*‖

Sho dn{us l{`q h`bcu shgs Qhnbù`qh~" sho wous d`{ |nuc`f" nu g wous d`{sho djcgfojsgb q{njenqbou" ncogu" qo{uqoesntou guuèngsoc |nshjco{usgjcnjl gbb `d {ogbns~* [ogbns~ fogju |hgs gesgbb~ oxnusu9 nu `jb~sho qh~unegb gjc uojunkbo `{ fgso{ngb |`{bc {ogb0 Nu u`foshnjl {ogb" ks j`snffocngsob~ tnunkbo { gqqg{ojs0 Nd oto{~shnjl fgso{ngb nu ehgjlnjl" nu sho{ogj~shnjl shgs nu jehgjlnjl0 Nd u`" h`| egj |o ij`| ns0 Nd |o egj ij`| ns"còu shgs fogj |o egj ij`| |hgs nu j`s ojsn{ob~ tnunkbo0 Gu g {oubs `d wousn`ju bnio shouo" |o hgto j`s mus g qhnbù`qhnegb qh~uneu (eùf`b`l~."kn`b`l~" qu~eh`b`l~" ehofnus{~" gjc g qhnbù`qhnegb kn`&ehofnus{~" ks |ogbu` hgto g ‒fosg&qh~unegb‖ guqoes s` |hgs nu {ogb" `{ |hgs e`fou gdso{ ‒sho

qh~unegb‖ `{ nu ko~`jc |hgs uoofu nffocngsob~ gqqg{ojs s` `{ uojuou*

Shnu fogjnjl `d |nuc`f ofk{geou oto{~shnjl shgs nu ‒{ogb‖" gjc qhnbù`qho{unj shnu l{`q g{o u`fosnfou egbboc ‒u~usofgsne‖ `{ ‒e`fq{ohojunto*‖ Shnul{`q `d qhnbù`qho{u h`bcu shgs qhnbù`qh~ gssofqsu s` je`to{ gbbcnfojun`ju `d sho {ogb gjc s{nou s` l` ko~`jc ij`|boclo `d sho qh~unegb `{uojunkbo |`{bc s` d`{f g jndnoc jco{usgjcnjl `d oto{~shnjl shgs {ogbb~ nu* Gug {oubs" u~usofgsne |nuc`f s{ogsu jgs{o" hfgj jgs{o" sho hfgj fnjc"sho jgs{o `d kogs~ gjc g{s" f`{gb `{ oshnegb hfgj kohgtn`{" uèngb gjcq`bnsnegb qhnbù`qh~" gjc sho uinbbu `d cngboesneu gjc b`lne* Sho uog{eh ho{o nud`{ ‒oje`fqguunjl ncogu `{ e`jeoqsu‖ shgs jnso fùs `{ gbb `d `{ ij`|njl

`d {ogbns~* Oguso{j qhnbù`qho{u bnio Ugjig{g" Bg`&S}" Kcchg g{o u`fosnfounjebcoc nj shnu s~qo `d |nuc`f* Ks u` gbu` g{o Qbgs`" G{nus`sbo" Coueg{sou"Igjs" Holob" Co|o~" \hnsohogc" gjc fgj~ `sho{u njebcoc koeguo sho~njebco g e`fq{ohojunto jco{usgjcnjl `d gbfùs oto{~ d`{f `d ij`|njl9sho~ {odboes shnu e`fq{ohojunto gjc u~usofgsne d`{f `d ij`|njl k~ unjl io~ncogu shgs g{o fg{ioc k~ shon{ gknbns~ s` jnso `{ oje`fqguu g tgus {gjlo `d `sho{ ncogu*



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Shnu fogjnjl s` ‒|nuc`f‖ nu j`s jbnio sho fogjnjl |o hgto s`cg~ `d ‒uenojeo‖ koeguo uenojeo njebcou sho jgs{gb uenojeou gjc sho uèngbuenojeou" gjc ns njebcou gbb sho h~k{ncu bnio knèhofnus{~" uèn`&kn`b`l~"jebog{ qh~uneu" gjc `sho{ h~k{ncu* Nd ~` e`bc nfglnjo u`fo`jo |hùqoengbn}oc nj g e`fqboso ij`|njl `d gbb sho uenojeou nj g `to{&g{ehnjl `{

e`fq{ohojunto gjc djcgfojsgb |g~" shgs |`bc ko unfnbg{ s` sho‒|nuc`f‖nj qhnbù`qh~ shgs nu g e`fq{ohojunto wous d`{ jco{usgjcnjl|hgsoto{ oxnusu* Nj sho{ |`{cu" ‒|nuc`f‖ shgs nu g u~usofgsne jco{usgjcnjl`d |hgs oxnusu e`to{u g tgus jfko{ `d ukmoesu" ks ns dèuou `jb~ `j |hgs nufùs nfq`{sgjs gjc unljndnegjs nj ogeh ukmoes* U`fosnfou sho so{f‒oje`fqguunjl‖ nu uoc s` coue{nko shnu s~qo `d |nuc`f*

‒\nuc`f‖ gu g e`fq{ohojunto" oje`fqguunjl jco{usgjcnjl `d sho fùsnfq`{sgjs gjc fogjnjldb ncogu guuèngsoc |nsh g tgus jfko{ `d g{ogu `d ij`|boclo gjc uinbb nu j`s to{~ cnddo{ojs shgj sho fogjnjl `d ‒|nuc`f‖gss{nksoc s` `{ e`ff`j uojuo uo `d sho so{f ‒|nuo*‖ \o `dsoj shnji g

‒|nuo‖ qo{u`j nu `jo |h` ij`|u |obb g tgus jfko{ `d ukmoesu" egj uqoginjsobbnlojsb~ |nsh coqsh gk`s q`bnsneu" fune" f`tnou" g{s" hnus`{~" uenojeo gjc`sho{ ukmoesu* \o g{o `dsoj gus`jnuhoc gs ueh qo`qbo9 sho~ uoof s` hgtof`{o shgj mus `{cnjg{~ ij`|boclo9 sho~ g{o to{~ q{`dnenojs" ‒q{oeènù‖"`{ ‒|nuo‖ koeguo sho~ g{o u` ‒e`fq{ohojunto*‖ Sho~ hgto f`{o shgj fo{onjd`{fgsn`j `{ oje~eb`qocne fof`{nou9 |hgs sho~ ij`| nu ‒wgbndnoc‖gu |nuo* Sho~ fg~ j`s ij`| gu feh njd`{fgsn`j gu u`fo `sho{ qo`qbo"ks |hgs sho~ ij`| nu e`junco{oc to{~ tgbgkbo gjc njunlhsdb* Shocoqsh gjc ue`qo `d shon{ ij`|boclo egj ko egbboc ‒|nuc`f*‖

G uoe`jc l{`q `d qhnbù`qho{u h`bcu shgs Qhnbù`qh~ nu g wous d`{ f`{gbgjc uqn{nsgb dbdnbbfojs* Ho{o sho ofqhgunu nu `j shgs injc `d ij`|boclo`{ |nuc`f guuèngsoc |nsh cotob`qnjl sho uqn{nsgb gjc oshnegb cnfojun`ju d sho hfgj qo{u`j* Shnu injc `d ij`|boclo |gu ouqoengbb~ nfq`{sgjs s`qhnbù`qho{u bnio Uè{gsou" G{nus`sbo" E`jdenu" Bg`&Su" Kcchg" [ùuog"Hfo" Bèio" Fg{x" Jnos}ueho" Ino{iolgg{c" sho Gfo{negj Q{glfgsnusu(Mgfou gjc Co|o~. gjc fgj~ `sho{u* Nj dges" shnu coue{nqsn`j `d |nuc`fofk{geou fùs `d sho qhnbù`qho{u sh{`lh`s sho hnus`{~ `d qhnbù`qh~" gjcnu sho |nuc`f shgs qo`qbo guuèngso |nsh |hgs nu fùs tgbgkbo* Uè{gsouegbboc ns sho |nuc`f ‒shgs nu joeouug{~ d`{ oto{~`jo s` cotob`q‖ nd sho~|gjsoc s` bnto gj ‒oxgfnjoc hfgj bndo*‖

U`fosnfou" qhnbù`qho{u kog{njl shnu dgfnb~ {ouofkbgjeo sgbi gk`s sho‒l``c bndo‖ `{ sho wous d`{ g ‒l``c bndo‖ gjc g l``c uènos~" `{ g e`co `d oshneu* Shnu d`{f `d |nuc`f dèuou `j sho wous d`{ ‒l``c‖ `{‒e`fqbosn`j‖ shgs gbb qo`qbo |gjs `{ coun{o* Dbdnbbfojs `{ hfgjcotob`qfojs g{o |`{cu `dsoj uoc s` coue{nko shnu s~qo `d |nuc`f* Usnbb`sho{u ofqhgun}o g d`{f `d cotob`qfojs bnio ‒tn{so‖ `{ ‒ol`&us{ojlshu*‖Usnbb `sho{ qhnbù`qho{u kog{njl shnu dgfnb~ {ouofkbgjeo uqogi `d |nuc`f gu g



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wous d`{ ojbnlhsojfojs" `{ g wous d`{ sho |nuc`f s` u`bto sho q{`kbofud{`f |hneh hfgj konjlu uddo{ cnugqq`njsfojs" fnuo{~" njmusneou" gjc cooq&uogsoc s{gfgu*

\hoj Uè{gsou egbboc shnu |nuc`f sho fùs nfq`{sgjs d`{ gbb hfgj konjlu"

ho sh`lhs `d ns gu g uqoengb injc `d ‒{ofofko{njl‖ |hgs |o d`{l`s gk`skonjl lojnjob~ |nuo gjc f`{gbb~ l``c qo`qbo* G{nus`sbo sh`lhs Uè{gsoufogjs g injc `d ij`|njl bnio shgs |hneh to{~ uinbboc g{snusu `{ gshbosou hgcotoj nd sho~ e`bc j`s qs |hgs sho~ ijo| nj ebog{ bgjlglo* Sho~ ijo| bniog{snusu ijo| h`| s` qgnjs" uebqs" c{g|" qbg~ fune" oxeob gs uq`{su `{ lgfounj hnlhb~ oxqo{s |g~u* Nj shnu uojuo" g |nuo qo{u`j nu `jo |h` bntou g ‒l``c‖bndo otoj nd uho còu j`s hgto g d`{fgb ocegsn`j gk`s |hgs qhnbù`qho{ush`lhs g l``c bndo |gu* ‒Bntnjl‖ g l``c bndo nu j`s sho ugfo gu ‒ug~njl‖ `{‒sobbnjl‖ |hgs g l``c bndo nu* Fgj~ qhnbù`qho{u s`cg~ shnji shgs shnu fogjnjl`d ‒|nuc`f‖ nu fùs nfq`{sgjs (mus bnio Uè{gsou cnc." gjc shgs sho uinbbu `d bntnjl g l``c bndo g{o sho uinbbu `d ‒c`njl‖ gjc ‒bj`s mus ug~njl nj |`{cu*‖

G shn{c injc `d |nuc`f nu sho wous d`{ sho d`jcgsn`ju `d ij`|njl* Njshnu to{un`j `d |nuc`f" wousn`ju bnio sho d`bb`|njl ofo{lo* \hgs còu nsfogj s` ij`|0 H`| egj |o jco{usgjc hfgj e`juenùjouu0 H`| c` |oqùuouu eo{sgnjs~0 H`| egj |o lgnj g djcgfojsgb ij`|boclo shgs gesu gu gkgunu d`{ gbb ij`|njl0 H`| c` sho cnddo{ojs d`{fu `d ij`|njl njso{&{obgso|nsh `jo gj`sho{0 D`{ oxgfqbo" |hgs nu uenojeo gjc h`| nu ns {obgsoc s` `sho{injcu `d ij`|njl0 Mus |hgs nu gj ncog0 H`| c` |o ij`| shgs sho ncogu g{obolnsnfgsob~ l{`jcoc { musndnoc0 \hgs g{o sho l{`jcu d`{ sho qùunknbns~ d ij`|njl gj~shnjl gs gbb0 Sho uog{eh d`{ gju|o{u s` gbb shouo wousn`jue`jusnssou shnu 5{c s~qo `d |nuc`f*

U`fo `d shouo qhnbù`qho{u sojc s` ko eojso{oc `j ‒{oq{ouojsgsn`jgbij`|njl‖ gjc q`j g unjlbo d`jcgsn`j d`{ gbb ij`|njl kguoc `j g unjlbojnwo |g~ `{ fosh`c d`{ lgnjnjl eo{sgnjs~* @sho{u g{o eojso{oc `j‒njso{q{osgsn`j‖ sho`{~ `{ `j g ‒sho`{~ `d fojsgb gesntns~‖" `{ `j ‒e{nsnegbgjgb~unu‖ `d hfgj e`ljnsn`j* Shnu to{un`j `d |nuc`f {oeontoc g l{ogs cogb `d njso{ous nj sho og{b~ f`co{j qo{n`c nj |ouso{j qhnbù`qh~ koeguo `d shoe{nsnegb {`bo shgs uenojeo qbg~oc nj {obgsn`juhnq s` qhnbù`qh~* Sho cnddo{ojeokos|ooj uenojeo gjc qhnbù`qh~ |gu g fgm`{ wousn`j nj shgs og{b~ f`co{jqo{n`c* Gu g {oubs" sho qo{n`c d{`f Coueg{sou sh{`lh Igjs gjc gdso{ Igjs

|gu q{oèeqnoc |nsh shnu jco{usgjcnjl `d |nuc`f* Ns eojso{oc `j B`lne gjcq{oenuo uo `d b`lnegb uinbbu shgs ojgkboc qhnbù`qho{u s` e{nsnegbb~ oxgf gbbbgjlglo uo* Ns |nbb dnl{o gu g fgm`{ shofo nj `{ gjgb~unu `d shnu qo{n`ckoeguo gbb qhnbù`qhnegb ncogu hgto s` ko oxgfnjoc" e`fqg{oc gjc e`js{gusocs` uenojsndne ncogu" gjc sh`{`lhb~ e{nsnen}oc" ug~ shouo qhnbù`qho{u" nd |o g{os` lgnj ‒|nuc`f*‖



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G d`{sh d`{f `d c`njl |nuc`f/qhnbù`qh~ (guuèngsoc |nsh sho q{otnùdèu `j b`lnegb q{oenun`j. eojso{u `j sho uo `d bgjlglo koeguo gbb d`{fu`d c`njl qhnbù`qh~ hgto s` uo bgjlglo s` oxq{ouu |hgs sho~ njsojcs` ug~* G wous d`{ uqoginjl ebog{b~" b`lnegbb~" gjc |nsh fogjnjl gjc s{shfg{iu shnu to{un`j d |nuc`f/qhnbù`qh~* Ns gbu` nu guuèngsoc |nsh gssofqsnjl

s` {ou`bto bgjlglo q{`kbofu `{ fnujco{usgjcnjlu shgs hgqqoj koeguo |ofnuuo `{ fnujco{usgjc bgjlglo* \o gbb bnto |nshnj sho ‒hùo `d bgjlglo‖" gjc gj~ gssofqs s` shnji gjc uqogi fus ko c`jo |nsh u`fogssojsn`j s` bgjlglo uo" fogjnjl" s{sh" e{nsnegb gjgb~unu" gjc cnddo{ojsbgjlglo d`{fu* Shnu d`{sh d`{f `d |nuc`f |gu ebùob~ {obgsoc s` sho shn{c`jo shgs ug| |nuc`f gu g wous d`{ sho d`jcgsn`ju d`{ ij`|njl" gjc fgj~qhnbù`qho{u m`njoc s~qo sh{oo gjc s~qo d`{ s`losho{ gu g {oubs* U`foqhnbù`qho{u" dguenjgsoc |nsh sho ‒ojnlfgsne‖ ehg{geso{ `d bgjlglo" nsuq`|o{ s` cnuebùo fogjnjl" s{gjud`{f hfgj kohgtn`{" gjc {ou`bto hfgjq{`kbofu gccoc g ‒sho{gqosne‖ cnfojun`j s` |nuc`f* D`{ oxgfqbo" Kcchg"Uè{gsou" Oqne{u" Bg`&S}" gjc Igjs g{o g do| `d sho qhnbù`qho{u

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nj ‒{gsn`jgb‖ gjgb~unu d nuuou* J` unjlbo ukmoes g{og (qhnbù`qh~ njebcoc.hgu g f`j`q`b~ `j |nuc`f" gjc j` unjlbo jgsn`j hgu sho q`|o{ s`f`j`q`bn}o sho glojcg `j nuuou gjc u`bsn`ju*

Nj e`jsofq`{g{~ qhnbù`qh~" shoj" shnu ?sh l{`q njunusu shgs |nuc`f hgu sèojso{ `j sho q{gesnegb9 |nuc`f nu j`s fo{ob~ uqoebgsnto* Ns dèuou `jq`bnsnegb" oe`j`fne" qu~eh`b`lnegb" f`{gb" gjc uqn{nsgb nuuou e`jjoesoc |nshhfgj cotob`qfojs* Ns„u njso{ous nj ‒g |g~ `d bndo‖ `{ g ‒|g~ `d bntnjl gf`{o dbdnbbnjl bndo‖ nu eojs{gb* U`fo `d sho qo{uqoesntou e`fo d{`fOxnusojsngbnuf" Q{glfgsnuf" Fg{xnuf" Dofnjnuf" Njso{q{osgsn`j sho`{~"Bgjlglo qhnbù`qh~" Uèngb e{nsnenuf" gjc fgj~ `sho{ qo{uqoesntou*E`jsofq`{g{~ Gfo{negj qhnbù`qho{u bnio [nehg{c Ko{jusonj" Fg{shgJuukgf" gjc [nehg{c [`{s~ gb`jl |nsh `sho{ qhnbù`qho{u (o*l* Lgcgfo{"Honcollo{" Hgko{fgu" G{ojcs" gjc FgeNjs~{o. h`bc u`foshnjl bnio g‒|nuc`f‖ kguoc nj ‒{ogu`jgkbo e`jto{ugsn`j‖ gk`s q{gesnegb |g~u s`jco{usgjc gjc {ou`bto q{ouunjl hfgj q{`kbofu* U`fo e`jsofq`{g{~Gfo{negj qhnbù`qho{u ([`{s~" Ko{jusonj" Co|o~. bnio s` {onjso{q{os k`shBgjlglo Gjgb~unu gjc Q{glfgsnuf gu s|` f`tofojsu gctègsnjl uinbbu sù`bto q{ouunjl hfgj q{`kbofu* Nj dges" Co|o~ {oe`ffojcoc shgs shnu tno|`d |nuc`f {oqbgeo gbb q{otnù tno|u koeguo sho q{otnù |g~u eg{{noc s``fgj~ guufqsn`ju gk`s gj bsnfgso {ogbns~" eo{sgnjs~" d`jcgsn`ju d`{ s{sh"

gjc g ‒|nuc`f‖ guuèngsoc |nsh gj bsnfgso gjc s{gjueojcojs {ogbns~ gjc‒q{``du‖ gk`s shnu {ogbns~* D`{ Co|o~" g jo| uojuo `d |nuc`f guuèngsocj`s |nsh Qhnbù`qh~ gu g jnwo ukmoes g{og" ks |nsh qhnbù`qh~ gu g hfgj|g~ `d {ou`btnjl q{`kbofu gjc nuuou shgs g{nuo |nshnj sho e`jsoxs `d uèngbgjc f`{gb us{llbou `d qg{snebg{ hnus`{negb qo{n`cu nu gs usgio* Shnu qhnbù`qh~Co|o~ egbboc ‒gj `{lgj d`{ cogbnjl |nsh hfgj e`jdbnesu**‖



71

E`bc u`fo qhnbù`qho{u ko bègsoc nj gbb dnto |g~u `d c`njl qhnbù`qh~0ÔU" ogeh `d sho dnto nu `jb~ g |g~ `{ q{oc`fnjgjs gqq{`geh s` qhnbù`qh~shgs ojgkbou u s` jco{usgjc sho fogjnjl `d ‒|nuc`f‖ shgs qhnbù`qho{uq{gesneo* Fùs qhnbù`qho{u |nbb dgbb njs` f`{o shgj `jo `d sho dnto nj shon{q{gesneo `d qhnbù`qh~* Gjc gbfùs gbb sho u~usofgsne qhnbù`qho{u" k~ tn{so

`d shon{ e`fq{ohojunto gqq{`geh s` gbb `d ij`|j {ogbns~" hgc s` dgbb nj gbb dntog{ogu otoj nd sho~ |o{o q{oc`fnjgjsb~ guuèngsoc |nsh g u~usofgsne gjgb~unu `d gbb shgs {ogbb~ oxnusu* Gbb qhnbù`qho{u hgto" h`|oto{" ofqhgun}oc gs bogus jo`d sho dnto s~qou* Unjeo sho fnccbo `d sho 7> sh eojs{~ gjc sh{`lh`s sho ;1sh

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Nu sho{o g unjlbo ncog shgs fg{iu ‒|nuc`f‖ nj gbb nsu tg{nù d`{fu `{ s~qou0Sho f`{o N sh`lhs gk`s shnu wousn`j" sho f`{o ns uoofoc s` fo s` ullousshgs ‒|nuc`f‖ gqqogboc s` qo`qbo gu g uqoengb d`{f `d ij`|njl j`s koeguons |gu obnsnus" ks koeguo ns |gu f`{o tgbgkbo" uodb" gjc nfq`{sgjs shgj mus‒njd`{fgsn`j*‖ Nj `sho{ |`{cu" ‒|nuc`f‖ fogjs f`{o shgj njd`{fgsn`j `{gj oje~eb`qocne&bnio wgjsns~ `d us`{oc ncogu gjc e`jeoqsu9 ns fogjs g to{~tgbgkbo wgbnsgsntob~ cnddo{ojs injc `d ij`|njl shgs |gu j`s `dsoj{oe`ljn}oc gjc gqq{oengsoc* Ns eojso{oc nj ncogu shgs |o{o ‒oje`fqguunjl‖koeguo sho~ e`jjoesoc fgj~ `sho{ nfq`{sgjs ncogu s`losho{* Ks fùs `d gbb"ns |gu g ‒|nuc`f‖ shgs {oubsoc nj ‒c`njl‖ `{ ‒q{gxnu‖" `jo shgs e`bc j`s{od{gnj d{`f gesnjl s` nfq{`to sho ‒wgbns~ `d bndo*‖ Gbb sho`{osnegb njunlhsu`d tgbo" nfq`{sgjs gu sho~ |o{o" hgc s` nuuo nj ‒{oubsu‖ shgsnfq{`toc hfgj cotob`qfojs* Shgs nu f~ gju|o{ s` |hgs gbbfogjnjlu `d ‒|nuc`f‖ hgto nj e`ff`j* Sho~ uoof s` h`bc shgs|nuc`f nu uqoengb koeguo ns eojso{u `j hobqnjl u {ou`bto hfgj nuuounj |g~u shgs q{`f`so hfgj cotob`qfojs* Nj gccnsn`j" cocnegsn`j s`shnu bg{lo{ shgj bndo injc `d ij`|njl |gu ‒q{gesnegb‖ koeguo ns njunusoc`j g ‒|g~ `d bntnjl‖ shgs |gu |nbbnjl s` fgio hfgj cotob`qfojshgqqoj* Bos u j`| s{j s` gjgb~}o h`| |nuc`f |gu cnuebùoc nj sho ukmoesg{ogu `d ‒ij`|boclo gjc {ogbns~‖" sho s|` q{nfg{~ ukmoes g{ogu d`{ shnue`{uo* \o uh`bc ko gssojsnto s` guinjl sho wousn`j" h`| egj shouo ncogu

hobq dùso{ hfgj cotob`qfojs0

Ij`|boclo gjc [ogbns~= (Fosgqh~uneu gjc Oqnusof`b`l~.

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77

Fosgqh~uneu fogju |hgs nu ‒ko~`jc sho qh~unegb‖" |hgs e`fou gdso{ shoqh~unegb" `{ |hgs nu j`s unfqb~ gjc ojsn{ob~ qh~unegb `{ gqqg{ojs* Ns gssofqsus` los g e`fqboso tnun`j `d |hgs nu ‒{ogb*‖ Ns guiu wousn`ju bnio= Nu sho{o gqo{fgjojs uobd shgs {ofgnju couqnso gbb sho ehgjlou shgs njcntncgbu hgtooxqo{nojeoc0 Nd u`" h`| egj N ij`| shgs qo{fgjojs uobd0 Nu oto{~shnjl

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ôs Ko{jusonj shnjiu shgs [`{s~ gjc `sho{u g{o tglo gk`s gj~ jo|"ouqoengbb~ {nlnc" d`{f `d ‒|nuc`f= `{ ‒{gsn`jgbns~*‖ Ns uoofu shgs ‒{gsn`jgbns~‖`{ ‒|nuc`f‖ |hoj codnjoc s`` ebog{b~ gjc {nlncb~ egj usndbo sho qhnbù`qhnegbfnjc gjc nfglnjgsn`j* Ko{jusonj shnjiu qhnbù`qh~ gu g q{gesneo `d ‒qh{`jounu‖ `{ q{gesnegb |nuc`f" ij`|njl sho wousn`ju |o jooc s` gju|o{s` bnto |obb gjc dg{o |obb" nu g d`{f `d ‒{gsn`jgbns~‖ shgs `ddo{u e`jsofq`{g{~qhnbù`qh~ g |g~ s` e`jsnjo nj qg{sjo{uhnq |nsh oto{~`jo ojlgloc nj sho

ojcogt`{ s` kosso{ hfgj bndo*5 Q{gesnegb |nuc`f { q{gesnegb {gsn`jgbns~ nucnusnjlnuhoc d{`f q{ob~ uqoebgsnto { sho`{osnegb {gsn`jgbns~ q{oenuob~koeguo ns e`jeojs{gsou `j |hgs hfgj konjlu jooc d`{ oto{~cg~ bndo*

Ko{jusonj" nj fgj~ d hnu |`{iu" hgu njso{q{osoc sho ‒Eg{soungj Gjxnos~‖ (shoho{nsglo `d Coueg{sou. gu g fnulncoc ojso{q{nuo e`jjoesoc |nsh feh `d f`co{j gjc e`jsofq`{g{~ |ouso{j qhnbù`qh~* Sho ‒Eg{soungj Gjxnos~‖{odo{u s` g f`cob `d {gsn`jgbns~ shgs |gu uqoebgsnto" {oq{ouojsgsn`jgb" `kuouuoc|nsh d`jcgsn`ju gjc sho wous d`{ eo{sgnjs~* Gj`sho{ tno|" q{ouojsnjlgj`sho{ to{un`j `d qhnbù`qhnegb {gsn`jgbns~ |gu joococ s` `dduos sho‒Eg{soungj*‖ Shnu tno| `d {gsn`jgbns~ nu g feh f`{o q{gesnegb ‒|nuc`f‖"egbboc k~ G{nus`sbo ‒qh{`jounu*‖ N kobnoto shnu egbb s` ‒q{gesnegb |nuc`f‖ nu gegbb s` Hfgjnuf nj Qhnbù`qh~ (Fosgqh~uneu gjc Oqnusof`b`l~. gjcUenojeo*

‒Qh{`jounu‖ `{ q{gesnegb |nuc`f |nbb ko sho lnco |o uo s` gqq{`geh |hgsnuuou `{ wousn`ju `d fosgqh~uneu `{ oqnusof`b`l~ |o shnji g{o nfq`{sgjs* Njshgs {`bo" ‒q{gesnegb |nuc`f‖ |nbb fogj wousn`ju bnio= 7. |hgs g{o sho fùsnfq`{sgjs lb`kgb q{`kbofu shgs gddbnes hfgjns~ s`cg~0 ;. |hgs e{nsnegb dges`{ufus ko dgeoc nd shouo q{`kbofu g{o s` ko u`btoc0 5. h`| egj N uoqhnbù`qh~ s` hobq hfgj konjlu" ouqoengbb~ shùo fùs nj jooc `d hobq0

\hoj |o gui shouo wousn`ju gk`s fosgqh~unegb gjc oqnusof`b`lnegb ukmoesu

; Ko{jusonj" Qhnbù`qhnegb Q{`dnbou" q* 5>

5 Ko{jusonj" Qhnbù`qhnegb Q{`dnbou" q" 34



75

|o g{o kolnjjnjl s` q{gesneo ‒qhnbù`qh~ nj g jo| io~‖" `jo shgs nu f`{ohfgjnusne gjc `{cnjg{~ d`{ oto{~cg~ bndo* Nj shnu uojuo" N |gjs s` q{`qùoshgs |o c` fosgqh~uneu gjc oqnusof`b`l~ |nsh g e{nsnegb gjgb~unu `j h`| shohnus`{~ `d fosgqh~uneu gjc oqnusof`b`l~ egj ko {otno|oc nj dgt`{ `d shnu s~qo`d {gsn`jgbns~ shgs e`jjoesu hfgj wousn`ju gk`s ij`|boclo gjc

{ogbns~ |nsh hfgj cotob`qfojs* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" ns uoofu s` fo shgsfosgqh~uneu gjc oqnusof`b`l~ s`cg~ fus e`fknjo uqoebgsnto gjc q{gesnegbodd`{su nj g ‒e`jto{ugsn`j qg{sjo{uhnq‖ |nsh gbb `sho{ ukmoes g{ogu* Nd qhnbù`qh~ nu q{gesneoc nj cngb`lo |nsh `sho{ gegcofne cnuenqbnjou" ns egjkoe`fo g qg{sjo{ nj g e`jto{ugsn`j shgs hobqu {ou`bto hfgj nuuou* Bosu kolnj k~ sginjl g b`ì gs ij`|boclo gjc {ogbns~ nj ebguunegb Oguso{jqhnbù`qh~ gjc nj sho `bcous d`{f `d qhnbù`qh~" ‒Gjnfnuf*‖

UOESN@J 7 OGUSO[J GJC GJNFNUSNE QHNB@U@QH^

Ehgqso{ 7 Sho _qgjnuhgcu

Sho Hnjc _qgjnuhgcu (gk`s 77; nj gbb. |o{o e`fqùoc `to{ g b`jl qo{n`c`d snfo d{`f gk`s 811 KEO** jsnb ;11 KEO*9 sho |`{c ‒qgjnuhgc‖ fogjus` uns gs sho doos `d `{ uns ebùo s`*3 Sho cèfojsu gcc{ouu u`fo kgunewousn`ju9 d`{ oxgfqbo" |h` { |hgs gf N0 \h` `{ |hgs nu {ouq`junkbo d`{sho |`{bc shgs |o qo{eonto0 Nu oto{~shnjl ukmoes s` ehgjlo0 Nu gj~`jo `{gj~shnjl j`s ukmoes s` ehgjlo0 Còu ehgjlo njotnsgkb~ nfqb~cnugqq`njsfojs" uddo{njl gjc/`{ qgnj0 Nu sho{o g |g~ s` gbbotngso uddo{njl0

Shouo qhnbù`qhnegb wousn`ju g{o j`s q{nfg{nb~ wousn`ju e`jeo{jnjl {obnlnùkobnodu koeguo sho~ coqojc q`j njsobboesgb {odboesn`j gjc u`fo gssofqsu s`lnto g {ogu`joc gee`js gu gj gju|o{* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" sho gju|o{u s` showousn`ju c` j`s uo g {obnlnù gsh`{ns~ `{ {obnlnù cèfojs gu g u`{eo"ks uo hfgj njsobboesgb {odboesnto egqgensnou" {ogu`ju" gjc {odboesn`j joxqo{nojeo* D`{ shnu {ogu`j" |o egbb sho _qgjnuhgcu qhnbù`qhnegb ouug~u*

Nj gccnsn`j" sho qhnbù`qhnegb wousn`ju d sho _qgjnuhgcu g{o njso{e`jjoesoc9d`{ oxgfqbo sho wousn`j gk`s ‒|h` `{ |hgs nu {ouq`junkbo d`{ sho |`{bc

shgs |o qo{eonto‖ nu e`jjoesoc |nsh sho wousn`j ‒nu oto{~shnjl ukmoes sèhgjlo‖" gjc shgs wousn`j nu e`jjoesoc s` sho wousn`j gk`s sho uobd gjc sho

3 [gcgi{nuhjgj" U*" Sho Soj Q{njenqgb _qgjnugcu" Gsbgjsne

Hnlhbgjcu" J*M*" Hfgjnsnou Q{ouu" 7>>;" q* ;*



73

wousn`j gk`s cnugqq`njsfojs" uddo{njl" gjc sho |g~ s` gbbotngso uddo{njl*Shnu njso{e`jjoesocjouu lntou sho _qgjnuhgcu e`ho{ojeo koeguo shoukmoesu s{ogsoc gjc sho gju|o{u lntoj nj {ouq`juo s` sho wousn`ju dnss`losho{ njs` g u~usof `d sh`lhs fg{ioc k~ ncogu bnjioc s`losho{ |nsh `jogj`sho{* Nj shnu uojuo" _qgjnuhgcu g{o gj og{b~ d`{f `d ‒u~usofgsne‖ |nuc`f*

Sho ncogu bnjioc s`losho{ nj sho _qgjnuhgcu g{o GSFGJ" K[GHFGJ"FG^G" @LG (Focnsgsn`j.9 ogeh d shouo ncogu joocu s` ko oxqbgnjoc nj{obgsn`juhnq s` sho qhnbù`qhnegb wousn`ju gjc shon{ njso{{obgsn`juhnq |nsh jogj`sho{*

Sho Ncog d Gsfgj= Sho S{gju&qhoj`fojgb Uobd

GSFGJ nu SHO S[GJUQHOJ@FOJGB UOBD `{ `{ cooqous uobd* Nu sho{og uobd ko~`jc sho ol`0 @{ nu sho{o uobd ko~`jc sho gqqog{gjeou shgs |o

ncojsnd~ |nsh { coue{nqsn`ju d {uobtou0 \o ncojsnd~ {uobtou k~ lojco{"{geo" oshjnens~" dgfnb~ kgeil{`jc" jgsn`jgbns~" eg{oo{ `{ {`bo |o èeq~" `{k~ eo{sgnj qo{u`jgbns~ s{gnsu (injc" e`junco{gso" uqq`{snjl" oddnenojs" q{gesnegb"ose*.* Shouo |`{cu coue{nko g kgune |g~ `d konjl g uobd `{ gesnjl gu g qo{u`j `d g eo{sgnj s~qo* Nu sho{o" h`|oto{" g qo{fgjojs gjc jehgjlnjl uobd shgs{ofgnju gu g u`{eo `d ncojsns~ sh{`lh`s `{ |h`bo bndosnfo0

Nu sho{o g uobd ko~`jc gbb shouo qhoj`fojgb (gqqog{gjeo. coue{nqsn`ju0 Sho_qgjnuhgcu ebgnf ÔU SHO[O NU G FOSGQHÛNEGB UOBD shgs nuqo{fgjojs" usgkbo gjc ko~`jc gbb gqqog{gjeou* \obb" nd shgs nu u`" h`| egj|o ij`| ns0 Sho gju|o{ nu= ‒J@S TO[^ \OBB‖ koeguo ns nu g wousn`j `d

lossnjl gj gju|o{ shgs nuj„s ebog{ ks nu e`jjoesoc |nsh gj oxqo{nojeo `d shojehgjlnjl cnfojun`j `d uobd* Gqqog{gjeou fg~ ko ebog{" ks uobd nu j`s*

\hgs gk`s ~` { fo nu e`fqbosob~ jehgjlnjl0 Egj |o oxqo{nojeo shnujehgjlnjl" usgkbo" qo{fgjojs" s{gju&qhoj`fojgb cnfojun`j d sho uobd0 @jb~nd |o egj oxqo{nojeo g q{ob~ oxnusnjl s{o uobd shgs nu je`jcnsn`joc k~njcntncgb d`{fu `d sh`lhs gjc fnjc" g cnfojun`j `d uobd shgs nuj„s ojsn{ob~gqqg{ojs" egj |o ebgnf gj jehgjlnjl uobd* Egj N {ogu`j s` sho oxnusojeo `d gj jehgjlnjl" qo{fgjojs" j`s ojsn{ob~ gqqg{ojs uobd 0 \hgs nu shootncojeo shgs N gf sho ugfo qo{u`j" njcntncgb" `{ jns sh{`lh`s gbb shoehgjlou N hgto jco{l`jo0

Shouo wousn`ju g{o sho usg{s `d sho qhnbù`qhnegb {ogu`jnjl q{èouu shgs bocs` sho ncog `d Gsfgj* Nfglnjo shgs N coencoc s` jco{l` g qbgusne u{lo{~`qo{gsn`j" `jo shgs ehgjloc fo u` {gcnegbb~ shgs N b`ìoc bnio g to{~ cnddo{ojsqo{u`j shgj N c` j`|* Uqqùo gbu` shgs N coencoc gdso{ sho qbgusne u{lo{~ s`jco{l` g ‒uox&ehgjlo‖ `qo{gsn`j" shoj coencoc s` bog{j h`| s` sgbi gjc gesnj gee`{c |nsh f~ jo| gqqog{gjeou* \`bc N ko sho ugfo qo{u`j0 H`|



7?

e`bc gj~`jo ij`| N |gu sho ugfo qo{u`j0 U`fo`jo e`bc {ogu`j shgs N|`bc hgto sho ugfo dnjlo{ q{njsu" CJG" t`neo q{njsu" cojsgb {oe`{cu" uèngbuoe{ns~ jfko{" `{ u`fo `sho{ ‒sobb&sgbo‖ unlju `d konjl sho ugfo `jo* Kscòu shnu q{`to N gf sho ugfo0 \hgs fgiou fo sho ugfo0 \hgs fgiougj~`jo |gjs s` kobnoto nj CJG0 Còu CJG q{`to sho{o nu u`foshnjl

fosgqh~unegb (jehgjlnjsl" s{gju&qhoj`fojgb. gk`s fo0 Sho gju|o{nu J@" N egj„s q{`to ns" ks ns nu g {ogu`jgkbo h~q`shounu s` guufo shooxnusojeo `d g fosgqh~unegb cnfojun`j s` sho uobd* Sho otncojeo nuqbgunkbo shgs N gf" nj u`fo tglo" jebog{ |g~" jehgjlnjl gjc ‒fosg&qh~unegb‖ s` shgs oxsojs* @d e`{uo N gf ehgjlnjl gu |obb" gjc shùo ehgjlouegj ko ebog{b~ ncojsndngkbo9 sho~ g{o ‒gqqg{ojs‖ gjc ‒qhoj`fojgb‖" ks shojehgjlnjl uobd nu ‒s{gju&qhoj`fojgb‖ gjc ‒j`s gqqg{ojs*‖ Nj shnu uojuo" shofosgqh~unegb nu {ogu`joc s` ks ns nu j`s ebog{" q{oenuo" gqqg{ojs" gjcqhoj`fojgb bnio sho ehgjlnjl guqoesu `d |hgs |o egj uojuo" qo{eonto gjcebog{b~ jco{usgjc*

Gsfgj nu sho jgfo lntoj nj sho _qgjnuhgcu s` sho jehgjlnjl" fosg&qh~unegbuobd shgs egjj`s ko ebog{b~ e`jeoqsgbn}oc9 |o c` j`s ij`| q{oenuob~ |hgs shnu‒jehgjlnjl‖ {ogbns~ nu" ks |o {ogu`j s` ns koeguo |o egjj`s oxqbgnj shoqhoj`fojg |o c` uojuo |nsh`s ns* Ns nu {ogu`joc s` h~q`shosnegbb~ gu gqbgunkbo oxqbgjgsn`j shgs gee`jsu d`{ gj jehgjlnjl l{`jc d`{ehgjlou* Ns gbb`|u d`{ gj jehgjlnjl uobd `{ ‒N‖ s` ko gcfnssoc njs` shoegsol`{~ d ‒{ogu`jgkbo kobnodu*‖ Egj |o oxqo{nojeo Gsfgj nj gj`sho{|g~ `sho{ shgj {ogu`jnjl0 Nu Gsfgj `qoj s` oxqo{nojeo k~ qo`qbo |h` c`j„shgto sho snfo `{ egqgens~ d`{ qhnbù`qhnegb shnjinjl `{ {ogu`jnjl d{`f shogjgb~unu `d ehgjlo s` sho oxnusojeo `d u`fo injc `d jehgjlnjl {ogbns~0

Nj focnsgsn`j `{ focnsgsnto shnjinjl" u`fosnfou egbboc ‒^`lg focnsgsn`j‖"sho _qgjnuhgcu ebgnf |o {ogeh g fojsgb usgso shgs s{gjueojcu ehgjlo koeguons {odboesu g cnfojun j `d uobd ko~`jc gbb e`jcnsn`jnjl* \hnbo to{~ jebog{ gjctglo" sho ebgnf nu shgs shnu jnto{ugb gesnto d`jcgsn`j d`{ gbb njcntncgbe`juenù q`|o{u nu sho nj|g{c l{`jc `d sho hfgj uobd gjc nu oxqo{nojeoc`{ egj ko oxqo{nojeoc `jb~ nj g focnsgsnto usgso `d e`juenùjouu shgs dèuou`j j` unjlbo oxso{jgb `kmoes* Shnu nu gj bsnfgso `{ coqsh cnfojun`j `d uobd ko~`jc gbb sh`lhs gjc us{ntnjl9 ns nu u`foh`| g jnto{ugb gjc djcgfojsgb{ogbns~ jco{b~njl sho e`juenù q`|o{u `d sho njcntncgb* @d |hgs q{gesnegbq{qùo nu shnu oxqo{nojeo0 Nu ns uodb0 C` {oubsu nuuo d{`f ns0

Sho ojbnlhsojfojs shgs e`fou gk`s gu g {oubs nu ugnc s` ko g {ogbn}gsn`j shgsnu ko~`jc ebog{ e`jeoqsgb shnjinjl" ks ns nu nffojuob~ q{gesnegb koeguo nsq{`tncou u |nsh g q{gesnegb |nuc`f gk`s bndo shgs {otogbu nsuobd nj cosgehfojsd{`f sho us{ouuou shgs g{o qg{s `d oto{~cg~ bndo nj snfo gjc hnus`{~* Shooxqo{nojeo `d Gsfgj (`{ K{ghfgj. nu qg{s `d |hgs sgiou qbgeo nj ‒focnsgsntoshnjinjl‖ egbboc ‒~`lg*‖ Otoj sh`lh ‒Gsfgj‖ uoofu bnio g sho`{osnegbfosgqh~unegb ukmoes" ns nu gbu` jco{us``c gu gj oxqo{nojeo shgs ojgkbou sho



74

uobd" sh{`lh ~`lg focnsgsn`j" s` {ogbn}o sho q{gesnegb unljndnegjeo" otoj nd tglo" shgs j`s gbb `d {ogbns~ nu bnfnsoc s` |hgs nu en{efue{nkoc k~ snfo gjchnus`{~* Nj shnu fosgqh~unegb oxqo{nojeo" hfgj konjlu hgto g uojuo shgs sho~g{o {obgsoc s` feh f`{o shgj qh~unegb {ogbns~9 gu tglo gjc jebog{ gu ns nu*Gsfgj" unljndnou" shoj" g {obgsn`juhnq kos|ooj sho hfgj qo{u`j gjc sho

fosgqh~unegb* G jo| uojuo d hfgj cnljns~ g{nuou shgs lòu ko~`jc{obgsn`juhnq s` sho qh~unegb {h~shfu `d jgs{o" gjc shnu uojuo `d cnljns~ uhndsuhfgj g|g{ojouu `d uobd s` g feh f`{o s{gjueojcojs botob* Shnu uhnds nu qg{s`d |hgs |o egbb gj ‒gxngb {ot`bsn`j*‖?

Shnu {ot`bsn`j `{ uo{nou `d {ot`bsn`ju" s`ì qbgeo gs cnddo{ojs qbgeoush{`lh`s sho |`{bc" d{`f gk`s <11 k*e*o* s` <11 g*e*o* Qhnbù`qho{u gjchnus`{ngju j`soc shgs nj shnu ebs{gb uhnds sho cnljns~ gjc tgbo `d sho hfgjqo{u`j s`ì `j g q{nfg{~ {`bo nj hfgj e`juenùjouu* Nj sho _qgjnuhgcu"sho gxngb uhnds eojso{oc `j g jo| ncog shgs sho hfgj njcntncgb |gu {obgsoc s`sho fosgqh~unegb" j`s fo{ob~ s` sho qh~unegb |`{bc `d jgs{o gjc nsu {h~shfu*

Shu" g jo| |g~ `d tno|njl sho cnljns~ `d sho hfgj uobd g{ùo" gjc ns |guojegqubgsoc nj sho d`{fbg" ‒Gsfgj gjc K{ghfgj g{o `jo*‖ \o fg~njso{q{os shnu qh{guo gu ug~njl" ‒ogeh hfgj konjl nu `jo |nsh gjc jnsoc s` gfosgqh~unegb {ogbns~‖ h`|oto{ tglo gjc jebog{ shgs {ogbns~ fg~ ko* Nj shnuofo{lojeo `d hfgj cnljns~" sho njcntncgb qo{u`j sgiou `j g feh f`{onfq`{sgjs botob `d {ouqoes shgs kolnju g fgm`{ e`jsnjnjl uhnds nj hfgjhnus`{~* Sho gbfùs e`fqboso ukuo{tnojeo `d sho njcntncgb s` sho l{`q (ebgj`{ s{nko. nu ehgbbojloc gjc g hnlho{ d`{f `d uèngb jns~ eojso{oc `j gs{gjueojcojs" fosgqh~unegb {obgsn`juhnq d gbb njcntncgbu s` g hnlho{ cnljns~gjc hnlho{ cousnj~ ofo{lou* Ns {oqogsu nsuobd" gu joococ" sh{`lh`s hfgjhnus`{~* Sho _qgjnuhgcu g{o `jb~ `jo `d sho og{bnous fgjndousgsn`ju `d sho gxngb

{ot`bsn`j9 `sho{u nj Sg`nuf" Gjnfnuf" Kcchnuf" gjc nj u`fo |ouso{jqhnbù`qho{u gdso{ Uè{gsou |nbb sgio qbgeo gjc èeq~ `{ gssojsn`j nj shnuebguu*

Nj `sho{ |`{cu" gxngb {ot`bsn`ju eojso{njl `j g fosgqh~unegb {obgsn`juhnqegj ko d`jc gbb `to{ sho |`{bc j`s `jb~ nj Njcng" ks gbu` nj Ehnjg" L{ooeo"gjc fgj~ `sho{ qbgeou nj fgj~ cnddo{ojs snfo qo{n`cu* Sho~ g{o gbu` uèngb{ot`bsn`ju d`{foc gu bg{lo{ f`{o njebunto e`ffjnsnou joeouunsgsoc d`{fu`d shnjinjl sho~ ojgkboc hfgj e`ffjnsnou s` ofk{geo cnto{uns~ gjc jnso|nsh `jo gj`sho{* Qo{n`cnegbb~" sh{`lh`s hnus`{~ shouo gxngb {ot`bsn`ju

èe{ glgnj gjc glgnj gu qo`qbo kolnj s` {ogbn}o shgs u`fo njcntncgbu g{okonjl s{ogsoc gu ‒shnjlu‖" ‒q{`qo{s~‖" ‒ehgssob‖" `{ ukmoesoc s` d`{fu `d jmus oxqb`nsgsn`j* Koeguo `d sho e`jjoesn`j kos|ooj fosgqh~uneu

? Bo|nu Ffd`{c" Sho S{gjud`{fgsn`ju `d Fgj" Jo| ^`{i" Hg{qo{"

qq* ?8&8>



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(qhnbù`qh~. gjc sho gxngb {ot`bsn`ju" N shnji |o hgto g b`jl&usgjcnjlq{gesnegb `{ oshnegb fosgqh~uneu shgs egj `dsoj ko jj`sneoc gjcjgqq{oengsoc* Nj uh`{s" sho gxngb {ot`bsn`ju |hojoto{ gjc |ho{oto{ sho~èe{ ebgnf shgs sho hfgj uobd nu j`s gj `kmoes*

S|` _qgjnuhgcu" ‒ Gjjgq{jg‖ gjc ‒Ehgjc`l~g‖" sgbi gk`s GSFGJ gugju|o{ s` sho wousn`j \h` Gf N0 Gjjgq{jg ebgnfu shgs sho oxqo{nojeo `d `{ s{o uobd nu g uobd&ij`|njl ko~`jc gbb ij`|njl `d `sho{ `kmoesu" gjcEhgjc`l~g gccu shgs ‒uobd nu `qoj `jb~ s` uobd‖9 sho oxqo{nojeo `d s{o uobd nuoxqo{nojeo `d gj gku`bso gjc gshojsne uqn{ns `{ bndo d`{eo shgs nu j`s gj `kmoesj`{ g ukmoes* Sho Ehgjc`l~g egbbu uobd `{ GSFGJ ‒bnlhs `d bnlhsu„" ‒gkncnjlbnlhs‖" ‒shgs |hneh jonsho{ bntou j`{ cnou‖" `{ q{o e`juenùjouu `{ e`jusgjs|nsjouu e`juenùjouu*4 Dnjgb {ogbns~ egbboc uobd `{ GSFGJ nu gj gesntojnto{ugb e`juenùjouu j`s s` ko e`jduoc |nsh |ginjl e`juenùjouu"c{ogfnjl e`juenùjouu { ubooqnjl e`juenùjouu9 ns nu g e`juenùjouu shgs nuj`s g e`juenùjouu `d gj `kmoes j`{ nu ns je`juenù* H@\OTO[" SHOUO

\@[CU G[O NJGCOW_GSO GSSOFQSU S@ E@JEOQS_GBN]O GJCUQOGI GK@_S \HGS \O EGJ OXQO[NOJEO NJ FOCNSGSN@J* Ns nusho focnsgsnto oxqo{nojeo" ^`lg" |hneh u`foh`| ojgkbou u s` {ogeh `{sèh sho fosgqh~unegb uobd" GSFGJ*

K{ghfgj= Sho _jcnddo{ojsngsoc

K[GHFGJ nu sho uoe`jc knl fosgqh~unegb ncog nj sho _qgjnuhgcu" gjc ns s``"bnio GSFGJ" nu tglo gjc jebog{* D`{ shnu {ogu`j" ns nu f`{o gee{gso sègbb k`sh Gsfgj gjc K{ghfgj fosgqh~unegb j`sn`ju `{ |`{cu njgcowgsob~

gssofqsnjl s` coue{nko fosgqh~unegb oxqo{nojeou* K{ghfgj nu `ddo{oc gu gjgju|o{ s` sho wousn`j" |h` `{ |hgs nu c`njl sho |h`bo jnto{uo {nlhs j`|0Sho wousn`j q{ouqqùou shgs sho{o nu g egugb d`jcgsn`j `{ l{`jc d`{oto{~shnjl shgs nu {nlhs j`| gjc shgs shnu egugb d`jcgsn`j nu uqq`{snjl gjcfgnjsgnjnjl oto{~ unjlbo shnjl shgs oxnusu* K~ K[GHFGJ" sho _qgjnuhgcufogj j` unjlbo shnjl" `{ shgs |hgsoto{ nu uqq`{snjl oto{~shnjl nj shojnto{uo {nlhs j`| nu ko~`jc gj~ unjlbo shnjl" j`s gj~ `jo shnjl* J` `joshnjl nu shoj gj jcnddo{ojsngsoc `{ j` `jo shnjl* Sho {ogu`jnjl ho{o uoofu s`ko shgs sho |h`bo |`{bc `{ |h`bo jnto{uo egjj`s ko egugbb~ coqojcojs `ju`fo `jo shnjl nj sho jnto{uo ks u`fo shnjl shgs nuj„s gj~ `jo shnjl" j`s`jo uqoenou* Hojeo sho ncog `d gj jcnddo{ojsngsoc `{ juqoendnoc konjl shgs

u`foh`| uqq`{su oto{~ uqoendnoc `{ cnddo{ojsngsoc konjl*

4 [gcgi{nuhjgj" U*" Sho Q{njenqgb _qgjnugcu" q* ;<*



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Sho Hnjc gsh`{u `d sho _qgjnuhgcu uoof s` hgto g{{ntoc gs K[GHFGJ@[ SHO _JE@JCNSN@JOC k~ e`junco{njl sho |`{bc g{`jc shof" gjcj`snjl shgs sho kgune dges shgs us``c `s |gu shgs oto{~shnjl |gu cnddo{ojsngsocgjc ehgjlnjl gjc njso{gesnjl9 gf`jl gbb shouo cnddo{ojsngsoc" njso{gesnjl" gjcehgjlnjl shnjlu" sho{o |o{o uobtou" gjc gbb |o{o {ogb* ôs nd oto{~shnjl |gu

cnddo{ojsngsoc gjc ehgjlnjl gjc j`shnjl jehgjlnjl" h`| egj |o gee`js d`{ehgjlo0 Dn{us" ehgjlo còu uoof s` ko" d`{ sho fùs qg{s" `{co{b~ gjc{ogu`jgkbo9 ns e`jd`{fu s` bg|u `{ {olbg{nsnou {odboesnjl eguo&oddoes {obgsn`ju*D`{ oxgfqbo" coo{ q{`ceo coo{" j`s ceiu9 jnlhs d`bb`|u cg~9 k`cnou dgbbc`|j j`s q9 gqqbo s{oou q{`ceo gqqbou* Nd oto{~shnjl nj jgs{o nucnddo{ojsngsoc" d`bb`|u eguo gjc oddoes" shoj |o egj gui h`| ns gbb l`s usg{socgjc |h` `{ |hgs nu {ouq`junkbo d`{ gbb shnu {nlhs j`|9 |h` `{ |hgs nu egunjlsho jnto{uo `d ehgjlnjl" cnddo{ojsngsoc konjlu0 Sho gju|o{ nu K[GHFGJ nusho eguo" uusgnjo{" gjc q{ouo{to{ `d sho jnto{uo `d gbb cnddo{ojsngsoc shnjlu"gjc K[GHFGJ nu nsuobd jcnddo{ojsngsoc gjc uoqg{gsoc d{`f gbb cnddo{ojsngsockonjlu otoj sh`lh sho cnddo{ojsngsoc g{o fgjndousgsn`ju `d sho

jcnddo{ojsngsoc* Sho j`sn`j `d K{ghfgj uoofu s` coqojc `j g {ogu`jnjlq{èouu shgs 7. gbb ehgjlnjl shnjlu nj sho |`{bc `d Fg~g" ;. jooc s` hgtoehgjlo gee`jsoc d`{ nj so{fu `d g eguo" 5. `jb~ gj jeguoc `{jcnddo{ojsngsoc konjl e`bc gee`js d`{ gbb eguoc {ogbns~" 3. koeguo `jb~ gjjeguoc nu `sunco sho `{co{ `d eguoc {ogbns~" gjc ?. nu sho `jb~ gcowgsooxqbgjgsn`j d`{ gbb ehgjlnjl shnjlu*

K[GHFGJ NU q{o oxnusojeo" sho bsnfgso njjo{ ouuojeo `d gbb shgs oxnusu*K[GHFGJ nu ko~`jc jgfou" njtnunkbo" jl{guqgkbo" q{o uqn{ns" oso{jgb"njdnjnso" nffsgkbo" je{ogsoc" gjc jehgjlnjl* Ho{o glgnj" gu nj sho eguo `d GSFGJ" |o egjj`s e`jeoqsgbn}o K[GHFGJ to{~ |obb9 ns nu f`{o `d g

j`sn`j `{ to{~ tglo ncog" gjc ns nu g{{ntoc gs jolgsntob~" n*o* j`s gj~ uqoendnocshnjl* D`{ shnu {ogu`j" k`sh Gsfgj gjc K{ghfgj g{o j`sn`ju `{ tglo ncogusho e`jeoqsgb e`jsojs `d |hneh nu bnfnsoc s` e`jsojs c{g|j d{`f shocnddo{ojsngsoc |`{bc gjc shoj jolgsoc nj gj gssofqs s` sgbi gk`s g {ogbns~ shgsnu ko~`jc sho e`jsojs `d `{ e`jeoqsu* \o bnso{gbb~ c` j`s ij`| |hgs |o g{osgbinjl gk`s |hoj |o s{~ s` sgbi gk`s GSFGJ `{ K[GHFGJ* ôs" k`shGsfgj gjc K{ghfgj egj ko {ogu`joc s`9 shon{ oxnusojeo egj ko je`to{oc k~shnjinjl {odboesntob~ `j sho l{`jc d`{ ehgjlou* Nj gccnsn`j s` {ogu`jnjl s`sho oxnusojeo `d K[GHFGJ/GSFGJ" sho~ egj ko oxqo{nojeoc nj ^@LGfocnsgsn`j" gjc ns nu d{`f sho oxqo{nojeo `d focnsgsn`j shgs |o bog{jqo{u`jgbb~ s` geeoqs sho {ogbns~ `d k`sh GSFGJ GJC K[GHFGJ* Otoj nd |o hgto {ogu`joc s` sho ncogu `d GSFGJ gjc K[GHFGJ k~ gee`jsnjld`{ gj jehgjlnjl eguo `d sho ehgjlnjl" |o hgto j`s oxhgusoc sho {ogboxqo{nojeo `d GSFGJ `{ K[GHFGJ" gjc sho oxqo{nojeo `d shouo to{~tglo j`sn`ju sh{`lh focnsgsn`j `{ focnsgsnto shnjinjl egj hobq qo`qbo{oe`ljn}o sho fosgqh~unegb ehg{geso{ `d uobd gjc |`{bc*

Focnsgsnto Shnjinjl



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^`lg focnsgsn`j nu ebgnfoc gu g |g~ s` oxqo{nojeo ‒ojbnlhsojfojs‖ `{ sho{oe`ljnsn`j shgs |o g{o {obgsoc s` sho ‘fosg&qh~unegb" g&sofq`{gb" gjcjehgjlnjl {ogbns~ shgs nu ko~`jc uojuo oxqo{nojeou* Qo`qbo |h` e`fo s`q{gesneo ^`lg focnsgsn`j bog{j s` ofqs~ sho fnjc `{ e`juenùjouu k~dèunjl `j j`shnjl `{ J@&@JO&SHNJL* Shnu q{gesneo nu j`s ogu~ s` bog{j*

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Sho fnjc gbfùs gs`fgsnegbb~ |gjsu s` dèu `j gj `kmoes9 |o |gjs s` shnjigk`s `{ hùo" sho jo| coui `{ ST uos" `{ `{ eg{ oxgesb~ |hgs shoq{gesnsn`jo{u `d ^`lg focnsgsn`j ebgnf |o c` gbfùs gbb sho snfo* Ksfocnsgsn`j fogju s` dèu `j j`jo `d shouo shnjlu9 ns fogju dèu `d J@&SHNJL gs gbb" gjc shgs q{gesneo ojgkbou u s` l{gcgbb~ koe`fo ojbnlhsojocgk`s |h` |o g{o" gjc e`fo s` {oe`ljn}o shgs GSFGJ GJC K[GHFGJG[O @JO FOSGQHÛNEGB [OGBNS^*

Sho ncog nj ^`lg focnsgsn`j uoofu s` ko shgs" jco{ sho cn{oesn`j `d g fguso{`{ l{" |h` nu oxqo{nojeoc nj sho q{gesneo `d ~`lg" |o l{gcgbb~ bog{j s`dèu `{ fnjc `{ e`juenùjouu `j j` unjlbo shnjl nj sho |`{bc" ks {gsho{"sh{`lh unjl g fgjs{g `{ |`{c {odo{{njl s` j` `kmoes nj sho |`{bc" |o shnji`d j`shnjl `sho{ shgj sho fgjs{g* Gu cnddnebs gu shnu q{gesneo fg~ ko" ns nu gq{gesneo shgs ojgkbou u s` oxqo{nojeo `kmoesbouu sh`lhs `{ e`juenùjouudèuoc `j j` `jo `{ unjlbo shnjl*

Sho e`jsojsn`j `d sho ^`lg q{gesnsn`jo{u nu shgs |o oxqo{nojeo shojcnddo{ojsngsoc konjl `{ g jnto{ugb konjl gjc e`fo s` jco{usgjc `{uobtougu `jo |nsh shgs jnto{ugb `{ jcnddo{ojsngsoc* Gj`sho{ |g~ s` oxq{ouu |hgs

hgqqoju nj ~`lg focnsgsn`j nu nj so{fu `d e`juenùjouu9 |o koe`foe`juenù `d j` `kmoes gjc u` ojlglo nj g d`{f `d e`juenùjouu shgs nu q{o`{ |nsh`s gj `kmoes* Q{o e`juenùjouu ojsgnbu shgs |o oxqo{nojeo `{cooqous s{gju&qhoj`fojgb uobd gu e`juenùjouu gjc gu `jo |nsh sho q{ojnto{ugb e`juenùjouu* Sho fosgqh`{ d ‒bnlhs‖ { ‒ojbnlhsojfojs‖ nu dsojuoc s` coue{nko gj nbbfnjgsn`j `{ s{gjud`{fgsn`j shgs {oe`ljn}ou |h` |o‒{ogbb~ g{o‖ couqnso gbb sho qhoj`fojgb |g~u |o hgto ncojsndnoc |nsh`{uobtou* @dsoj |o unfqb~ ncojsnd~ `{uobtou nj so{fu `d `{ lojco{" {geo"oshjnens~" {obnln`j" dgfnb~ `{nlnj" èeqgsn`j `{ {`bo" uèngb usgsu"sofqo{gfojsgb ehg{geso{nusneu" `{ `jo `d fgj~ `sho{ ‒cnddo{ojsngsoc‖ d`{fu*\hgs nd |o g{o" nj g feh f`{o {ogb uojuo" j`jo `d shouo0 \h` g{o |o shoj0

G{o |o J@&SHNJL0 ^`lg nu sho q{gesneo `d focnsgsnto shnjinjl shgs losu us` shnjinjl J@&SHNJL" gjc shgs q{gesneo hgu nffojuob~ q{gesnegb {oubsu njh`| |o bnto*

^`lg nu g |`{c shgs fogju s` ‒knjc‖ `{ ‒jnso‖9 ns usgjcu d`{ g ‒jnsnjl‖ `d sho u`b `{ uqn{ns s` sho uobd" gjc ns nfqbnou g cosgehfojs d{`f fgsso{ GJCGJ GSSGEHFOJS S@ UQN[NS @[ E@JUEN@_UJOUU* @jo `d sho_qgjnuhgcu uqogiu `d ~`lg gu ebsntgsnjl g ‒jnsoc fnjc‖ @[ G FNJC



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_JNSOC \NSH UQN[NS* ^`lg gnfu gs ‒cg{ugjg‖ `{ ojbnlhsojfojs sh{`lhg uo{nou `d njunlhsu shgs l{gcgbb~ gee`fqbnuh g d{ooc`f d{`f sho nlj`{gjeo(gtnc~g. shgs `jo„u uobd nu fo{ob~ qhoj`fojgb `{ fgso{ngb* Nj gccnsn`j" shonjunlhs nu egbboc gj g|giojnjl `d sho cooqous uobd" gjc ij`|njl uobd gu `jo|nsh uqn{ns `{ q{o e`juenùjouu* \hoj sho `to{e`fnjl `d nlj`{gjeo bogcu

`jo s` {oe`ljn}o shgs sho hnlhous s{sh gk`s sho uobd nu shgs Gsfgj gjcK{ghfgj g{o `jo" shoj sho Gku`bso uqn{ns„u e{ogsnto q`|o{ fgjndousu nsuobd guK[GHFGJ" L@C" Q_[O E@JUEN@_UJOUU*

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\hoj gssgehfojs s` sho |`{bc `d fgso{ngb shnjlu nu sho u`bo |g~ k~ |hneh `{nj |hneh qo`qbo jco{usgjc shofuobtou" sho~ g{o bntnjl nj nlj`{gjeo* Sho|`{bc `d FG^G nu sho {ogb |`{bc `d fgso{ngb shnjlu9 FG^G nu oto{~shnjlshgs |o uoo" hog{" sèh" qo{eonto" `{ ebog{b~ e`jeonto9 ns nu sho |`{bc `d oto{~shnjl shgs nu {ogb nj snfo gjc hnus`{~" ks ns nu j`s gbb sho{o nu s` sho[OGB koeguo ko~`jc snfo gjc hnus`{~" ko~`jc gbb fgso{ngb shnjlu shgs |ouoo `{ qo{eonto nu sho |`{bc `d sho fosgqh~unegbb~ {ogb" n*o* Gsfgj gjcK{ghfgj* Fg~g egj ko uocesnto koeguo ns losu u geeus`foc s` geeoqs shgs|o g{o ncojsndnoc |nsh `{ lojco{" {`bo" sofqo{gfojsgb ehg{geso{nusneu"{obnln`j" uèngb usgsu" {obnln`j" { jo `d fgj~ sho{ cnddo{ojsngsoc d`{fu*\hoj |o c` shgs" |o g{o nffo{uoc nj nlj`{gjeo" gssgehoc s` Fg~g"jojbnlhsojoc" gj jgkbo s` ges |nuob~*

J`| ns uh`bc ko ebog{ |h~ ^`lg focnsgsn`j nu u` nfq`{sgjs9 ^`lg losu u s`gssgeh `{uobtou s` sho fosgqh~unegb {ogbns~ egbboc Gsfgj `{ K{ghfgj" gjc |o

l{gcgbb~ koe`fo f`{o cosgehoc d{`f FG^G gjc u` |o c` j`s doob shouddo{njl" qgnj gjc/`{ cnugqq`njsfojs guuèngsoc |nsh bntnjl nj nlj`{gjeogk`s `{ s{o fosgqh~unegb jgs{o* J`| ns uh`bc ko ebog{ gbu` |h~cosgehfojs d{`f FG^G gjc gssgehfojs s` K[GHFGJ nu {olg{coc gu sho|g~ d ojbnlhsojoc bntnjl* Sho q{gesnegb |nuc`f nj `lg focnsgsn`j nu nj shoebgnf shgs ‒ojbnlhsojfojs‖ fogju g cosgehfojs d{`f shnjinjl shgs ‒fg~g‖nu gbb sho{o nu s` {ogbns~" gjc sho ukuowojs geeoqsgjeo `d g fosgqh~unegb{ogbf s` |hneh |o g{o gssgehoc* Shgs gssgehfojs nu fogjs s` cosgeh u d{`fsho |`{bc `d ‒fg~g‖ |hneh nu sho |`{bc `d ehgjlo gjc uddo{njl*

Còu focnsgsn`j gesgbb~ gbbotngso uddo{njl0 Ebog{b~" sho{o nu g uojuo nj |hneh

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|hoj ns hobqu u k{ogi sh{`lh sho kg{{no{u `d Fg~g (gbb sho |g~u |o hgtod`{ uoqg{gsnjl gjc cnddo{ojsngsnjl qo`qbo.* N shnji Lgjchn„u s{sh nu gjoxgfqbo `d |nuc`f |o gbb {ogbn}o nu joococ s`cg~* F~ e`jsojsn`j nu shgs gq{gesnegb |nuc`f cocnegsoc s` gbbotngsnjl hfgj uddo{njl {oq{ouojsu g fùsnfq`{sgjs sgui s`cg~*

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Nj H* ]nffo{„u k`ì" Sho Qhnbù`qhnou `d Njcng"< sho d`bb`|njl us`{~ nu s`bcs` nbbus{gso sho fosgqh~unegb uobd gjc sho usgso `d nlj`{gjeo*

‒@jo cg~ g dofgbo snlo{ q{oljgjs |nsh ho{ ~`jl `dduq{njl egfo q`j gho{c `d {gjlnjl l`gsu9 sho snl{ouu hgc kooj q{`|bnjl d`{ fgj~ cg~u |nsh`s

cnue`to{njl gj~ q{o~" gjc uho |gu {gtojùb~ hjl{~ gu |obb gu oxs{ofob~sn{oc gjc |ogi* Sho snl{ouu tn`bojsb~ bogqs gs sho l`gsu" ks sho tn`bojeo `d ho{ bogq gjc sho us{gnj ns k{`lhs ho{ eguoc ho{ s` l` njs` kn{sh sh{òu" gjcd{`f uhoo{ oxhgusn`j uho oxqn{oc gu uho |gu lntnjl kn{sh* Shoj sho l`gsu"|h` hgc uegsso{oc" {os{joc s` sho l{g}njl dnobc" jb~ s` cnue`to{ sho cogcsnl{ouu gjc g snj~" bnssbo jo| k`{j snlo{ |hnfqo{njl gs hnu f`sho{„u unco* Sho~gc`qsoc sho bnssbo e{ogs{o `s `d qns~ gjc e`fqguun`j" gjc shon{ `|j fgso{jgbnjusnjesu boc shof s` ueibo sho bnssbo snlo{ gjc {gnuo ns gu shon{ `|j* Sho~|gsehoc `to{ sho bnssbo snlo{" eg{oc d`{ hnf" sglhs hnf shon{ bgjlglo" gjc honj s{j bog{joc shon{ |g~u `d sgbinjl k~ gcgqsnjl hnu t`neo s` shon{ lojsbo |g~`d kbogsnjl* Sho ~`jl snlo{ |gu gu cot`soc s` sho l`gsu gu gj~ inc nj sho

ho{c9 ho cnc" gs dn{us oxqo{nojeo l{ogs cnddnebs~ |hoj ho s{noc s` jnkkbo shnjkbgcou `d l{guu |nsh hnu q`njsoc soosh" ks u`foh`| ho fgjgloc sh`lh shotolosg{ngj cnos ioqs hnf shnj gjc to{~ fooi*

@jo jnlhs |hoj sho ~`jl snlo{ ek |gu |nsh sho l`gsu" sho |h`bo ho{c |gugssgeioc k~ g dno{eo `bc fgbo snlo{" gjc sho l`gsu gbb uegsso{oc" ks sho ~`jlsnlo{ {ofgnjoc |ho{o ho us``c cot`nc `d dog{* Ho |gu" h`|oto{" to{~u{q{nuoc s` dnjc hnfuobd dgeo s` dgeo |nsh shnu so{{nkbo mjlbo konjl" gjc sho~`jl ek mus us``c nj gfg}ofojs* Gdso{ sho dn{us f`fojs `{ s|`" sho~`jl ek dobs uobd&e`juenù gjc sso{oc g d`{b`{j kbogs" qbeioc g kbgco `d l{guu" gjc eho|oc ns |hnbo sho dno{eo `bc snlo{ mus usg{oc gs hnf*

Uccojb~" sho dno{eo `bc snlo{ cofgjcoc" ‒|hgs g{o ~` c`njl ho{o gf`jlshouo l`gsu0 Gjc |hgs g{o ~` eho|njl0 Sho bnssbo snlo{ mus kbogsoc bnio shol`gsu" gjc u` sho `bc snlo{ {`g{oc" ‒|h~ c` ~` fgio shgs unbb~ u`jc0‖Kod`{o sho bnssbo snlo{ e`bc {oqb~" sho `bc snlo{ uon}oc hnf {`lhb~ g{`jc shojoei gjc uh`ì hnf gu sh`lh s` ijèi u`fo uojuo njs` hnf* Shoj sho

mjlbo snlo{ eg{{noc sho ~`jl" d{nlhsojoc ek s` g jog{k~ q`jc gbb nbbfnjock~ sho bnlhs `d sho f``j* ‒J`| b`ì gs shùo s|` dgeou* G{o sho~ j`s gbnio0^` hgto sho dgeo `d g snlo{9 ns nu bnio fnjo9 |h~ c` ~` dgje~ ~`{uobd s` ko gl`gs0 \h~ c` ~` jnkkbo l{guu gjc kbogs bnio g l`gs0

< ]nffo{" H* Sho Qhnbù`qhnou d Njcng" Q{njeos`j" Q{njeos`j _jnt*

Q{ouu" 7>8>" qq* ?"4



;5

Sho bnssbo snlo{ |gu jgkbo s` {oqb~ ks mus e`jsnjoc s` usg{o gs sho s|`{odboesn`ju" gjc ho koegfo to{~ jogu~" uhndsnjl hnu |onlhs d{`f qg| s` qg|gjc shoj ho ofnssoc gj`sho{ wgto{njl e{~* Sho `bco{ snlo{ uon}oc hnf glgnjgjc eg{{noc sho ek `dd s` hnu coj |ho{o ho q{ouojsoc sho ek |nsh g qnoeo `d kboocnjl {g| fogs bods to{ d{`f hnu q{otnù fogb* Sho ~`jl ek

uhcco{oc nj cnulus" ks sho mjlbo snlo{ l{ddb~ `{co{oc ‒sgio ns gjc ogs ns*‖Sho ~`jl `jo {ounusoc gjc u` sho mjlbo snlo{ d`{eoc sho fogs njs` sho ek„uf`sh gjc kos|ooj hnu soosh9 shoj ho `{co{oc sho ~`jl `jo s` eho| gjcu|gbb`|* Sho s`lhjouu `d sho fogs |gu jdgfnbng{" gjc sho ~`jl ek |gu

mus gk`s s` kbogs bnio g l`gs |hoj ho kolgj s` los sho sguso `d sho kb``c~fogs* Shoj ho |gu gfg}oc gjc ho {ogehoc oglo{b~ d`{ sho {ous d sho fogs*U``j" ho dobs gj jdgfnbng{ l{gsndnegsn`j gu sho jo| d``c |ojs c`|j hnu lbbosgjc sho fogs~ ukusgjeo egfo njs` hnu us`fgeh* G us{gjlo l{`|njl us{ojlshusg{snjl d{`f hnu us`fgeh |ojs `s sh{`lh hnu |h`bo `{lgjnuf gjc ho kolgjs` doob obgsoc gjc njs`xnegsoc* Ho ufgeioc hnu bnqu gjc bneioc hnu m`|bu* Hog{ùo gjc `qojoc hnu f`sh |nsh g fnlhs~ ~g|j mus gu nd ho |o{o g|giojnjl

d{`f g jnlhs `d ubooq&& g jnlhs shgs hgc hnf nj nsu uqobb d`{ ~og{u* Us{osehnjlhnu d`{f" ho g{ehoc hnu kgei" oxsojcnjl gjc uq{ogcnjl hnu qg|u* Ho bguhoc hnusgnb s` sho l{`jc gjc uccojb~ d{`f hnu sh{`gs sho{o k{us g so{{nd~njl"s{nfqhgjs {`g{ `d g snlo{*

Sho l{nf `bc snlo{ hgc kooj |gsehnjl ebùob~ |nsh njsojuo ugsnudgesn`j* Shos{gjud`{fgsn`j hgc gesgbb~ sgioj qbgeo kod`{o hnu o~ou" gjc |hoj sho ~`jlsnlo{ dnjnuhoc hnu {`g{" sho `bc `jo guioc hnf" ‒j`| c` ~` ij`| |hgs gjc|h` ~` {ogbb~ g{o0‖ S` e`fqboso sho ~`jl `jo„u njnsngsn`j" sho `bc snlo{gccoc" ‒e`fo" |o uhgbb j`| l` d`{ g hjs s`losho{ nj sho mjlbo*‖

Us`{nou `{ sgbou bnio shnu egj hobq u jco{usgjc sho ncogu `d qhnbù`qhnegb‒nlj`{gjeo‖" ‒`{ fosgqh~unegb uobd‖" ‒gqqog{gjeo‖" ‒s{o njunlhs‖" gjc‒uobd&jco{usgjcnjl*‖ Ks ns nu nfqo{gsnto shgs |o {oe`ljn}o shgs ‒fosg&qh~unegb ncogu‖ g{o tglo" jebog{" ko~`jc ebog{ e`jeoqsgb sh`lhs"gjgb`lù" u` jolgsntob~ |`{coc shgs |o jooc s` gcfns ‒|o c` j`s ij`|‖|hgs |o g{o sgbinjl gk`s* \o g{o cogbnjl |nsh g {ogbf shgs nu" s` u`fooxsojs" uqooeh gjc sh`lhs cod~njl" `{ g {ogbf kod`{o |hneh `{ |`{cu gjcncogu {oe`nb* ôs" |o egj {ogu`j s` gjc |o egj oxqo{nojeo sho fosgqh~unegb"gjc shgs oxqo{nojeo hgu nffojuo q{gesnegb {oubsu*

Oxeo{qsu D{`f sho _qgjnuhgcu8

8 Gbb w`sou g{o d{`f [gcgi{nuhjgj„u to{un`j*



;3

‒K{ghfgj nu gk`to jgfo gjc d`{f9 uho nu q{ouojs nj gbb gjc s{gjueojcu gbb*_jk`{j" |nsh`s k`c~" |nsh`s fnjc9 uho nu u`{eo `d gbb= uqgeo" gn{" dn{o"|gso{" gjc og{sh shgs h`bcu u gbb*

Dn{o nu ho{ hogc" sho uj gjc f``j ho{ o~ou" sho hogtoju ho{ og{u" sho

ue{nqs{ou ho{ t`neo" sho gn{ ho{ k{ogsh" sho jnto{uo ho{ hog{s" gjc sho og{shho{ d``s {ous* K{ghfgj nu sho njjo{fùs uobd `d gbb‖ (Fjcgig _qgj* NN 7" ;&3.

‒K{ghfgj nu `jo" sho{o nu j` `sho{* Uho nu sho njjo{ {bo{ `d gbb konjlu* Uhoq{`moesu sho eùfù d{`f ho{uobd" gjc |nshc{g|u ns kgei gs sho ojc `d snfo*

‒K{ghfgj nu |nsh`s gss{nksou" ~os egusu ho{ jos `d gqqog{gjeo `to{ gbb shoeùfù gjc {bou ns d{`f |nshnj sh{`lh ho{ cntnjo q`|o{*‖ ( Uhtosguhtg{sgNNN=7";.

‒D{`f K{ghfgj e`fou d`{sh gbb shnu fglnegb uh`| `d jgfo gjc d`{f" `d ~`gjc fo |hneh egusu nsu uqobb `d qgnj gjc qbogu{o* @jb~ |hoj |o qno{eosh{`lh shnu fglne tonb c` |o uoo sho @jo shgs gqqog{u gu Fgj~*‖(Uhotosguhtg{sg _qgj* NT=?.

‒\hgs egjj`s ko uqìoj |nsh |`{cu" ks shgs |ho{ok~ |`{cu g{o uqìoj=ij`| shgs gb`jo s` ko K{ghfgj" sho Uqn{ns***\hgs egjj`s ko sh`lhs |nsh shofnjc" ks shgs |ho{ok~ sho fnjc egj shnji= ij`| shgs gb`jo s` ko K{ghfgj"sho Uqn{ns** \hgs egjj`s ko uooj |nsh sho o~o" ks shgs |ho{ok~ sho o~o egjuoo= Ij`| shgs s` ko K{ghfgj" sho Uqn{ns*‖

‒K{ghfgj e`fou s` sho sh`lhs `d shùo |h` ij`| ho{ ko~`jc sh`lhs" j`ss` shùo |h` nfglnjo uho egj ko gssgnjoc k~ sh`lhs9 uho nu jij`|j s` shobog{joc gjc ij`|j s` sho unfqbo***Sho |nuo |h` hgto uooj K{ghfgj nj oto{~konjl" j bogtnjl shnu bndo" gssgnj bndo nff`{sgb*‖ (Iojg _qgj* N" ;.

‒G_F" shnu oso{jgb |`{c nu gbb= |hgs |gu" |hgs nu" |hgs uhgbb ko gjc |hgs nuko~`jc nu nj oso{jns~* Gbb nu G_F* K{ghfgj nu gbb gjc GSFGJ NUK[GHFGJ*** Gsfgj nu sho oso{jgb \@[C" G_F*‖ (Fgjcig _qgj N.

‒E`jeogboc nj sho hog{s `d gbb oxnusojs konjlu bnou sho Gsfgj" sho Uqn{ns" shoUobd*** |hoj k~ sho l{geo `d L`c g qo{u`j uoou sho lb`{~ `d L`c" shoj uhouoou Gsfgj ko~`jc sho |`{bc `d coun{ou" gjc shoj u`{{`|u g{o bods kohnjc**|hoj ij`|njl sho uqn{ns |hùo njdnjns~ nu nj gbb" `jo ij`|u ko~`jc snfo shouqn{ns |h`f b`to{u `d K{ghfgj egbb oso{jgb" ko~`jc kn{sh gjc {okn{sh `d bndo*‖(Uhtosgutg{sg _qgj*NNN.



;?

‒Kobnoto fo f~ u`j" gj njtnunkbo gjc uksbo ouuojeo nu sho uqn{ns `d sho |h`bojnto{uo* Shgs nu {ogbns~9 shgs nu Gsfgj9 sh` g{s shgs*

‒Focnsgsn`j nu nj s{sh hnlho{ shgj sh`lhs9 sho Og{sh uoofu s` {ous nj unbojsfocnsgsn`j9 sho |gso{u gjc sho f`jsgnju gjc sho ui~ gjc sho hogtoju gbb

uoof s` ko nj focnsgsn`j*‖ (Ehgjc`l~g _qgj* TNN" 4.

Oxeo{qsu D{`f sho Khglgtgc&Lnsg

‒Shnjinjl gk`s uojuo `kmoesu k{oocu coun{o9 coun{o l{`|u s` e{gtnjl9 e{gtnjlkoe`fou gssgehfojs* Sho bus `d qùuouun`j |hoj sh|g{soc k{ju s` gjlo{*Gjlo{ eb`cu mclfojs" gjc {`ku `jo `d sho gknbns~ s` bog{j d{`f qgusfnusgiou* Bùs nu sho q`|o{ `d l``c mclfojs gjc bndo koe`fou g |guso***

‒Sho cnujnsoc fnjc nu dg{ d{`f |nuo* H`| egj ns focnsgso0 Ko gs qogeo0

\hoj ~` ij`| j` qogeo" h`| egj ~` ij`| m`~0‖

‒_uo gbb ~`{ us{ojlsh s` d{oo sho uojuou d{`f gssgehfojs gjc gto{un`j gbnio9bnto nj sho dbb |nuc`f `d sho Uobd*‖

‒Ho nu d`{oto{ d{oo |h` hgu k{ìoj `s `d sho ol`&eglo `d N gjc Fnjo s` kojnsoc |nsh sho B`{c `d B`to*‖

‒Ho bntou nj |nuc`f |h` uoou hnf `{ ho{ uobd nj gbb gjc gbb nj ho{ `{ hnf uobd*‖

‒\hoj g qo{u`j gssgnju l{ogsjouu `j shnu og{sh sho {o|g{c nu koeguo `d focnsgsn`j*‖

Usc~ Wousn`ju d`{ Hnjc Qhnbù`qh~

7* \h~ nu nlj`{gjeo `{ gtnc~g u` nfq`{sgjs nj _qgjnuhgcu0 @d |hgs g{o |ouqqùoc s` ko nlj`{gjs0 H`| c` |o `to{e`fo nlj`{gjeo0 \hgs {oubsu|hoj |o `to{e`fo nlj`{gjeo0

;* Oxqbgnj sho cnusnjesn`j kos|ooj cnddo{ojsngsoc konjlu gjc jcnddo{ojsngsockonjl* \h~ còu sgbi gk`s sho jcnddo{ojsngsoc Konjl uoof u` tglo gjc/`{jokbù0 \h~ uh`bc gj~`jo sgbinjl gk`s sho jcnddo{ojsngsoc ko fnjcdbshgs ho `{ uho còu j`s ij`| ebog{b~ |hgs sho~ g{o sgbinjl gk`s0



;4

5* ^`lg" Fg~g" Gsfgj" gjc K{ghfgj g{o ugnc s` ko e`ho{ojs `{ e`jjoesoc9oxqbgnj sho e`ho{ojeo `d ogeh gjc |h~ ns nu nfq`{sgjs*

3* Coue{nko" oxqbgnj" gjc gjgb~}o gj oqnu`co `{ oqnu`cou d{`f sho f`tnoLgjchn shgs nbbus{gso u`fo fosgqh~unegb ncogu d{`f sho _qgjnuhgcu*

?* \hgs nu fosgqh~unegb gk`s Gsfgj" K{ghfgj0

4* H`| c` sho _qgjnuhgcu {odboes ‒gj gxngb {ot`bsn`j0‖

Ehgqso{ ;= Sho Sg`nuf d Bg`&S}

Nj Ehnjg" gj`sho{ d`{f `d fosgqh~uneu g{ùo nj sho snfo `d E`jdenu (e* ?11KEO*. |nsh Bg`&S}* Ho fg~ j`s hgto kooj gj hnus`{negb dnl{o" ks ho e`bchgto kooj9 sho jgfo fogju ‒obco{‖ `{ ‒`bc fgj `d fgs{o |nuc`f*‖ ShoK`ì" SG@ SO EHNJL" nu gss{nksoc s` Bg` S}" gjc d{`f shnu k`ì |ohgto u`fo `d sho fgnj ncogu gk`s sho f`tofojs ij`|j gu Cg`nuf `{Sg`nuf*

K`sh Bg`&S} gjc E`jdenu |o{o qg{s `d g bg{lo{ ebs{gb unsgsn`j nj |hnehsho Eh` c~jgus~ (d{`f 7711 s` <<1 KEO*. hgc koe`fo jgkbo s` iooq gkgbgjeo `d qogeodb {obgsn`ju kos|ooj bègb docgb b`{cu gjc shon{ g{fnou* Gu g{oubs" docgb b`{cu |o{o e`jusgjsb~ dnlhsnjl sh{`lh`s sho bgjc* Nj shnu

unsgsn`j" k`sh E`jdenu gjc Bg` S} |gjsoc s` dnjc gju|o{u s` q{`tnco gusgkbo bndo d`{ qo`qbo9 tn`bojeo" njs{nlo" ehogsnjl" |g{" qbjco{" gjc s{neio{~fgco usgkbo uèngb gjc q`bnsnegb bndo gbfùs nfqùunkbo* Nj shnu e`jsoxs" k`shBg` S} gjc E`jdenu u`lhs s` dnjc g |g~ d`{ hfgj konjlu s` gehnotou`fo {obngkbo gjc usgkbo u`{eo `d qogeo" e`jsojsfojs" tn{so" gjc uoe{ns~*>

J`sneo shgs sho nuuou g{o gbb eojso{oc `j ehgjlo gjc h`| s` e`qo |nshehgjlou shgs g{o lojo{gsnto `d gjxnos~" dog{" tn`bojeo" gjc njuoe{ns~*

D`{ Bg`&S}" qogeo gjc e`jsojsfojs |o{o qg{s `d g bg{lo{ \G^ shgs |ojsko~`jc sho q{`fnuou gjc s{ogsnou `d hfgj konjlu* G unfqbo" hg{f`jnù bndoshgs s{gjueojcoc sho uog{eh d`{ q{`dns" eboto{jouu" uobdnuhjouu" gjc jk{ncboccoun{ou |gu njs{njune s` sho \G^ `{ SG@*

> I`bbo{" M`hj" @{nojsgb Qhnbù`qhnou ;jc oc*" Jo| `{i" Ue{nkjo{„u"

7>8?" q* ;?5



;<

\hgs nu sho SG@0 H`| egj ns ko oxqo{nojeoc0 \h~ còu ns bogc s` g d{oo"hg{f`jnù bndo shgs s{gjueojcu uobdnuhjouu gjc jk{ncboc coun{o0 Nu ns {ogb0 Nu nsqh~unegb0 Nu ns fosgqh~unegb0

Oto{~shnjl nj JGS_[O {odboesu g fguunto" `{co{b~ q`|o{ `{ ojo{l~ shgs

egj gee`fqbnuh nsu {oubsu |nsh`s lnlgjsne { uqo{&us{gnjnjl odd`{s* S`gehnoto e`ffjn`j |nsh shnu djcgfojsgb ojo{l~ nj u`fo oxqo{nojeo bniofocnsgsn`j `{ u`fo oxqo{nojeo |ho{o |o g{o us{ei k~ sho g|ou`fojouu gjckogs~ `d JGS_[O egj ojgkbo u s` gqq{oengso sho tgus ojo{l~ shgs bnou|nshnj gbb `d JGS_[O* ôs" otoj nd |o gqq{oengso sho q`|o{ `d shnu ojo{l~ njjgs{o gjc nj sho jnto{uo" |o usnbb jooc s` ko nj jn`j |nsh ns `{ nj u`fousgso shgs gbb`|u shnu ojo{l~ s` gddoes h`| |o gesgbb~ bnto" |hgs |o c`*

Shnu ojo{l~" ehn" nu egbboc SG@9 ns nu j`s gj~ `jo shnjl nj JGS_[O" j`{ nu nsfg{ioc k~ gss{nksou* Ns nu e`fqbosob~ |nsh`s ehg{geso{nusneu gjc ~os nu shou`{eo d gbb ehg{geso{nusneu* Ns nu sho gku`bsob~ dn{us q{njenqbo d oxnusojeo"q{n`{ s` gbb oxnusnjl shnjlu" lntnjl gbb shnjlu bndo gjc djesn`j" gjc ns e`jusnssousho @JOJOUU jco{b~njl sho fbsnqbnens~ gjc cnto{uns~ `d sho |`{bc* Njfgj~ |g~u" sho SG@ nu to{~ unfnbg{ s` K[GHFGJ nj sho _qgjnuhgcu" k`shg{o fosgqh~unegb j`sn`ju" gjc k`sh egj ko oxqo{nojeoc nj u`fo injc `d focnsgsnto shnjinjl* Nj gccnsn`j" k`sh g{o ko~`jc |hgs |o egj ebog{b~e`jeoqsgbn}o" ~os g{o j`s ko~`jc |hgs |o egj oxqo{nojeo*

Ns còu uoof shgs sho _qgjnuhgcu" h`|oto{" {odboes g {ogu`jnjl q{èouukolnjjnjl |nsh ehgjlo gjc ojcnjl |nsh gj jehgjlnjl" fosgqh~unegb {ogbns~(Gsfgj*K{ghfgj." gjc ns nu j`s ebog{ shgs Bg`&S} oxqbnensb~ e`jjoesoc SG@

|nsh gj~ {ogu`jnjl q{èouu* H`| shoj cnc ho cnue`to{ SG@ `{ sho ojo{l~ `d jgs{o0 Nu sho{o g fosgqh~unegb njunlhs `{ njsnsn`j gs usgio0 Shnu uoofu s` foshgs `jb~ |g~ s` gee`js d`{ sho gddn{fgsn`j shgs SG@ counljgsou g {ogbns~* Nsfus hgto kooj kguoc `j gj njunlhs njs` Jgs{o shgs njsnsntob~ l{guqock`sh `{co{ gjc q`|o{ `{ ojo{l~* Nj sho hnus`{~ `d qhnbù`qh~" fosgqh~unegbnjsnsn`j nu {oe`ljn}oc" d`{ oxgfqbo" k~ Hoj{n Ko{lu`j (78?>&7>37 eo*. gu gbolnsnfgso gbso{jgsnto s` sho injc `d b`lnegb gjgb~unu shgs ojlglou nj {ocenjlshnjlu s` qg{snebou `{ qg{su* Ko{lu`j shnjiu shgs g cn{oes g|g{ojouu `d |hgs nu{ogb" `{ gj nffocngso e`juenùjouu" otoj nd joxq{ouuoc ebog{b~ nj bnjlnusneu~fk`bu" nu g qùunkbo gtojo s` fosgqh~unegb sh`lhs* N shnji Bg`&S}q{ouojsu u |nsh u`foshnjl bnio shnu* Ho còu" h`|oto{" s{~ s` oxq{ouu sho

fosgqh~unegb {ogbns~ guuèngsoc |nsh SG@ nj |`{cu* Gjc shgs oxq{ouun`j nj|`{cu hgu bods u |nsh sho Sg`&So&Ehnjl" |hneh N shnji nu gj gssofqs s` sgbigk`s g fosgqh~unegb {ogbns~ shgs nu u` ojnlfgsne shgs |o egjj`s sgbi gk`s nsnj gj~ ebog{ |g~9 kod`{o sho fosgqh~unegb SG@ gbb `{ |`{cu {oe`nb |nshnjgcowge~* Hgto ~` oto{ hgc gj oxqo{nojeo `d u`foshnjl u` f`tnjl shgs nsfgco ~` doob shgs ~` e`bc j`s egqs{o ns nj |`{cu0 U`foshnjl bnio shgsoxqo{nojeo nu" N shnji" |hgs Bg`&S} fogjs k~ sho oxqo{nojeo `d Sg` njjgs{o*



;8

Shnu njsnsnto g|g{ojouu shgs hg{f`j~" kogs~" `{co{" fgmous~" gjc q`|o{ g{o`jo |nsh jgs{o„u |g~ egj hgqqoj nj `{cnjg{~ hfgj oxqo{nojeo* Nu shnu|hgs sho oxqo{nojeo `d SG@ nu bnio0 Nsu q{ouojeo" Sg` So Ehnjl sogehou" egjko oxqo{nojeoc nj sho |njc" sho f`tofojs `d sho {nto{ `{ sho eb`c" `{ shoe{{ojs nj sho èogj* U`fo gus`jnuhnjl fgjndousgsn`j `d jgs{o„u q`|o{

|hosho{ ns ko gs g fge{` botob `{ gs g fne{` botob (knl `{ ufgbb. egj ko oj`lhs` qs `jo njs` e`jsges |nsh sho ojo{l~ gjc q{ouojeo `d SG@* Ns uoofu shgsBg` S} egbboc qo`qbo s` ‒`qoj‖ shofuobtou s` shnu ojo{l~" s` oxqo{nojeo nsudb`|" koe`fo `jo |nsh shgs ‒|g~‖ nj gbb `d jgs{o u` shgs sho~ fnlhs bnto nsu|g~*

\hgs |gu sho ‒|g~‖ `d sho Sg`0 Ns |gu ‒|&|on‖ `{ odd`{sbouu" uq`jsgjoù"bnio l{guu l{`|njl" `{ |gso{ db`|njl nj hg{f`j~ |nsh q`|o{* Ns |gu j`sgesnjl |nsh ‒d`{enjl‖ `{ ‒us{ntnjl‖" ks |nsh sho uinbb to{~ feh bnio sho uinbb`d gj oxqo{s g{snugj `{ g{snus* ‒Ij`|njl‖ ho{o |`bc uoof s` ko g c`njl `{bntnjl `d sho |g~ `d jgs{o9 ns |gu j`s g ‒ij`|njl gk`s‖ `{ hgtnjl

njd`{fgsn`j gk`s gj `kmoes shgs `jo e`bc shoj uqogi gk`s*

Bg`&S} uqogiu" nj sho Sg` So Ehnjl" `d sho SG@ gu Jgfobouu" sho `{nlnj `d hogtoj gjc og{sh" sho \g~ `d hogtoj9 ns egjj`s ko jgfoc koeguo ns nu|nsh`s cntnun`ju" cnusnjesn`ju" { ehg{geso{nusneu* H`| c` |o ij`| shnu0 Shooxqo{nojeo `d e`ffjn`j |nsh sho djcgfojsgb u`{eo gjc ojo{l~ nj gbb `d jgs{o u`foh`| bogtou u jgkbo s` cnddo{ojsngso |hgs |o oxqo{nojeo9 |oegj `jb~ ug~ shgs sho g|ou`fo" jcnddo{ojsngsoc" djcgfojsgb q`|o{ `{ojo{l~ nu |nsh`s d`{f gjc ehgjlo" nu q{n`{ s` gbb oxnusnjl shnjlu" gjc lntoujns~ s` gbb |nsh`s konjl bnfnsoc gjc coso{fnjoc* G {ogu`jnjl q{èouu bniosho `jo |o j`sneoc nj sho _qgjnuhgcu nu j`s ho{o" ks ns còu uoof bnio gjnjsnsn`j `{ g d`{f `d nffocngso e`juenùjouu sgiou qbgeo*‖ Nj sho Sg`&So Ehnjl gjc nj _qgjnuhgcu {odboesn`j kolnju |nsh sho qhoj`fojg(gqqog{gjeou. `d ehgjlo" gjc g f`to d{`f ehgjlo s` g l{`jc shgs oxqbgnjugbb ehgjlo gjc u`foh`| nu j`s nsuobd ehgjlnjl sgiou qbgeo* K`sh cèfojsuhgto g dguenjgsnjl gqq{oengsn`j `d sho q`|o{ `d sho ‒jehgjlnjl‖ gu tglogjc jebog{ gu ns fg~ ko* N shnji ns nu hnlhb~ q{`kgkbo shgs k`sh _qgjnuhgcugjc Sg`&So&Ehnjl q{ouojs u |nsh s|` ubnlhsb~ cnddo{ojs |g~u `d ij`|njlsh{`lh fosgqh~unegb oxqo{nojeo* Sho dn{us nu g d`{f `d {ogu`jnjl shgs nuh~q`shosnegb" kguoc `j sho qhoj`fojgb guqoesu `d ehgjlo gjc f`tou s` gjnjunlhsdb {oe`ljnsn`j `d gj jehgjlnjl q`|o{* Sho `sho{ nu g d`{f `d

nffocngso njsnsn`j d{`f sho q`|o{db ehgjlou nj Jgs{o s` g u`{eo `{ojo{l~ shgs nu ko~`jc gbb ebog{ sh`lhs* K`sh qhnbù`qhnegb cèfojsu" N shnji"ebgnf shgs shnu jehgjlnjl q`|o{ egj hgto nffojuo q{gesnegb kojodns d`{hfgj bndo gjc hfgj cotob`qfojs*

Ns e`bc gbu` ko ebgnfoc shgs sho _qgjnuhgcu kolnj |nsh ehgjlo gjc g{{nto gsgj jehgjlnjl koeguo sho~ qg~ gssojsn`j s` sho ‒oxqbnens‖ jooc d`{ g egugboxqbgjgsn`j |hnbo sho Sg`&So&Ehnjl kolnju |nsh sho q`|o{db ehgjlou nj



;>

Jgs{o gjc còu j`s qg~ oxqbnens ks gj ‒nfqbnens‖ jooc d`{ g egugboxqbgjgsn`j* Gs gj~ {gso" sho s|` cèfojsu uoof s` ko sgbinjl gk`s unfnbg{{ogbnsnou*

\o egjj`s sgbi gk`s sho Sg` koeguo `jb~ sho bnfnsoc gjc coso{fnjoc egj ko

sgbioc gk`s9 d`{ shnu {ogu`j" |o egbb sho SG@ sho jbnfnsoc gjcjcnddo{ojsngsoc shgs uusgnju sho fgjnd`bc `d sho jnto{uo* Ns uh`bc ko ebog{shgs SG@ gjc K[GHFGJ g{o unfnbg{ ncogu `{ j`sn`ju" gjc shgs k`sh `d shof{oq{ouojs fosgqh~unegb j`sn`ju shgs l` ko~`jc `{ ebog{ e`jeoqsu gjc g{os{b~ gssofqsu s` sgbi gk`s |hgs |o c` j`s ij`| ebog{b~* Nj k`sh |o c` j`sij`| |nsh ebog{ e`jeoqsu |hgs |o g{o sgbinjl gk`s" ~os |o oxqo{nojeou`foshnjl fosgqh~unegb" ko~`jc sho qh~unegb |`{bc d unjlbg{ shnjlu*

\hnbo |o egjj`s sgbi gk`s SG@ to{~ ebog{b~" |o egj {odboes q`j `{oxqo{nojeo `d sho SG@ gjc gssofqs s` sgbi gee{gsob~ (fùsb~ jolgsntob~." kssho nfq`{sgjs odd`{s nu s` hobq qo`qbo oxqo{nojeo sho g|ou`fo q`|o{ gjcojo{l~ nj JGS_[O koeguo SG@ nu fgjndous nj gbb `d jgs{o* H`| còuJGS_[O |`{i0 Oto{~shnjl uoofu s` hgqqoj nj jgs{o |nsh`s us{gnjnjl s`gee`fqbnuh" j`s e`js{ntnjl9 ‒SG@ njtg{ngkb~ sgiou j` gesn`j" ~os j`shnjl nubods jc`jo*‖ Nd jgs{o bosu oto{~shnjl hgqqoj nj gj ogu~ gjc uq`jsgjoù|g~" shgs ojo{l~ egj ko oxqo{nojeoc gu g |g~ d`{ hfgj konjlu s` uo |hgsjgs{gb q`|o{ sho~ hgto gee`{cnjlb~*

\hoj Sg` So Ehnjl sgbiu gk`s jgs{o„u djesn`jnjl gu g j`j&us{ntnjl" ns{ou`{su s` jolgsnto so{fu koeguo sho jolgsnto gesgbb~ nu bouu bnfnsoc shgjqùnsnto so{fu otoj sh`lh sho lgnju nj oxsojun`j g{o `dduos k~ sho qùnsnto„u

lgnju nj uqoendnens~* Sho Sg` So Ehnjl uoofu s` shnji shgs |hgsoto{ hguuqoendne oxnusojeo egjj`s ko bsnfgsob~ {ogb nj g fosgqh~unegb uojuo koeguo nsuddo{u sho bnfnsgsn`ju `d sho uqoendne* Glgnj sho Sg` So Ehnjl bniou s` sgbigk`s SG@ unjl jolgsntou" o*l* sho SG@ nu bnio j`shnjl otoj sh`lh ns nu j`f`{o j`shnjl shgj ns nu bnio u`foshnjl9 SG@ unfqb~ s{gjueojcu sho uojuou*ôs" sho oddoesu `{ e`juowojeou `d sho oxqo{nojeo `d sho SG@ {odboesu`foshnjl d h`| sho SG@ djesn`ju" n*o* odd`{sbouub~" |nsh`s us{gnjnjl {e`js{ntnjl*

Sho SG@ nu egbboc sho |g~ `d hogtoj gjc ‒sho |g~ d`bb`|oc k~ shonjgjnfgso jnto{uo gu |obb gu k~ gbb gjnfgso konjlu nj Jgs{o‖" gjc ns nu sho

qg{gcnlf d`{ gbb hfgj konjlu gu |obb* Sho Sg` nu ugnc s` djesn`j k~‒s{jnjl kgei‖ gjc s` q{odo{ ‒sho ukfnuunto |g~‖ `{ sho ‒|ogi*‖ Sho|ogi" ukfnuunto" kojs g{o gbb nfq`{sgjs fosgqh`{u `{ coue{nqsn`ju `d sho |g~sho SG@ hgu e`juowojeou nj hfgj kohgtn`{* Gj oshù `d fooijouu"ukfnuuntojouu" j`j&us{ntnjl" j`j&e`jsojsn`j e`qboc |nsh g |nbbnjljouu s`qguuntob~ {ounus gll{ouun`j hgu kooj guuèngsoc |nsh Sg nusu* Ns uh`bc koj`soc shgs gbfùs gbb d`{fu `d fg{sngb g{su sglhs nj Gung hgto shon{ {``su njSg`nus shnjinjl gjc sho ST uo{nou Ijl D uh`|u ebog{ njdbojeou d{`f



51

Sg`nuf* Sg`nusu {olg{c sho uo `d g{fu gu g couqo{gso {ofoc~ s` |hneh `jouh`bc {ou`{s `jb~ |hoj sho{o nu j` eh`neo gjc gu dnjgb fogju*

Sho so{fu ‒| |on‖ gjc ‒| fnjl‖ fogj |nsh`s gesn`j gjc |nsh`sjgfo* ‒Sho Sg` joto{ gesu ~os j` shnjl nu bods jc`jo‖ oxq{ouuou sho wnos

djesn`jnjl `d sho SG@" {obojsbouub~ gee`fqbnuhnjl nsu q`|o{dbs{gjud`{fgsn`j gee`{cnjl s` sho `{co{ `d jgs{o* Sho jgs{gb `{co{ nu sho |g~`d lojnjob~ l``c hfgj kohgtn`{*

Uoto{gb sho{ qbgeou gjc snfo qo{n`cu sh{`lh`s sho |`{bc hgto gc`qsocncogu unfnbg{ s` sho Sg` So Ehnjl9 d`{ oxgfqbo" sho [`fgjsneu nj 7>sheojs{~ \ouso{j Qhnbù`qh~" nj Bnso{gs{o" Hnus`{~" Fune" gjc G{s |o{o gbbl`to{joc k~ g e`jtnesn`j shgs JGS_[O |gu gj ofkbof `d njdnjnso ojo{l~" gdnjnso fgjndousgsn`j `d sho njdnjnso" gjc shgs ns hgc g f`{gb fouuglo d`{ gbbhfgj konjlu9 u`fo |ojs u` dg{ gu s` lb`{nd~ sho ‒j`kbo ugtglo‖ gu `jo |h`bntoc ebùo s` jgs{o |hnbo `sho{u gccoc shgs entnbn}gsn`j" j`s Jgs{o" |gu shou`{eo `d gbb hfgj tneou gjc e`{{qsn`ju ( Uoo [ùuog" \`{cu|`{sh"E`bo{nclo" H`bco{nj" Holob gjc fgj~ `sho{u njebcnjl sho Gfo{negjS{gjueojcojsgbnusu Sh`{og" Ofo{u`j" Dbbo{.*

Gj`sho{ fgjndousgsn`j `d ‒uqn{ns‖ nj jgs{o nu d`jc gbb `to{ sho q{o&f`co{j`{ g{ehgne |`{bc nj sho qhnbù`qh~ egbboc ‒Gjnfnuf‖ |hneh |o |nbb gjgb~}ok{nodb~ nj sho joxs ehgqso{* Ho{o nj Gjnfnuf" g uqn{ns q`|o{ nu guuèngsoc |nshoto{~ unjlbo shnjl nj Jgs{o gjc oto{~shnjl nj Jgs{o nu qo{u`jndnoc gu g{oubs* Nj shnu |g~" Gjnfnuf nu bnio Sg`nuf gjc fg~ |obb ko g d`{o{jjo{ s` nskoeguo fgj~ gjnfnusne uènosnou oxnusoc kod`{o sho snfo `d Bg`&S}*

Ho{o |o g{o njso{ousoc nj sho fosgqh~unegb d`jcgsn`ju `d Sg`nuf gjc shoq{gesnegb e`juowojeou nj hfgj bndo shgs {oubs d{`f unjl Sg`nus fosgqh~uneus` {ou`bto hfgj q{`kbofu* Sg`nuf nu" h`|oto{" j`s gb`jo nj sho hnus`{~ `d qhnbù`qh~ ogus gjc |ous* Bnio Sg`nuf" [`fgjsnenuf gjc Gjnfnuf |o{ofosgqh~unegb odd`{su unfnbg{ s` Sg`nuf shgs |gjsoc s` uo fosgqh~uneu s`{ou`bto nuuou nj hfgj bndo* Nj sho ncog `d sho SG@ gjc sho ncog `d sho njdnjnso`{ uqn{ns nj jgs{o fosgqh~unegb oxqo{nojeou g{o ensoc gu uodb d`{ hfgjcotob`qfojs* \o uh`bc ko gkbo s` uoo shgs nj sho ncogu `d ‒K{ghfgj‖ gjc‒Sg`‖ gjc ‒Uqn{ns‖ g d`{f `d q{gesnegb {gsn`jgbns~" h`|oto{ tglo" nugctègsoc gu qg{s `d gj ‒gxngb‖ uhnds s` q{`f`so hfgj f`{gb gjc uqn{nsgb

cotob`qfojs*

Sho Sg` `d Bogco{uhnq nu g e`jsofq`{g{~ k`ì&`j&sgqo shgs sgbiu gk`sgqqb~njl sho fosgqh~unegb oxqo{nojeo `d Sg` s` fgjglofojs gjc kunjouugcfnjnus{gsn`j* Joocbouu s` ug~" sho k`ì nbbus{gsou g us~bo `d bogco{uhnq shgsnu j`s eò{ento" cofgjcnjl" e`js{ntnjl" ks nu {gsho{ e`bbolngb" cofè{gsne"j`j&gsh`{nsg{ngj" jguufnjl" gjc {oeoqsnto* Ns gctègsou d`{fgsn`j `d



57

sogfu d`{ coenun`j& fginjl gjc kunjouu us{gsolnou* Ns ebgnfu shgs sho ojo{l~`{ SG@ jco{ gjc |nshnj ogeh qo{u`j„u jgs{o nu sho fgm`{ {ou`{eo d`{ gbbgcfnjnus{gsn`j `d kunjouu* @jo e`juowojeo nu shgs sho e`ff`j ojo{l~ `{e`ff`j coenun`j fginjl |hoj gesgbb~ k{`lhs `s gjc d`{foc njs` q`bnenougjc q{gesneou hgu f`{o q`|o{ gjc obnensu kosso{ {oubsu shgj `jo qo{u`j„u

coenun`ju gb`jo* Glgnj" sho f`{gb gjc uèngb e`juowojeou d g fosgqh~unegboxqo{nojeo g{o `sbnjoc gjc gctgjeoc gu g d`{f `d ueeouudb hfgjkohgtn`{*

Gbfùs gbb sho fg{sngb g{su g{o gbu` fgjndousgsn`ju `d Sg`nus to{un`ju `d ojo{l~" gjc nj sho d`{fo{ sobotnun`j uo{nou Ijl D" |o egj uoo g Sg`nus&Kcchnus f`ji |h` nu g fguso{ `d fg{sngb g{su cnuqbg~ shùo g{su nj gesn`j gssho ugfo snfo gu ho nbbus{gsou sho odd`{sbouu |g~ `d sho Sg`*

Dojl&Uhn nu gj`sho{ oxgfqbo `d Sg`nuf `{ u`fo Sg`nus ncogu nj q{gesneo* Nsgqqbnou ojo{l~" kgbgjeo" gjc hg{f`j~ nj jgs{gb shnjlu s` sho g{snusneg{{gjlofojs `d `{ nffocngso ojtn{`jfojs9 njso{n`{ coe`{gs`{u" g{snusu"counljo{u egj gbb gqq{oengso h`| sho q`|o{ gjc ojo{l~ `d jgs{o gjc jgs{gbshnjlu hgto gj gddoes `j u* \o c`j„s nffocngsob~ shnji shgs shnu nu g d`{f `d fosgqh~unegb shnjinjl" ks ns nu geij`|boclnjl g fosgqh~unegb cnfojun`j s`jgs{o `{ s` `{ e`juenùjouu `d jgs{o `{ k`sh*

Oxeo{qsu d{`f sho Sg`&So&Ehnjl71

‒Sho s{oo shgs k{uhoc sho hogtoju l{o| d{`f sho snjnous uq{`s* Sho fùsobolgjs qgl`cg" jnjo us`{nou hnlh" {ùo d{`f g ufgbb kolnjjnjl*‖

‒Sho Sg` shgs egj ko s`bc `d nu j`s sho oso{jgb Sg`9 sho jgfo shgs egj kojgfoc nu j`s sho oso{jgb jgfo9 sho jgfobouu nu sho `{nlnj `d hogtoj gjcog{sh*‖

‒S` ij`| shgs ~` c` j`s ij`| nu sho kous* S` q{osojc s` ij`| |hoj ~`c` j`s nu g cnuoguo*‖

‒Sho uglo coun{ou s` hgto j` coun{o** shu ho `{ uho uqq`{su gbb shnjlu nj shon{jgs{gb usgso" ks còu j`s sgio gj~ gesn`j*‖

71 Sg` So Ehnjl" Sho \g~ `d Bg` S}" s{gju* \njl&suns Ehgj"Njcngjgq`bnu" K`kku Fo{{nbb" 7>45" gbb w`sou gjc {odo{ojeou g{o s`shnu ocnsn`j*



5;

‒G l``c s{gtobo{ bogtou j` s{gei `{ s{geo*‖

S` jco{usgjc Sg` nu s` qojos{gso (njs` Jgs{o. |nsh`s sginjl gj~ gesn`j9 nsnu s` q{`ceo gjc {og{ oto{~shnjl |nsh`s sginjl qùuouun`j `d gj~shnjl9 ns nus` ges" ks j`s s` {ob~ q`j `jo„u `|j gknbns~9 ns nu s` bogc" ks j`s fguso{

gj~`jo `{ gj~shnjl* Shnu nu egbboc q{`d`jc gjc uoe{os tn{so*‖

‒[oto{un`j nu sho gesn`j `d SG@9 |ogijouu nu sho djesn`j d Sg`* \hgs nujoococ nu j`s njso{do{ojeo |nsh sho |`{bc ks jco{usgjcnjl SG@* Gj~`jo|h` d`{eou ehgjlou q`j sho |`{bc |nbb njm{o hnfuobd9 sho |nuo ij`|uoj`lh s` c` j`shnjl ks d`bb`| sho qgsso{j `d sho jnto{uo" sho njoddgkboSG@" shgs lntou `{co{ gjc ukusgjeo s` gbb shnjlu*‖

‒Sg` nu bnio gj ofqs~ k`|b shgs h`bcu sho ojo{l~ nj gbb shnjlu" gjc ns nu shofogju k~ |hneh shnjlu e`fo s` ko" sgio uhgqo" gjc {ogeh dbdnbbfojs*‖

Ehgqso{ 5 Gjnfnuf gjc Jgsnto Gfo{negj Fosgqh~uneu

Qhnbù`qh~ nj gbfùs gbb sho Jgsnto Gfo{negj jgsn`ju gjc s{nkou nu j`suoqg{gso d{`f sho g{s" uenojeo" e{ogsn`j f~shu" us`{nou" {obnln`ju" gjc |`{bc&tno|u `d sho qo`qbo* D`{ shnu {ogu`j" |o hgto s` uoqg{gso `s shofosgqh~unegb cnfojun`ju d Gjnfnus (Jgsnto Gfo{negju gjc `sho{u. sh`lhsgjc ebs{o s` los gs shon{ qhnbù`qhnegb qo{uqoesntou* Jgsnto Gfo{negjFosgqh~uneu nu ks `jo oxgfqbo `d g |`{bc&|nco fosgqh~uneu ij`|j guGjnfnuf* Shnu d`{f `d qhnbù`qh~ nu d`jc gbb `to{ sho |`{bc (Gd{neg"Gus{gbng" J`{sh gjc U`sh Gfo{neg" Gung" O{`qo." gjc nu sho fùs gjenojsd`{f `d qhnbù`qhnegb shnjinjl otoj sh`lh ns q{o&cgsou sho ofo{lojeo `d shod`{fgb ukmoes g{og egbboc ‒qhnbù`qh~*‖ D`{fgb ‒qhnbù`qh~‖ nu g L{ooiso{f" gjc ns ofo{loc |nsh sho ‒q{o&Uè{gsneu‖ nj sho {oln`j `d sho |`{bcij`|j gu ‒Gung Fnj`{‖ `{ N`jng* U`" |hoj |o uqogi `d Gjnfnuf |o fogjg bg{lob~ njd`{fgb |g~ d shnjinjl shgs hgc qhnbù`qhnegb ncogu fnxoc |nsh nsukobnodu" f~shu" us`{nou" gjc bolojcu* N uqogi ho{o `d Gjnfnuf gu ns |gu d`jcgbb `to{ sho |`{bc" ks njebcou Jgsnto Gfo{negju gjc `sho{ njcnlojùebs{ou*

Sho dn{us nfq`{sgjs qo{uqoesnto nj gbb gjnfnusne ebs{ou {oubsu d{`f shon{

ebùojouu s` Jgs{o9 bnio sho Sg`nusu" Gjnfnusu g{o g qo`qbo ebùo s` jgs{okoeguo jgs{o nu sho u`{eo `d shon{ bntobnh``c9 sho~ g{o g qo`qbo coqojcojsq`j jgs{o d`{ u{tntgb9 sho~ jgfo shofuobtou gdso{ qbgjsu gjc gjnfgbu9 sho~sgbi |nsh jgs{o" bnusoj s` jgs{o uqoginjl s` shof* Gjc u` |o ug~ shgsGjnfnusu hgto g fosgqh~uneu d jgs{o9 jgs{o nu g bg{lo&uegbo" gbboje`fqguunjl {ogbns~ d`{ shof* Otoj sh`lh jgs{o nu qh~unegb" sho dges shgs nsd`{fu gj gbb&oje`fqguunjl {ogbns~ lntou jgs{o g fosgqh~unegb ehg{geso{*Jgs{o gjc hfgj jgs{o g{o k`sh qg{su `d g bg{lo{ ‒jgs{gb e`ffjns~*‖



55

Gjnfnuf nu gbu` g fosgqh~uneu `d uqn{ns koeguo oto{~shnjl nj jgs{o hgu guqn{ns9 bgiou" {nto{u" d`{ousu" f`jsgnju" tgbbo~u gbb hgto g uqn{ns* Sho e`{j"|hogs" u`nb" ugbf`j" gkgb`jo" coo{" kog{" e`~`so gbb hgto g uqn{ns* Ho{o shouqn{ns guuèngsoc |nsh ogeh qg{snebg{ jgs{gb shnjl fogju shgs oto{~shnjl njjgs{o nu obotgsoc s` sho botob `d g e`ffjns~ |nsh hfgj konjlu gjc g

e`ffjns~ kos|ooj hfgj konjlu gjc gbb `d jgs{o oxnusu nj sho fnjcu `d Gjnfnusu sho |`{bc `to{** \hoj oto{~shnjl nj jgs{o nu obotgsoc s` sho botob`d g hfgj e`ffjns~" |o hgto g us{`jl ojtn{`jfojsgb e`juenùjouu shgs nuqg{snebg{b~ gss{gesnto s`cg~" nj sho ;1&;7us eojs{~" koeguo |o egjgqq{oengso sho jooc d`{ q{`soesnjl sho ojtn{`jfojs q`j |hneh gbb bntnjlshnjlu coqojc* Gjc |o egj gqq{oengso sho uojunsntns~ njt`btoc |hoj hfgjkonjlu {olg{c gbb `sho{ bntnjl shnjlu nj jgs{o gu qg{s `d sho hfgje`ffjns~*

Fosgqh~uneu `d Bgjlglo gjc \`{c {odo{u s` sho dguenjgsnjl {olg{c shgsJgsnto Gfo{negju gjc `sho{ Gjnfnusu hgto d`{ sho uqìoj |`{c gjc nsu

q`|o{9 sho~ h`bc shgs jgfnjl `{ uqoginjl nu g |g~ `d q`|o{dbb~ k{njlnjl{oubsu njs` oxnusojeo* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" |`{cu uqìoj `{ gesoc `s k{njl gk`s|hgs sho~ {odo{ s`" `{ egj k{njl gk`s |hgs sho~ {odo{ s`* Q`|o{ gjc oddnege~g{o gssgehoc s` bgjlglo gjc ouqoengbb~ s` us`{nou gk`s sho `{nlnju `d sho s{nko`{ jgsn`j (f~shu.* C` |`{cu hgto q`|o{ s` oddoes0 Nu shnu g {ogbnusnefosgqh~unegb kobnod0 \hgs c` ~` shnji0 Eo{sgnjb~" |o c` ij`| s`cg~ shgs|hoj ehnbc{oj g{o to{kgbb~ gkuoc cg~ nj gjc cg~ `s" shùo |`{cu hgto gq`|o{db s{gfgsne oddoes" gjc unfnbg{b~ |hoj ehnbc{oj g{o oje`{gloc" s{usocgjc uqìoj s` nj |`{cu `d eg{njl `{ otoj cnuenqbnjoc nj g eg{njl |g~" shùo|`{cu gjc gesn`ju gbu` hgto g q`|o{db gjc bgusnjl oddoes d`{ sho kosso{*

\hoj Jgsnto Gfo{negju sobb sho f~shne us`{~ `d shon{ `{nlnju gjc cgjeo `sshgs us`{~ `{ eobok{gso ns nj fune (u`jl." sho~ g{o ojlglnjl nj gj otojs shgs nuf`{o bnio g {obntnjl `d sho q`|o{ cnuqbg~oc |hoj shon{ dn{us gjeous`{u egfonjs` oxnusojeo9 shnu qg{snenqgsn`j nj q`|o{ shgs dn{us fgco shon{ |`{bc `{oxqbgnjoc sho `{nlnj `d shon{ s{nko ojgkboc shof s` uo shgs q`|o{ s` fgio`sho{ shnjlu hgqqoj bgso{ `j nj sho ds{o koeguo sho~ hgto kooj" `{ kobnotos` hgto kooj" ojo{ln}oc k~ shgs `{nlnjgb q`|o{* U`" fginjl g s{nq" g jo|dgfnb~" g hjs" gj`sho{ tnbbglo egj gbb ko oddoesntob~ c`jo nd sho q`|o{ `d shodn{us gjeous`{u nu qg{snenqgsoc nj sh{`lh ojgesfojs `d sho `{nlnj f~sh*Uqìoj gjc gesoc `s |`{cu gjc us`{nou hgto q`|o{ s` k{njl u`foshnjl njs`

oxnusojeo* C` |o usnbb kobnoto u`foshnjl bnio shnu0 N shnji u` koeguo |o sgbigk`s ‒konjl f`toc‖ |hoj |o hog{ `d u`fo`jo„u us`{~ ouqoengbb~ nd ns{odboesu e`{glo `{ qo{uoto{gjeo nj sho dgeo `d gcto{uns~* Nj dges" |`{cu `d oje`{glofojs `{ cnue`{glofojs c` hgto gj nfqges q`j uqu~eh`b`lnegbb~9 |o g{o gddoesoc k~ sho uqìoj |`{c koeguo shgs |`{ceg{{nou doobnjl" of`sn`j" qguun`j" sh`lhs" gjc njdbojeo |nshnj nsu ue`qo*\`{cu hgto q`|o{ |nsh u s`cg~ mus gu |nsh Gjnfnusu nj gjenojs snfou*



53

Fosgqh~uneu `d snfo nu sho d`{sh nsof nj sho fosgqh~uneu `d JgsntoGfo{negju9 ho{o sho tno| `d snfo nu bnio shon{ tno| `d jgs{o" gbboje`fqguunjl* Sho uojuo `d snfo nu e~ebnegb `{ en{ebg{ koeguo shgs nu sho|g~ shgs jgs{o ho{uobd ehgjlou* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" sho ehgjlou `d uogu`ju" cg~njs` jnlhs" qgsso{ju `d |ogsho{ guuèngsoc |nsh uogu`ju" fnl{gsn`j qgsso{ju"

gjc f`jshb~ e~ebou `d sho f``j gbb uh`| g en{ebg{ `{ e~ebnegb (j`s g bnjog{.qgsso{j* Shnu e~ebnegb tno| d ehgjlo gjc nsu fogu{ofojs (snfo. uoofu{ofg{igkbo s` u s`cg~ koeguo |o g{o u` {of`toc d{`f ns gjc u` cooqb~u{{`jcoc k~ gj gbb&oje`fqguunjl bnjog{ tno| `d snfo* ôs" |o s`` hgto ge~ebnegb tno| `d jgs{gb snfo gu uogu`ju ehgjlo gjc cg~ ehgjlou njs` jnlhs"gjc |o fg~ gbu` hgto g uojuo shgs eo{sgnj snfou o*l* kn{shcg~u" gjjnto{ug{nou"`{ h`bncg~u" kog{ {ofofk{gjeo gjc {oqogsnjl glgnj gjc glgnj koeguo sho~fg{i otojsu shgs egjj`s ko bnfnsoc s` g unjlbo bnjog{ f`fojs `d eh{`j`b`lnegbsnfo*

Uenojeo `d sho e`je{oso nu sho dndsh fosgqh~unegb nsof9 ks ns nu f`{o us{nesb~

uqoginjl gj oqnusof`b`lnegb nsof koeguo sho tno| d uenojeo {odboesu g tno|`d `jo injc d ij`|boclo* Uenojeo `d sho e`je{oso nu g qh{guo uoc k~ shodgfù Gjsh{`q`b`lnus" Ebgco Botn&Us{guu" gjc ns {odo{u s` g qhoj`foj`jd`jc gbb `to{ sho q{o&f`co{j |`{bc |ho{o qo`qbo hgjc c`|j `{gbb~ d{`fdgsho{ s` u`j gjc f`sho{ s` cglhso{ ij`|boclo `d eguo gjc oddoes{obgsn`juhnqu shgs hgto kooj d`jc snfo gjc snfo glgnj s` |`{i* Nj dnobcu bniofocnenjo" hjsnjl" dg{fnjl" e`ìnjl" |ogtnjl ose* qo`qbo j`sneo ofqn{negbb~shgs u`fo nsofu g{o qg{snebg{b~ oddoesnto nj k{njlnjl gk`s uqoendne {oubsu"gjc shnu ij`|boclo losu qguuoc `j `{gbb~ u` shgs ns knbcu q njs` g s{gcnsn`j* 77

Nj shnu |g~" g tgus gf`js `d lojnjo uenojeo" ofqn{negbb~ `kuo{toc eguo gjcoddoes {obgsn`juhnqu" losu geefbgsoc gjc qguuoc j* Ho{ku gjc `njsfojsu

d{`f ho{ku g{o |obb ij`|j nj focnenjgb s{gcnsn`ju" gjc u`fo `d `{e`ff`jb~ uoc nsofu" guqn{nj" gbò to{g" fusg{c ose* l` kgei shùgjcu `d ~og{u s` q{o&f`co{j `{nlnju* Uenojeo" nj shnu uojuo" cnc j`s dn{us gqqog{ nj shof`co{j |ouso{j |`{bc d{`f sho 73sh s` sho 7<sh eojs{nou eo*" ks egj kos{geoc kgei s` {of`so hfgj gjeous`{u |h` bntoc" qo{hgqu gu og{b~ gu 5?"111~og{u gl`*

Ug~njlu D{`f Jgsnto Gfo{negju7;

77 Ebgco Botn&Us{guu" Sho Ugtglo Fnjc " Ehnegl`" _jnt* `d

Ehnegl` Q{ouu" 7>4;

7;



5?

‒ N e`fo d{`f g snfo nj |hneh qbgjsu gjc gjnfgbu" uj gjc f``j" tgbbo~u gjcf`jsgnju" bgiou gjc us{ogfu" d`{ousu gjc l{guubgjcu gbb hgc g u`b9 N uqìo|nsh shof gjc sho~ uqìo |nsh fo‖ ( Ehnod Cgj Lo`{lo.

‒T`neo gk`to" t`neo `d shjco{ Uqogi d{`f sho cg{i `d eb`cu9 T`neo kob`|"

L{guuh`qqo{ t`neo" uqogi d{`f sho l{ooj `d qbgjsu9 u` fg~ sho og{sh kokogsndb‖ (Jgtgh` eo{of`jngb u`jl.

‒Gu N usgjc gb`jl sho u{dgeo `d sho Og{sh Uho ug~u EHNBC s` fo" uho ug~uL[GJCEHNBC s` fo*** Sho to{~ njjo{ d`{f `d OG[SH e`jsnjou s` f`to|nsh fo" hgu {nuoj |nsh fo" nu usgjcnjl |nsh fo" gjc njcooc {ofgnjuusgsn`jg{~ |nshnj fo*‖ ( Kbouunjl|g~ U`jl `d Jgtgh`.

D`{ g f`{o nj coqsh usc~ `d Jgsnto Gfo{negj Fosgqh~uneu ho{o gs Co Gj}gE`bbolo uoo NEU 33 ‒Gfo{negj Njcngj \`{bc Tno|u‖

Sho d`bb`|njl oxeo{qs nu d{`f Mùoqh Egfqkobb„u E{ogsnto F~sh`b`l~* Nnjebco ns ho{o koeguo ns `ddo{u g jnwo njso{q{osgsn`j `d sho q`|o{ `d f~shgjc nsu fogjnjl* Egfqkobb |{nsou" ‒sho {nuo gjc dgbb d entnbn}gsn`ju nj sho b`jl"k{`gc e`{uo `d hnus`{~ egj ko uooj s` hgto kooj bg{lob~ g djesn`j `d shonjsol{ns~ gjc e`loje~ `d shon{ uqq`{snjl egj`ju `d f~sh9 d`{ j`s gsh`{ns~ks guqn{gsn`j nu sho f`sntgs`{" knbco{" gjc s{gjud`{fo{ `d entnbn}gsn`j* F~shnu gj `{lgjn}gsn`j `d u~fk`bu k~ |hneh sho ojo{lnou `d guqn{gsn`j g{o otìocgjc lgsho{oc s`|g{c g dèu* Sho fouuglo bogqu d{`f hog{s s` hog{s k~ |g~`d sho k{gnj" gjc |ho{o sho k{gnj nu j&qo{ugcoc sho fouuglo egjj`s qguu*‖75

Shnu qguuglo ullousu shgs f~sh hgu nsu `|j bnso{g{~ d`{f gjc shgs nsufogjnjl gjc s{sh coqojc `j {oe`ljn}njl shgs bnso{g{~ d`{f* Nd sho d`{f nuj`s hnus`{~ `{ hnus`{negb jg{{gsnto" ks sho bgjlglo `d sho hog{s" `d c{ogf" `{dgn{~ sgbo" shoj guqn{gsn`j nu sho io~ s` jco{usgjcnjl gjc otgbgsnjl shofogjnjl gjc s{sh nj f~sh* GUQN[GSN@J {odo{u s` |h`f `{ |hgs gqo{u`j `{ l{`q `d qo{u`ju b`to" |gjs" h`qo d`{" c{ogf gk`s" `{ coun{o* Ns nusho fnjc `d sho hog{s gjc sho bgjlglo `d sho hog{s shgs losu oxq{ouuoc njf~sh*

D`{ oxgfqbo" sho Jg}n f~sh oxq{ouuoc g b`to `{ coun{o d`{ g q{o G{~gj {geo

ks ns hgc g to{~ jg{{`| ue`qo koeguo ns cnc j`s gqqogb s` fùs qo`qbo„u {ogb

75 Egfqkobb" Mùoqh" Sho Fguiu d L`c=E{ogsnto F~sh`b`l~" Jo|

^`{i" Tninjl" 7>48" q* ?



54

b`tou" coun{ou" `{ h`qou9 {gsho{ ns gqqogboc s` g ufgbb jfko{ `d qo`qbo gjc s`shon{ b`to uh{ntoboc k~ dog{* Ns cnc j`s qguu sho egj`j `d g lojnjo f~sh*

K~ e`js{gus" sho f~sh `d Gfo{neg hgu g feh k{`gco{ kguo `d gqqogb koeguons guqn{ou s` l``cu gjc tgbou shgs gbfùs gbb qo`qbo gbb `to{ sho |`{bc

gesgbb~ c` |gjs d`{ shofuobtou gjc d { `jo gj`sho{* Musneo" dgn{jouu"owgbns~ `d `qq`{sjns~" d{ooc`f s` l{`| gjc cotob`q `jo„u uinbbu" geeouu s`hnlho{ ocegsn`j" gcowgso focnegb eg{o" coeojs hùnjl" gjc uoe{ns~* Shouog{o gbb bolnsnfgso gjc |ncob~ geeoqsoc b`tou `{ coun{ou9 gu guqn{gsn`ju sho~d`{f g e`ff`j `{ k{`gc kguoc uos `d hfgj b`tou gjc shon{ ue`qo gjcgqqogb d`{f g lg{gjs`{ `d shon{ fogjnjl gjc s{sh* Sho~ g{o {oe`ljn}oc gu{nlhsu `{ qg{s `d musneo nj `{ e`jsofq`{g{~ |`{bc* Otoj nd u`fo l{`qu g{ouhgfobouub~ oxebcoc d{`f oxqo{nojenjl sho q{`fnuo `d sho f~sh" shgs to{~dges e`jusnssou g bolnsnfgso l{`jc d`{ uèngb ehgjlo u` shgs sho ncogbu `d shof~sh fg~ e`jsnjo s` hgto gj oddoesnto" j`s fo{ob~ to{kgb" q`|o{ s` ojgkbosho f~sh s` {osgnj nsu f~shne q`|o{* G to{~ l``c kg{`foso{ `d sho q`|o{ `d

shnu f~sh bnou nj gj oxgfnjgsn`j `d sho Knbb `d [nlhsu (78sh eojs{~. gjc gbu`nj sho _*J* Egsgb`lo `d Hfgj [nlhsu* K`sh cèfojsu" gjc `sho{u bnioshof" q{ouojs sho fnjc gjc hog{su `d qo`qbo |nsh g to{~ l``c oxqo{nojeo `d sho q`|o{ `d f~sh* Qo{hgqu sho to{~ kous e`jsofq`{g{~ oxq{ouun`j `d shoq`|o{ `d f~sh nu nj Fg{snj Bsho{ Injl M{*„ Hnu N Hgto g C{ogf Uqooehcobnto{oc nj \guhnjls`j C*E* gs sho honlhs `d sho Entnb [nlhsu F`tofojs nu gebog{ oxgfqbo `d sho q`|o{ `d f~sh nj sho ;1sh eojs{~*

Usc~ Wousn`ju d`{ Sg`nuf gjc Jgsnto Gfo{negj Fosgqh~uneu

7* E`js{gus gjc e`fqg{o sho fosgqh~uneu `d jgs{o nj Sg`nuf gjc JgsntoGfo{negj Fosgqh~uneu*

;* \h~ g{o e{ogsn`j f~shu u` nfq`{sgjs nj Jgsnto Gfo{negj cgjeo gjc {nsgb0H`| c` shouo f~shu e`ffjnegso0 C` |o usnbb uo f~shu0 H`|0 C` |ohgto u`foshnjl bnio g fosgqh~uneu `d q`|o{ guuèngsoc |nsh |`{cu gjcuqooeh0

5* Oxqbgnj Botn&Us{guu„ ncog `d g ‒uenojeo `d sho e`je{oso*‖ Lnto oxgfqbougjc otgbgso shnu ncog*

3* Coue{nko gu kous ~` egj sho oxqo{nojeo `d sho SG@ gjc sho e`juowojeouns nu uqqùoc s` hgto nj hfgj kohgtn`{* C` ~` gl{oo |nsh shofosgqh~unegb oxqo{nojeo0 \h~0 \h~ j`s0



5<

?* Uffg{n}o gjc otgbgso Egfqkobb„u sho`{~ `d f~sh* Còu ns gqqog{e`lojs0 \h~0 Nd j`s" |h~ j`s0

UOESN@J ; EBGUUNEGB \OUSO[J FOSGQHÛNEU

Uè{gsou 3<1&5>> KEO" Qbgs` 3;<&53< KEO" gjc G{nus`sbo 583&5;; KEO g{og fgm`{ l{`q `d qhnbù`qhnegb shnjio{u d`{ sho ebguunegb \ouso{j |`{bc9 gs{gcnsn`j `d ncogu guuèngsoc |nsh fosgqh~uneu gjc oqnusof`b`l~ eojso{ug{`jc shon{ sh`lhs* Gbb sh{oo njso{ges |nsh `jo gj`sho{" gjc gbb sh{oo g{ounfnbg{ ks to{~ cnddo{ojs d{`f `jo gj`sho{* Gu ~` {ogc gjc usc~ k`sh shouo

J`sou gjc Sho Qhgoc` iooq nj fnjc sho unfnbg{nsnou gjc cnddo{ojeou `d shouosh{oo shnjio{u*

Ehgqso{ 7 Uè{gsou gjc Qbgs`

Uè{gsou nu Qbgs`„u f`shqnoeo nj gbb sho Cngb`lou |{nssoj k~ Qbgs`9 shouocngb`lou g{o ugbb~ cntncoc njs` og{b~" fnccbo gjc bgso coqojcnjl q`j|hneh qo{n`c nj hnu bndo Qbgs` |{`so shof* D`{ oxgfqbo" sho Qhgoc`" |hneh |o|nbb {ogc" nu g fnccbo cngb`lo |hnbo sho [oqkbne nu g bgso{ cngb`lo* Njlojo{gb" sho f`{o oshnegb gjc f`{gb sho ukmoesu s{ogsoc nj sho cngb`lo" shoog{bno{ shgs `jo nu" |hnbo sho f`{o fosgqh~unegb gjc q`bnsnegb sho ukmoesus{ogsoc" sho bgso{ ns nu* Uè{gsou nu sho `bcous `d sho sh{oo" dnl{ou nj gbfùs gbb`d Qbgs`„u cngb`lou" ks nu fùs d gbb guuèngsoc |nsh sho og{bno{ cngb`lou*

Uè{gsou" Qbgs` gjc G{nus`sbo gbb uhg{oc g ebs{gb |`{bc nj |hneh sh{oo bg{lof`tofojsu d`{foc sho ojtn{`jfojs nj |hneh sho~ sglhs* Dn{us" sho snfou nj|hneh sho~ bntoc |o{o uioqsnegb gk`s sho oxnusojeo `d sho H`fo{ne l`cu gjcl`ccouuou9 sho ncogb `d sho |g{{n`{ `{ ensn}oj&u`bcno{ (njuqn{oc k~ g l`c `{l`ccouu. gu g f`cob d`{ g l``c hfgj qo{u`j |gu b`ùnjl l{`jc* Uoe`jc" gcntnjo `{ uge{oc `{nlnj d`{ bg|u `d Gshoju `{ d`{ gj~ ens~ usgso |gu gbuùkmoes s` uo{nù wousn`jnjl" gjc shn{c" sho hfgj gknbns~ s` ij`| {nlhsd{`f |{`jl" mus d{`f jmus" gjc u` d`{fbgso kosso{ bg|u shgj hgc u` dg{kooj njtojsoc" |gu lgnjnjl {oe`ljnsn`j `to{ g fo{o {oqosnsn`j `d qguseus`fu* Nj gccnsn`j" sho |nbbnjljouu s` geeoqs qgus eus`fu gjc bg|u `j sho

gsh`{ns~ `d g l`c |gu bùnjl qbgunknbns~* Nj lojo{gb" gbb sh{oo `d shoqhnbù`qho{u |o{o uioqsnegb gk`s sho dn{us s|`" ks s`ì sho qùnsn`j shgshfgj konjlu" otoj sh`lh |nsh cnddnebs~" e`bc los s{sh gk`s {nlhs gjc|{`jl" l``c gjc kgc" gjc e`bc guuo{s g cnljns~ q{otnùb~ gssgehoc s` shol`cu* Nj uh`{s" gj`sho{ to{un`j `d sho gxngb {ot`bsn`j |gu sginjl qbgeo" gjc`jo {ogu`j |h~ \ouso{j ebs{o geij`|bocloc ‒sho L{ooi gehnotofojs‖|gu koeguo g jo| injc `d fosgqh~unegb gjc oshnegb cnljns~ |gu sginjl uhgqonj L{ooeo* Sho f`cob `d sho ‒|g{{n`{&ensn}oj‖ u` e`ff`j s` H`fo{ne snfou



58

gjc s` L{ooi bolojcu (Nbngc gjc @c~uuo~. |gu kolnjjnjl s` ko ehgbbojloc k~gj`sho{ f`cob `d g hfgj qo{u`j gu `jo egbboc s` ‒ebsntgso tn{so‖ k~ gj`jl`njl gjgb~unu `d sho ‒l``c bndo nj g l``c uènos~*‖

Uè{gsou |gu dgfù nj \ouso{j Qhnbù`qh~ koeguo ho ehgbbojloc sho

ensn}oju `d Gshoju s` shnji d`{ shofuobtou gk`s sho `jb~ ukmoes shgsoto{~`jo hgc s` ij`|–h`| s` bnto g l``c" |`{sh|hnbo hfgj bndo* Uè{gsouguuèngsoc shnu wous d`{ g l``c bndo |nsh wousn`ju gk`s uobd& jco{usgjcnjl*\h` Gf N0 \hgs còu ns fogj s` bnto gj oxgfnjoc bndo0 H`| egj N sgio eg{o`d f~ u`b0 \hgs còu ns fogj s` ebsntgso tn{so0 Shouo wousn`ju" d`{Uè{gsou" gcfnssoc `d ebog{ gju|o{u nj sho d`{f `d oxges codnjnsn`ju otoj nd |ohgc s` gcfns shgs |o |o{o jgkbo s` {ogeh ueh oxges codnjnsn`ju* Njtg{ngkb~"Uè{gsou |gu qnes{oc gu ojso{njl njs` cngb`lo |nsh s|` `{ sh{oo ensn}oju `d Gshoju gk`s g ukmoes bnio ‒nff`{sgbns~‖ `{ ‒musneo‖ `{ ‒b`to‖ `{‒d{nojcuhnq‖" `{ ‒sofqo{gjeo"‖ `{ `jo `d sho `sho{ tn{sou* Nj sho cngb`lo"sho e`jto{ugsn`j |`bc l` kgei gjc d`{sh s` los g codnjnsn`j k~ g q{èouu `d

gjgb~unu* \hoj g codnjnsn`j |gu `ddo{oc gjc cnueuuoc" `kmoesn`ju `{ q{`kbofu|nsh sho codnjnsn`j |o{o {gnuoc" dgeoc" gjc cnueuuoc* Sho wousn`j `d shocodnjnsn`j |gu shoj {o&qh{guoc" gjc sho cngb`lo e`jsnjoc sho kgei gjc d`{shf`tofojs s` los g f`{o gcowgso codnjnsn`j `d ‒e`{glo‖" d`{ oxgfqbo" `{|hgsoto{ tn{so |gu jco{ cnueuun`j* Nj shnu |g~" g ‒Uè{gsne cngb`lo‖ `{‒cngboesnegb fosh`c‖ |gu guuèngsoc |nsh sho hnus`{negb Uè{gsou* Shoguufqsn`j kohnjc sho fosh`c gjc sho cngb`lo |gu" h`|oto{" shgs shohfgj fnjc (‘jù„ `{ njsobbnlojeo. |gu egqgkbo `d g q{oenuo" ebog{" gjc oxgescodnjnsn`j otoj ns shgs |gu cnddnebs s` gehnoto*

Kouncou g dèu `j uobd cotob`qfojs gjc fosh`c" Uè{gsou uoofu e`jtnjeocshgs `jb~ eg{o d`{ sho u`b |`bc ko gkbo s` e`js d`{ uobd jco{usgjcnjl* \h~cnc ho shnji shnu |g~0 \hgs |gu ns gk`s sho u`b shgs fgco Uè{gsou shnji ns|gu u` nfq`{sgjs0 @d e`{uo" sho u`b |gu sho uogs `d g shnjinjl fnjc" gjcsho shnjinjl fnjc |gu e`jeo{joc gk`s |nuc`f" gjc sho `jb~ joeouug{~|nuc`f shgs oto{~`jo hgc s` los |gu h`| s` bnto g l``c bndo* \nsh shnu tnun`j`d ‒uobd‖" ‒u`b‖" ‒oshnegb cotob`qfojs‖" ‒|nuc`f‖" gjc ‒tn{so‖ gu gbbnjso{e`jjoesoc" Uè{gsou q{ouojsoc g d`{fncgkbo qnes{o `d g qhnbù`qho{guinjl wousn`ju" ojlglnjl nj cngb`lo" uog{ehnjl s` hobq qo`qbo koe`fo l``cgjc nj koe`fnjl l``c sho~ |`bc koe`fo {ouq`junkbo ensn}oju |h` e`bcfgio l``c bg|u gjc ehgjlo bg|u |hoj sho~ joococ ehgjlnjl*

Uè{gsou uoofoc e`jtnjeoc shgs ij`|njl sho l``c `d tn{so |gu sgjsgf`jss` bntnjl |obb* Ho gqqg{ojsb~ hobc shgs sho cnddo{ojeo kos|ooj sho lojnjol``c shgs qo`qbo e`bc eh`ùo s` c` gjc sho kgc `{ otnb shgs sho~ e`bc gbuèh`ùo s` c` |gu g fgsso{ `d ij`|njl gee{gsob~ |hgs |gu lojnjob~ l``c*J` `jo" ho sh`lhs" ehùo s` c` gj~shnjl kgc `{ otnb koeguo sho~ sh`lhs ns|gu kgc `{ otnb* [gsho{" sho~ ehùo |hgs |gu kgc `{ j`s lojnjob~ l``c"jolboesnjl s` dèu `j |hgs |gu f`{o lojnjob~ l``c" gjc shu sho~ |o{o



5>

fnusgioj gk`s `{ dgnboc s` fgio gj gee{gso ousnfgsn`j `d |hgs |gu s{b~l``c* Nj shnu uojuo" nlj`{gjeo `d |hgs nu gshojsnegbb~ l``c e`fou njs` shoowgsn`j gu |hgs gee`jsu d`{ oshnegb dgnb{o* @d |hgs g{o |o nlj`{gjs0 Nu ns|h` |o s{b~ g{o0 Nu ns bnio sho nlj`{gjeo `d sho _qgjnuhgcu0 Nd ij`|njl gjcgesnjl tn{sùb~ g{o u~j`j~fù koeguo |nuc`f nu q{gesnegb" shoj sho |nuo

qo{u`j nu sho `jo |h` còu |hgs nu l``c* Shgs qo{u`j nu s{b~ |nuo |hnboqo{u`ju |h` ug~ sho~ ij`| |hgs |nuc`f nu ks c` j`s ges |nuob~ g{o j`s"j`{ egj sho~ ko" lojnjob~ |nuo* N kobnoto shnu nu |hgs Uè{gsou fogju" gjc Nshnji shnu egj ko egbboc gj ‒oshnegb njsobboesgbnuf‖ |hneh uoofu s` fgj~qo`qbo s` qbgeo s`` feh ofqhgunu `j ij`|njl* ôs" nu sho{o g ‒ij`|njl‖h`| s` ges d`{ l``c shgs nu e`jjoesoc |nsh gesnjl tn{sùb~0

Uè{gsou uoofu s` s{us shgs sho gknbns~ s` oxqo{nojeo |hgs nu l``c hgu" |hojh`jousb~ dgeoc" sho qùunknbns~ `d {oe`ljn}njl sho s{sh `d gj gshojsne l``cotoj nd sho q{èouu sgiou snfo" f`{o oxqo{nojeo" gjc f`{o gjgb~unu* Nj `sho{|`{cu" sho wous sh{`lh gjgb~unu `d `{ oxqo{nojeo `d ‒l``c‖ egj ko s{usoc

s` ~nobc sho {ogb qùunknbns~ shgs |o |nbb {oe`ljn}o u``jo{ `{ bgso{ sho‒gshojsne l``c‖ `d tn{so* Tn{so nu sho ‒oxeobbojeo‖ `d q{gesnegb gjcgshojsne l``c9 ns nu |hgs fgiou g qo{u`j gshojsnegbb~ l``c* N shnji Uè{gsou|gu egbbnjl qo`qbo s` g wous s` ojso{ e{nsnegbb~ sho gctojs{o `d sho u`b„u

m`{jo~ s`|g{c f`{gb gjc uqn{nsgb dbdnbbfojs9 ho ug| ns gu g wous d`{ shogshojsne l``c `d tn{so" gjc ho s{usoc shgs g e{nsnegb cngb`lo |`bcotojsgbb~ bogc u s` cnue`to{ |nshnj `{ `|j u`b cooqo{ cnfojun`ju `d gshojsnens~ gk`s ‒l``c*‖ Ho sh`lhs" gjc Qbgs` gl{ooc" shgs shnu injc `d qo{u`j |gu sho hgbbfg{i `d g ‒l``c bndo nj g l``c uènos~*‖ \gu ns s``jgàto0 Cnc ns dgnb s` {oe`ljn}o shgs g cooq&uogsoc s{glne dbg| nj gbb hfgjkonjlu e`bc {own{o f`{o hogbnjl shgj ho nfglnjoc joeouug{~0

Sho Qhgoc` 73

Uè{gsne Fosh`c

Cngb`lo d`{fu sho fosh`c uoc k~ Uè{gsou9 sho Qhgoc`" nu g wousn`jnjlusgjeo |nsh Unfngu gjc Eokou (cngb`lo qg{sjo{u. nj |hneh sho ukmoes jco{cnueuun`j nu Uè{gsou„ gknbns~ s` dgeo cogsh |nsh`s jco gjxnos~* _jco{ shnu{k{ne" sho cngb`lo guiu wousn`ju" {ouq`jcu" {gnuou d{sho{ wousn`ju" `ddo{uebg{nd~njl {ouq`juou" gjc q{uou gccnsn`jgb wousn`ju* \h~ còu Uè{gsou

gc`qs shnu fosh`c0 Cnue`to{~ `d sho jo| { je`to{njl |hgs |o cnc j`sij`| nu u`foh`| guuèngsoc |nsh cngb`lo" gjc shnu e`js{gusu |nsh sho

73 Qbgs`" Sho Qhgoc`" s{gju* D* M* Eh{eh" Jo| ^`{i" Fgefnbbgj"

7>?7 gbb w`sou gjc {odo{ojeou g{o s` shnu ocnsn`j*



31

U`qhnusu |h` sglhs k~ fof`{n}gsn`j `d oxnusnjl eus`fu gjc bg|u* Uè{gsounjunusu shgs guinjl wousn`ju gk`s h`| s` sgio eg{o `d `jo„u u`b nu shohgbbfg{i `d sho Qhnbù`qho{ gjc shgs cngb`lo `j shnu ukmoes nu sho `jb~ |g~s` bnto sho wous d`{ sho gshojsne l``c*

Tn{so

Eg{njl d`{ sho u`b nu ncojsnegb |nsh ebsntgsnjl tn{so" g{oso" `{ oxeobbojeo njgesnjl9 `jb~ tn{so ojgkbou g qo{u`j s` ges |obb e`junusojsb~" gjc `jb~ tn{soojgkbou g qo{u`j s` b`ì gs cogsh |nsh`s jco gjxnos~* Nj shnu |g~" eg{njld`{ sho u`b koe`fou g eojs{gb shofo nj sho Qhgoc`" gjc ns nu sho {ogu`j |h~Uè{gsou egj dgeo cogsh |nsh`s jco gjxnos~* Sho e`jjoesn`ju kos|oojeg{njl d`{ sho u`b" tn{so" e`{glo nj sho dgeo `d cogsh" nff`{sgbns~ `{ injuhnq|nsh cntnjns~" gjc sho codnjnsn`j `d Qhnbù`qh~ g{o gbb fgco nj sho Qhgoc`*

Tn{so `{ oxeobbojeo nj gesnjl nu g qo{fgjojs gjc e`junusojs |g~ `d kohgtnjl"gjc ns gb|g~u nu g uinbbdb fnccbo l{`jc kos|ooj s|` oxs{ofou= oxeouu gjccodoes `{ s`` feh `{ s`` bnssbo *O*l*" musneo6sho {nlhs {obgsn`j `d uobd s` `sho{unu g focnf kos|ooj s`` feh lntnjl nj s` gj`sho{ gjc s`` bnssbo lntnjl nj s`gj`sho{" `{ s`` feh njunusojeo `j `jo„u `|j |g~ `{ s`` bnssbo njunusojeo `j`jo„u `|j |g~* Bnio|nuo" f`co{gsn`j `{ sofqo{gjeo nu sho {nlhs coun{o d`{qbogu{o gjc ns nu g fnccbo l{`jc kos|ooj s`` feh `{ s`` bnssbo* Bnio|nuosho gj`{oxne (s`` bnssbo. gjc sho kbnfne (s`` feh. g{o ebguune oxgfqbou `d tneou `qqùoc s` sho tn{so `d f`co{gsn`j" gjc gj~`jo |h` njcblou nj s``feh qbogu{o `{ s`` bnssbo qbogu{o nu fnuunjl sho fg{i `d sho fnccbo l{`jc|ho{onj sho tn{so bnou* Nj g unfnbg{ |g~" e`{glo nu g fnccbo kos|ooj s``

feh |nbbnjljouu s` e`{s cgjlo{ (d``bhg{cnjouu. gjc s`` bnssbo (snfncns~.9 nssgiou gjlo{ gjc e`jdncojeo s` e`jd{`js cgjlo{ shgs sh{ogsoju u" gjc ns sgiougjlo{ uoc e`jus{esntob~ s` `to{e`fo cgjlo{9 e`{glo nu sho e`junusojsgknbns~ s` uo gjlo{ gjc e`jdncojeo s` `to{e`fo |hgs sh{ogsoju u* Fùsqo`qbo |h` g{o j`s e`{gloù g{o bgeinjl nj e`jdncojeo gjc/`{ sho~ g{ogd{gnc s` uo gjlo{ e`jus{esntob~* U|gbb`|njl gjlo{" h`|oto{" bogcu s`coq{ouun`j gjc qùunkbo couqgn{ { qùunkbo bgso{ oxq{ouun`ju (q{`moesn`ju. d gjlo{ shgs g{o j`s e`jus{esnto* Ns sgiou gjlo{" shoj" s` e`jd{`js cgjlo{gjc/`{ otnb shgs sh{ogsoju* Dnjgbb~" |nuc`f `{ qh{`jounu nu sho {nlhs egbebgsn`j`d oxgesb~ |hgs s` c` nj oto{~ uos `d en{efusgjeou9 ns nu ebog{b~ sho tn{so gssho hog{s `d gbb sho ehg{geso{ tn{sou* Uè{gsou |nbb fgio q{gesnegb |nuc`f sho

eojso{ d hnu qhnbù`qhnegb fouuglo9 ns nu sho `jo ukmoes shgs ojegqubgsou gbbshgs e`bc fgio gj~ hfgj bndo |`{sh|hnbo* Ns nu sho ouuojeo `d tn{so sho`{~"gjc nu sho injc `d ij`|njl shgs fgiou g l``c qo{u`j*

Gu g {oubs `d Uè{gsou" tn{so `{ tn{so sho`{~ |gu `jo `d sho fgnjgehnotofojsu `d gbb L{ooi qhnbù`qh~ koeguo u` fgj~ qhnbù`qho{u gdso{Uè{gsou |o{o unfqb~ njuqn{oc k~ hnf* Tn{so" otoj sh`lh cnddnebs sè`jeoqsgbn}o" `ddo{u g f`{o dboxnkbo |g~ `d b`ìnjl gs gjc mclnjl hfgj



37

kohgtn`{ shgj e`jd`{fns~ s` bg|u `{ `kocnojeo s` e`ffgjcfojsu*E`jsofq`{g{~ Qu~eh`b`lnusu bnio O{ni O{niu`j gjc O{ne D{`ff gbu`{oe`ljn}o sho njho{ojs tgbo `d tn{so sho`{~ nj hfgj cotob`qfojs* D`{ g{oeojs gqq{gnugb `d sho unljndnegjeo `d G{nus`sbo„u cotob`qfojs `d Uè{gsou„tn{so sho`{~" uoo G* FgeNjs~{o„u k`ì Gdso{ Tn{so*

_jbnio sho tn{sou shgs Uè{gsou" Qbgs`" gjc G{nus`sbo gctègsoc" sho U`qhnusu(q{`douun`jgb sogeho{u nj Gshoju. {ou`{soc s` j`{fu `{ usgjcg{cu `d e`jd`{fns~ nj shon{ sogehnjl gk`s h`| qo`qbo uh`bc kohgto" gjc Uè{gsou„njunusojeo `j tn{so |gu g fg{ioc e`js{gus kos|ooj hnfuobd gjc sho U`qhnusu*Shu k`sh cngb`lo (gu `qqùoc s` fof`{n}gsn`j. gjc tn{so (gu`qqùoc s` e`jd`{fns~ s` usgjcg{cu `{ e`ffgjcfojsu. fg{iu shocnddo{ojeo kos|ooj Uè{gsou gjc sho U`qhnusu*

Uè{gsou„ codnjnsn`j `{ coue{nqsn`j `d Qhnbù`qh~ gbu` {odboesu" nj sho Qhgoc`"hnu qùnsn`j shgs Qhnbù`qh~ nu j`s g uog{eh d`{ gbb cnddo{ojs injcu `d |nuc`f(u`qhng." ks nu |nuc`f ( qh{`jounu. gk`s sho tn{sou gjc shgs qhnbù`qh~ nu‒ij`|njl ~`{uobd‖ gjc sginjl eg{o `d ~`{ uqn{nsgb gjc f`{gbcotob`qfojs* Nj dges" s`|g{cu sho ojc `d sho Qhgoc` (ql* 3>" uoesn`j XBT"bnjo ><. Uè{gsou {oe`jsu hnu e`jto{un`j d{`f uooinjl |nuc`f gk`s shoqh~unegb |`{bc s` uooinjl |nuc`f gk`s |hgs nu kous d`{ hfgj konjlu* Hoe`jjoesu sginjl eg{o `d hnu u`b" ebsntgsnjl tn{so" gjc ‒ij`|njl hnfuobd‖|nsh g sho{gqosne d`{f `d {gsn`jgbns~* Hnu e`jto{un`j s` shnu d`{f `d c`njlQhnbù`qh~ fogju shgs hnu d{oo eh`neo s` ehgjlo s` ‒eg{o d`{ hnu `|j u`b‖njcnegsou shgs hnu d{ooc`f s{gjueojcu q{ob~ fgso{ngb gjc qh~un`b`lnegbgee`jsu* \nsh Uè{gsou" Qbgs` gjc G{nus`sbo |o hgto gj`sho{ d`{f `d shogxngb {ot`bsn`j fginjl hfgj cnljns~ eojso{ `j k`sh g fosgqh~unegb gjc gf`{gb ebsntgsn`j `d |nuc`f* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" sho {obgsn`j s` sho fosgqh~unegbnu `jo qg{s `d sho gxngb {ot`bsn`j" ks sho f`{gb cotob`qfojs `d sho uobd nugj`sho{ e`jjoesoc |nsh sho dn{us* Nj shnu |g~" sho gxngb {ot`bsn`j hgc gfosgqh~unegb gjc g f`{gb s{gmoes`{~ shgs |o{o njso{s|njoc k~ sho L{ooiu*

Cgbnuf

Uè{gsou gjc Qbgs`" j`s G{nus`sbo" |o{o gctègsou `d g d`{f `d cgbnuf9 shnufogju shgs sho~ {olg{coc u`b gjc k`c~ gu s|` to{~ cnusnjes gjc cnddo{ojs{ogbnsnou* D`{ shof" k`c~ |gu j`s uobd" ks g q{nu`j hùo d`{ sho {ogb uobd " sho

u`b* Nd `jb~ u`b |gu uobd" shoj k`c~ |gu gbnoj s` sho uobd gjc d{ooc`f d{`fsho k`c~ {oq{ouojsu g d{ooc`f d`{ sho uobd d{`f nsu q{nu`j* Nj gccnsn`j" cogsh"ouqoengbb~ d`{ sho |nuo qo{u`j" egj ko {olg{coc gu g qùnsnto oxqo{nojeo `d d{ooc`f d{`f q{nu`j" gjc sho gesntnsnou guuèngsoc |nsh eg{njl d`{ sho u`b g{o|g~u `d ehoeinjl sho nfqbuou `d sho k`c~ gjc q{oqg{njl `jouobd d`{ bndo gdso{d{ooc`f d{`f mgnb*



3;

Cgbnuf `d u`fo injc nu" otoj s`cg~" g dgn{b~ e`ff`j |g~ `d shnjinjl d`{fgj~ qo`qbo" ouqoengbb~ {obnlnù fnjcoc qo`qbo" koeguo ns ogunb~ gbb`|u d`{uobd gu uqn{ns `{ uobd gu uqn{nsgb s` hgto q{n`{ns~ `to{ k`c~ gu j`j&uobd* Njoto{~cg~ bgjlglo" qo`qbo sgbi gk`s ‒hgtnjl g k`c~‖9 `{ ‒f~ k`c~‖" `{‒~`{ k`c~‖ |nsh`s shnjinjl to{~ feh gk`s |hgs ‒hgtnjl‖ ‒f~‖ `{

‒~`{‖ fogju `{ nfqbnou* C` ~` ‒hgto‖ g k`c~0 \hgs còu g qo{u`jfogj k~ ‒f~‖ k`c~ `{ ‒~`{‖ k`c~0 \`bc Uè{gsou ko f`{o bniob~ sùg~" ‒ N gf g u`b" j`s g k`c~0‖ @{ |`bc ho ug~ ‒N hgto g u`b0‖ Nd |ojco{usgjc Uè{gsou e`{{oesb~" N shnji Uè{gsou e`bc `jb~ ug~ ‒N c` j`s hgtog u`b9 N gf g u`b*‖ Nd shnu nu s{o" gj~`jo s`cg~ |h` ug~u ‒N hgto g u`b‖|`bc q{`kgkb~ ko shnjinjl `d gj`sho{ injc `d cgbnuf shgj Uè{gsou* \hgsinjc `d cgbnuf |`bc shgs ko0 G uobd shgs nu j`s sho u`b ks ‒hgu g u`b‖ nu gcnddo{ojs uobd shgj `jo shgs nu sho ‒u`b*‖ \o |nbb uoo" |hoj |o e`fo s`G{nus`sbo" shgs d`{ hnf ‒uobd‖ |gu jonsho{ sho u`b j`{ sho k`c~" ks shoe`fqùnso `d k`sh" gjc |hoj coe`fqùnsn`j s`ì qbgeo" nj cogsh d`{ oxgfqbo"sho uobd `{ e`fqùnso eoguoc s` oxnus* \`bc G{nus`sbo ko njebnjoc s` ug~ ‒N

hgto g u`b0‖ @{ |`bc ho ko njebnjoc s` ug~ shgs sho uobd nu k`sh u`b gjck`c~ gu g e`fqùnso jns0

Ij`|boclo gu [ofnjnueojeo

Uè{gsou„ cgbnuf nu e`jjoesoc s` gj`sho{ fgm`{ qo{uqoesnto `j ij`|boclod`{ |hneh Uè{gsou gjc Qbgs` g{o dgfù* ‒Ij`|njl nu {ofofko{njl‖ |hgs|o hgto d`{l`ssoj d{`f g q{otnù oxnusojeo9 sho qùnsn`j d`bb`|u d{`fUè{gsou {odboesn`ju `j cngb`lo |ho{o sho cngb`lo kgei gjc d`{sh ullousushgs j` `jo qs jo| ij`|boclo njs` gj`sho{" ks g cnue`to{~ d`{ `jouobd s`ìqbgeo `j sho èegun`j `d sho cngb`lo* Nd shnu nu s{o" shoj {ofofko{njl `{{ofnjnueojeo sgiou qbgeo gu |o cnue`to{ u`foshnjl jo| d`{ `{uobtou koeguo|o c` sho |`{i `d {oe`ljn}njl |hgs |o hgc j`s {oe`ljn}oc q{otnùb~*

D`{losdbjouu gbu` koe`fou g fgm`{ |g~ `d jco{usgjcnjl `{ hfgje`jcnsn`j koeguo" nj Qbgs` gjc Uè{gsou„ tno|" |o ij`| |hgs |o hgtod`{l`ssoj d{`f g q{otnù oxnusojeo" ks |o hgto j`s kooj gkbo s` {ofofko{ns9 |hoj |o {ofofko{" |o ij`| shgs |o ij`| koeguo j`| |o uoo `{{oe`ljn}o ebog{b~ |hgs |o hgc d`{l`ssoj* Gfjoung `{ d`{losdbjouu `d shos{sh shgs |o ijo| `{ d`{losdbjouu `d `{ q{otnù oxnusojeo fg{iu `{oxnusojeo nj sho k`c~" q{nu`j hùo" gjc sho us{llbo s` ij`| nu qg{s `d `{

q{uns `d ij`|njl `{ {ofofko{njl |hgs |o d`{l`s* @d e`{uo" sho us{llbonu gbu` g us{llbo `d uobd (u`b. s` e`js{`b gjc c`fnjgso k`c~ (q{nu`j hùo.|nshnj |hneh `{ d{ooc`f nu e{sgnboc*

Sogeho{ gu Fnc&|ndo



35

\hgs còu g sogeho{ c` |h` hobqu u {ofofko{0 G sogeho{ nu bnio g fnc&|ndo" gjc hobqu u cobnto{ shgs |nsh |hneh |o g{o gb{ogc~ q{oljgjs* Nj shnuuojuo" sho g{s `d sogehnjl nu e`qboc |nsh sho g{s `d sho cngb`lo9 iooq shoe`jto{ugsn`j `j sho ukmoes" {gnuo wousn`ju nj sho {nlhs `{co{" ko `qoj sòto{~ qo{uqoesnto" c`j„s {uh s` e`jebun`ju q{ofgs{ob~" {oqh{guo sho

wousn`j gu ogeh gju|o{ bogcu s` g f`{o gcowgso gjc e`fqboso dnjgb gju|o{"dgeo `kmoesn`ju uwg{ob~" iooq `qoj s` {otnun`j" gjc dnjgbb~ gl{oo `jb~ |hojsho cngb`lo qg{sjo{u g{o h`jousb~ e`jtnjeoc shgs sho~ hgto g qo{doesb~gcowgso {ouq`juo s` sho wousn`j* Shnu q{èouu" ebog{b~" sgiou snfo gjce`jeojs{gsn`j" ks ns còu nbbus{gso gj nfq`{sgjs cnfojun`j `d sho hfgjoxqo{nojeo egbboc ‒cnue`to{~‖ gjc ns còu ofqhgun}o sho e`ffjgb `{‒uèngb‖ ehg{geso{ `d ij`|njl* Ks |hgs c` |o ij`|0

Qbgs`= Oqnusofo gjc sho Cès{njo `d D`{fu

Ij`|njl qo{doesb~ nu ij`|njl codnjnsn`ju" oqnusofo" gjc ns nu e`fqg{oc s`gjc bnio ij`|njl sho codnjnsn`ju d fgshofgsnegb dnl{ou* G uwg{o" d`{oxgfqbo" nu g d`{&uncoc dnl{o |nsh owgb uncou gjc ogeh gjlbo g {nlhs gjlbo9shnu ij`|boclo nu jnto{ugb (gb|g~u sho eguo." joeouug{~ (egj„s ko `sho{|nuo."gjc oso{jgb (usgkbo gjc jehgjlnjl.* Shouo sh{oo ehg{geso{nusneu d`{f g s{ngcshgs oeh` ‒e`jjoesn`j |nsh u`b" j`s k`c~" gjc e`jjoesn`j |nsh gj`sho{|`{bc `d ncogu `{ d`{fu" j`s shnu |`{bc* Shnu |`{bc nu uojuoc9 ns„u sho |`{bc `d k`c~ gjc fgso{ngb {ogbns~9 ns„u sho |`{bc |ho{onj |o g{o nj mgnb nj g k`c~* @{q{o&oxnusnjl uobd" u`b" ijo| qo{doesb~ kod`{o ns |gu s{gqqoc nj sho k`c~* Shgsnu |h~ ij`|njl nu {ofofko{njl* \o g{o nj sho hnlhous d`{f `d ij`|njl"oqnusofo" u`foh`| {obgsoc s` sho `sho{ |`{bc ko~`jc shnu ehgjlnjl"sofq`{gb" gjc e`jsnjlojs |`{bc gjc shgs ullousu nff`{sgbns~ `{ injuhnq |nshcntnjns~* F`{o`to{" |hgs |o ij`| `{ {ofofko{ g{o ncogu `{ d`{fu shgs{odboes qo{doesb~ sho ouuojeo shgs ogeh njcntncgb shnjl nu* Sho ouuojeo fgiouogeh shnjl s` ko |hgs ns nu* S` jco{usgjc sho so{fu ‒ncogu" d`{fu"ouuojeo‖ nu s` jco{usgjc |hgs Qbgs` shnjiu |o ij`| |hoj |o ij`|qo{doesb~ nj g codnjnsn`j* Ns nu gbu` s` jco{usgjc g e`fqbosob~ `sho{"u`bob~ njsobbnlnkbo |`{bc" shgs nu sho qgsso{j d`{ oto{~shnjl nj shnuqh~unegb |`{bc nj |hneh |o bnto*

Qbgs` |gu e`jtnjeoc shgs fgsh gjc sho ij`|boclo |o los d{`f ij`|njlqo{doesb~ sho codnjnsn`ju `d fgsh dnl{ou nu sho f`cob d`{ gbb ij`|njl9 ns nu ebog{

shgs ij`|njl sho codnjnsn`j `d sho uwg{o" d`{ oxgfqbo" |gu s` ij`| qo{doesb~sho d`{f shgs oto{~ uwg{o fus hgto* Ns nuj„s cnddnebs s` uoo shgs ho fogjushnu injc `d ij`|njl nu ij`|njl u`foshnjl joeouug{~" shgs egjj`s ko`sho{|nuo* Ks Qbgs` shoj q{`moesu shgs shouo qo{does codnjnsn`ju e`jsgnjnjl shod`{fu {odo{ s` ncogu d{`f g q{otnù |`{bc* Sho q{otnù |`{bc nu shojsho |`{bc |o ij`| |hoj |o {ofofko{ sho d`{f* Nj gccnsn`j" sho d`{ffgiou ogeh shnjl s` ko oxgesb~ |hgs ns nu |nsh`s gj~ oxeoqsn`j" gjc |hgs



33

u`foshnjl nu Qbgs` egbboc nsu ouuojeo* Sho ouuojeou `d oto{~shnjl |o ij`||hoj |o {ofofko{ sho codnjnsn`ju g{o d`{fu d{`f shnu `sho{ |`{bc*

Nd sho ij`|boclo shgs |o los sh{`lh uojuo qo{eoqsn`j nu bnfnsoc s` nfglou `{qnes{ou" ns egjj`s e`fqg{o s` codnjnsn`ju gjc sho e`jeoqsgb gee{ge~

guuèngsoc |nsh shof koeguo" nj shnu e`fqg{nu`j" sho uojuou |nbb gb|g~u kojs{us|`{sh~" bouu {obngkbo" ehgjlnjl" { j`s bgusnjl* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" uojuooxqo{nojeo gjc uojuo ij`|boclo nu bouu ncogb* K~ e`js{gus" njsobboesgbij`|boclo { njsobboesgb oxqo{nojeo nu u` usgkbo gjc bgusnjl shgs ns wgbndnou guqssnjl u njs` {obgsn`juhnq |nsh g |`{bc ko~`jc shnu uoju`{~ oxqo{nojeoc|`{bc* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" gj`sho{ |`{bc `d d`{fu `{ qo{does NCOGU `{qg{gcnlfu nu |hgs |o e`jsges |hoj |o ij`| njsobboesgbb~ gjc d`{fbgsoshgs ij`|njl nj g qo{does codnjnsn`j* Nd |o ij`| njsobboesgbb~ |hgs nu jnto{ugbgjc oso{jgb" n*o* fgsh&bnio codnjnsn`ju" shoj |o egj ko ugnc s` ko {obgsoc s`|hgs nu oso{jgb* Ns nu fo{ob~ g uh`{s usoq d{`f sho{o s` {oe`ljn}o u`fo injc `d nff`{sgbns~ d`{ hfgj konjlu*

Ns uh`bc ko q`njsoc `s" sh`lh" shgs gbfùs gbb sho cngb`lou `d Qbgs` c` j`se`jebco s` njsobboesgb ij`|boclo d shnu usgkbo" jnto{ugb" gjc joeouug{~s~qo* Qbgs` uoofu s` ko ug~njl shgs nj fgshofgsneu ueh ij`|boclo nugssgnjgkbo gjc shgs shnu qg{gcnlf nu gj ncogb d`{ gbb `sho{ injcu d ij`|boclootoj sh`lh |o c`j„s hgto ns to{~ feh `d sho snfo* Usnbb" njsobboesgbij`|boclo" j`s uojuo ij`|boclo" nu egqgkbo `d cotob`qnjl njs` oqnusofo nd |ococnegso `{ bntou s` lossnjl sho codnjnsn`ju* D`{ oxgfqbo" |o `lhs s` uog{ehd`{ gjc ko gkbo s` ij`| ‒musneo‖ mus gu gee{gsob~ gu |o ij`| g uwg{o* Nj`sho{ |`{cu" fgsh nu gj ncogb d`{ gbb ij`|njl" gjc shgs ncogb uh`bc djesn`j njoto{~ ukmoes g{og guuèngsoc |nsh Qhnbù`qh~" njebcnjl" sho codnjnsn`ju d shotn{sou* Ks g ebog{ gjc q{oenuo fgsh&bnio codnjnsn`j d musneo" d{nojcuhnq" {e`fqguun`j nu j`s ogunb~ gssgnjoc* Fùs codnjnsn`ju `d so{fu bnio shouo g{o" gskous" coue{nqsnto gjc gqq{`xnfgso joto{ bnio sho ebg{ns~ gjc q{oenun`j `d fgshe`jeoqsu* Ks sho ncogb nu qùunkbo nj Qbgs`„u sho`{~ `d ij`|boclo* \h~0 Nshnji Qbgs` nu j`s to{~ ebog{ gk`s sho ‒q`sojsngb‖ njsobboesgb ebg{ns~ shgs bnoujugnc gjc joxq{ouuoc |hoj g cngb`lo nu nje`jebunto* E`bc ns ko sho eguoshgs sho hjs d`{ g codnjnsn`j" d`{ qo{does ebg{ns~" sh`lh j`s {ogehoce`jebuntob~ nu usnbb g l{ogs usoq s`|g{c e`jebuntojouu0 E`bc ns ko shgs shnu nusho q`sojsngb nj gbb njsobboesgb oxqo{nojeo shgs fgiou ns to{~ feh uqo{n`{ sùojuo oxqo{nojeo gb`jo0

Ouuojeo

Ij`|njl sho d`{fu gjc Qbgs`„u cès{njo `d d`{fu" shoj" fogju shgsoto{~shnjl hgu gj ‒ouuojeo‖ gjc shgs ‒ouuojeo‖ oxq{ouuou |hgs gj~shnjl nu*Nj shnu |`{bc" |hgs gj~shnjl nu" nsu ouuojeo" nu oxq{ouuoc nj nsu codnjnsn`j* os|hoj |o hgto shnu injc `d ij`|boclo" |o ij`| sho d`{f shgs nu jnto{ugb"joeouug{~" gjc oso{jgb9 gjc |hoj |o ij`| shgs |o ij`| ko~`jc sho fo{ob~



3?

uojunkbo |`{bc `d unjlbg{ shnjlu gjc l{guq sho d`{f gu ns gesgbb~ oxnusu nj nsuqo{doesn`j nj gj`sho{ |`{bc* Nj shnu |`{bc `d unjlbg{ shnjlu" sho d`{fu g{oqg{snenqgsoc nj k~ unjlbg{u nj gj nfqo{does |g~9 nj sho `sho{ |`{bc sho~ g{oncogb" qo{does* Glgnj" sho |`{bc `d sho d`{fu nu gj ncogb |`{bc ko~`jc shounjlbg{ |`{bc `d uoju`{~ oxqo{nojeo" gjc ns lntou {ogbns~ s` shnu uoju`{~ |`{bc

|hneh uoofu {ogb gjc nu {ogb ks nu j`s gu {ogb gu sho `sho{ |`{bc `d d`{fu*Shgs |`{bc nu sho ncogb |`{bc gdso{ |hneh shnu |`{bc nu qgsso{joc*

Uffg{~= Uè{gsou g{lou shgs sho injuhnq |nsh cntnjns~ `{ nff`{sgbns~ `d shohfgj u`b nu q{oenù s` g qhnbù`qho{ koeguo sho qhnbù`qho{ hgu gb|g~usgioj eg{o `d sho u`b" ebsntgsoc tn{so" fguso{oc `{ {boc sho k`c~ gjc nsugqqosnsou" gjc b`ìu d`{|g{c s` {oboguo d{`f sho q{nu`j hùo `d k`c~* ôs"sho g{lfojs còu j`s uoof e`jebunto oj`lh gjc u` Uè{gsou uou {ogu`juguuèngsoc |nsh g. jgs{gb ehgjlou |hneh g{o e~ebnegb gjc nfqbnou shgs cogsh nug jgs{gb ehgjlo mus bnio sho |gxnjl gjc |gjnjl `d sho f``j gjc uj{nuo gjcujuos" `{ sho jgs{gb ehgjlou `d sho uogu`ju* k. ij`|njl nu {ofofko{njl

|hneh nfqbnou shgs |o hgto q{o&oxnusoc gjc u` |nbb oxnus gdso{ sho k`c~" gjc e.ij`|njl nu ij`|njl sho d`{fu |hneh g{o jnto{ugb" joeouug{~" gjc oso{jgb*

@kmoesn`ju

Sho cngb`lo dsoj ofqb`~u kmoesn`ju ouqoengbb~ |hoj sho e`jebun`j nu j`s{ogehoc |nsh eo{sgnjs~9 k`sh Unfngu gjc Eokou `ddo{ gj `kmoesn`j nj shoQhgoc`** Unfngu h`bcu shgs sho Q~shgl`{ogju uoof s` hgto hgc g cnddo{ojsfosgqh`{ d`{ k`c~ shgj q{nu`j hùo9 d`{ shof" sho k`c~ |gu bnio g funegbnjus{fojs gjc sho u`b |gu bnio hg{f`j~ |hneh {oubsoc d{`f sho

njus{fojs* \hoj sho njus{fojs eoguou" gs cogsh" sho hg{f`j~ eoguou gbu`*U`" Unfngu {ogu`ju" |o `lhs j`s s` shnji `d u`b gu e`jsnjnjl gdso{ shocogsh `d sho k`c~ mus bnio |o |`bc j`s shnji `d hg{f`j~ e`jsnjnjl gdso{sho funegb njus{fojs hgu eoguoc*

Uè{gsou {ouq`jcu s` shnu `kmoesn`j k~ guinjl Unfngu |hosho{ `{ j`s ghg{f`j~ q{o&oxnusu sho funegb njus{fojs9 Unfngu ug~u shgs ns egjj`s koeguohg{f`j~ nu g {oubs `d sho njus{fojs* Nd shgs nu u`" h`| egj u`b q{ooxnus nsunfq{nu`jfojs nj k`c~* Unfngu gcfnsu shgs ho fg~ hgto fnujco{us``c h`|hg{f`j~ |gu guuèngsoc |nsh u`b* Joxs Uè{gsou guiu Unfngu nd hg{f`j~ nuf`{o `{ bouu" gjc Unfngu ug~u j` ns egjj`s ko f`{o `{ bouu9 ks u`bu fus ko

owgbb~ hg{f`jnù* Uè{gsou guiu h`| egj cnddo{ojeou kos|ooj u`bu kogee`jsoc d`{ nd u`bu g{o owgbb~ hg{f`jnù* Joxs" Uè{gsou guiu Unfngu nd ho usnbb shnjiu shgs u`b {bou `{ `lhs s` {bo sho k`c~" gu Q~shgl`{ogju shnji"gjc Unfngu ebgnfu shgs ho {olg{cu u`b gu shgs |hneh {bou sho k`c~* Uè{gsoushoj q`njsu `s shgs u`b egjj`s {bo sho k`c~ nd ns nu g hg{f`j~ e`fnjl d{`fsho k`c~* Gu g {oubs sho fosgqh`{u `d u`b gu hg{f`j~ gjc k`c~ gu funegbnjus{fojs c` j`s uoof geeoqsgkbo koeguo sho~ lojo{gso s`` fgj~e`js{gcnesn`ju |nsh sho u`b„u q{o&oxnusojeo gjc |nsh sho f`{o e`ff`jb~



34

geeoqsoc qùnsn`j shgs sho u`b nu fogjs s` {bo `{ bogc sho k`c~ gjc nsugqqosnsou*

Sho uoe`jc `kmoesn`j d{`f Eokou ebgnfu shgs sho u`b nu mus bnio oto{~shnjlobuo nj jgs{o gjc unjeo gbb `d jgs{o |og{u `s `{ {ju c`|j (ojs{`q~." |o

uh`bc oxqoes sho u`b s` c` u` gu |obb* Nj gccnsn`j" sho dog{ shgs gbfùsoto{~`jo hgu gk`s cogsh bojcu e{ocojeo s` shnu ‒|og{njl `s‖ `d sho u`bkoeguo ns oxqbgnju |h~ qo`qbo g{o gd{gnc `d cogsh* Shnu `kmoesn`j nu oehòcsnfo gdso{ snfo k~ foehgjnusu `{ fgso{ngbnusu koeguo ns cojnou gj~uqn{nsgbns~ s` sho u`b" gjc fgiou ns cnddnebs d`{ qo`qbo s` kguo hfgj cnljns~`j shgs uqn{nsgb kgunu*

Uè{gsou e`jso{u shnu `kmoesn`j |nsh sho us`{~ `d hnu bndo9 ho ncojsndnou sho |g~ho cnc Qhnbù`qh~ uog{ehnjl d`{ sho fgso{ngb oxqbgjgsn`ju d shnjlu" shojehgjloc s` oxgfnjnjl hnu `|j bndo gjc eg{njl d`{ hnu u`b k~ ebsntgsnjltn{so* Nd Uè{gsou e`bc d{oob~ eh`ùo s` ehgjlo sho |g~ ho cnc Qhnbù`qh~gjc ehùo s` l` ko~`jc fo{ob~ fgso{ngb oxqbgjgsn`ju d`{ hfgj gesn`ju" shoj|o hgto g {ogu`j d`{ shnjinjl shgs q{ob~ fgso{ngb oxqbgjgsn`ju d`{ hfgjgesn`ju g{o nje`fqboso*

Qh~unegb gjc fgso{ngb oxqbgjgsn`ju d`{ hfgj eh`neou g{o j`s sho egugboxqbgjgsn`ju ks sho e`jcnsn`ju d`{ eg{{~njl `s shùo gesn`ju `{ fginjl shùoeh`neou hgto gj oddoes* G{o hfgj gesn`ju s` ko oxqbgnjoc k~ k`jou" fuebo"gjc bnfku0 Uè{gsou uoofu s` ko ebgnfnjl shgs g {ocesn`j `d u`b s` fgsso{gjc fgso{ngb oxqbgjgsn`ju |`bc j`s ko g uddnenojs egugb oxqbgjgsn`j d`{hfgj eh`neou* N shnji Uè{gsou nu ebgnfnjl shgs nd |o g{o d{oo nj `{ eh`neou

gjc egj {nuo gk`to sho e`jcnsn`jnjl dges`{u shgs hgknsgbb~ njebnjo u s` ges`jo |g~ `{ gj`sho{" shoj sho{o fus ko u`foshnjl gk`s hfgj d{ooc`fshgs nuj„s e`jcnsn`joc k~ fgsso{ gjc qh~un`b`lnegb dges`{u* ôs" shnu g{lfojscòu j`s uoof e`lojs s` Unfngu gjc Eokou9 u` |o g{o dgeo s` dgeo |nshnje`jebuntojouu `j sho ukmoes `d nff`{sgbns~ `{ injuhnq |nsh cntnjns~ d`{ shohfgj uobd*

Uè{gsou {os{ju s` sho cès{njo `d d`{f gu sho fgm`{ {ogu`j d`{ h`bcnjl s`sho nff`{sgbns~ `d sho u`b9 unjeo d`{f `{ ncog fgiou ogeh unjlbo shnjl s` ko|hgs ns nu (ouuojeo. gjc ogeh shnjl nj shnu |`{bc nu gj nfqo{does qg{snenqgsn`j njg d`{f" |o jooc s` {oe`ljn}o shgs ij`|njl sho d`{f nu ij`|njl qo{

oxeobbojeo" gjc qo{does ij`|njl nu ‒oqnusofo‖ `{ hgtnjl g codnjnsn`j shgsegjj`s ko `sho{|nuo* Ho lntou oxgfqbou `d l``c" kogs~" tn{so" `cc gjcotoj" gjc shoj sgiou q bndo gu g d`{f gjc guiu |hgs nu sho {obgsn`juhnqkos|ooj u`b gjc bndo* Ho ebgnfu shgs sho d`{f ‒bndo‖ nu s` sho u`b gu shod`{f ‒`cc‖ nu s` sho d`{f `d sho jfko{ ‒sh{oo‖* @jo egjj`s ko |nsh`ssho `sho{* G{nus`sbo bgso{ egbb shnu injc d {obgsn`juhnq" nj hnu B`lne" gjoeouug{~ q{`qo{s~ |ho{o g d`{f bnio `cc fus ko g joeouug{~ q{`qo{s~ `d sho jfko{ sh{oo `{ gj~ cc jfko{* Nu Uè{gsou guufnjl |hgs ho nu s{~njl



3<

s` q{`to" jgfob~ shgs bndo gjc u`b g{o {obgsoc gu joeouug{~ q{`qo{s~ sùkmoes0 Ns b`ìu bnio ho nu* Qbgs` nu guufnjl shgs bndo gjc u`b g{o {obgsoc gujoeouug{~ q{`qo{s~ s` ukmoes" gjc ho uou sho gjgb`l~ `d `cc s` sho jfko{sh{oo s` fgio hnu {ogco{u gb{ogc~ guufo sho joeouug{~ e`jjoesn`j ho nus{~njl s` q{`to* Nj B`lne" ns nu ij`| gu g dgbbge~ ‒guufnjl sho gju|o{ s` sho

wousn`j*‖

D{`f qglou 45 s` <1 nj sho Qhgoc`" Uè{gsou {ou`{su s` {obnlnù f~shugk`s sho joxs bndo (ouehgs`b`lnegb.9 shouo f~shu sgbi gk`s qjnuhfojs d`{ shoto{~ |neioc" q{ndnegsn`j d`{ `{cnjg{~ tnenù gesu" gjc nffocngso {o|g{c d`{shùo |h` hgto q{ndnoc shon{ u`b sh{`lh sho ebsntgsn`j `d tn{so* Uè{gsoushoj ebgnfu shgs |hnbo ns fg~ j`s ko oxgesb~ bnio shnu gdso{ cogsh" ns nu g{ogu`jgkbo kobnod" j`s g eo{sgnj e`jebun`j" gjc shgs gbfùs oto{~`jo |h` nu gqhnbù`qho{ |nbb h`bc shnu gu g {ogu`jgkbo h`qo* ôs" sho e`jebun`j nu j`seo{sgnj gjc hgu `jb~ g bniob~ q{`kgknbns~ `{ g h`qo |nsh u`fo{ogu`jgkbojouu s` ns*

Hojeo" eg{njl d`{ sho u`b" ebsntgsnjl tn{so bogcu s` sho |nbbnjljouu s` b`ìd`{|g{c s` cogsh gu g e`jsnjnjl bndo nj gj`sho{ |`{bc gjc sho qhnbù`qho{còu shnu |nsh`s jco gjxnos~* Nu cogsh gjc sho gjsnenqgsn`j `d cogshotègsnto `d qhnbù`qhnegb shnjinjl0 Uè{gsou uoofu s` shnji u`" gjc `sho{qhnbù`qho{u" ks j`s gbb" gdso{ hnf |nbb {os{j s` sho ugfo ojehgjsnjlq{`qùgb* Ns uh`bc ko j`sneoc" h`|oto{" shgs Uè{gsou" gjc Qbgs` gu |obb" g{ogctègsou `d gj`sho{ s~qo `d ‒gxngb {ot`bsn`j‖" `jo shgs njunusu `j hfgjcnljns~ gu {obgsoc s` sho hfgj uobd" u`b" gjc sho {obgsn`juhnq `d u`b s`nff`{sgbns~ gjc g fosgqh~unegb |`{bc `d d`{fu* Nj shnu tno|" hfgj konjlug{o ehg{geso{n}oc gu ‒u`bu‖ |h` ojlglo nj g d`{f `d ‒sho{gq~‖ shgs q{ndnoushof d{`f sho tneou guuèngsoc |nsh sho k`cnb~ gqqosnsou gjc coun{ou* G unjlbohfgj qo{u`j nu j`s tgboc q{nfg{nb~ koeguo ho `{ uho nu g fofko{ `d gqg{snebg{ injuhnq l{`q" `{ koeguo ukmoes s` sho {h~shfu `d jgs{o" kskoeguo ogeh nu g fosgqh~unegb uobd ‒u`b‖ {obgsoc s` g s{gjueojcojsfosgqh~unegb |`{bc" h`|oto{ tglob~ shgs nu jco{us``c* Nj gccnsn`j" shof`{gb `{ oshnegb cotob`qfojs sh{`lh ebsntgsn`j `d tn{so" nu sho `jb~jnto{ugb gjc joeouug{~ q{gesneo {own{oc `d g hfgj konjl* Shnu nu sho `jb~bolnsnfgso {own{ofojs gj~ {obnln`j `{ l`c e`bc gui `d g hfgj konjl*

Ehgqso{ ; G{nus sbo

G{nus`sbo (583&5;; KEO*. d`bb`|oc Uè{gsou gjc Qbgs`" ks gdso{ uoto{gb ~og{ugu Qbgs`„u cnuenqbo" s{joc g|g~ unljndnegjsb~ d{`f Qbgs`„u fgnj qùnsn`ju*G{nus`sbo |gu g jgs{gbnus `{ {ogbnus koeguo ho hgc" jbnio k`sh Uè{gsougjc Qbgs`" g hnlh {olg{c d`{ JGS_[O gjc d`{ jgs{gb shnjlu* Nj shnu uojuo" ho|gu g k`sgjnus" qh~unenus" kn`b`lnus" gjc qu~eh`b`lnus nj Qhnbù`qh~/Uenojeo gjcdobs shgs Qbgs` gjc Uè{gsou k`sh hgc tgboc sho hfgj u`b |nsh`sjco{usgjcnjl sho tgbo `d sho u`b„u {obgsn`juhnq s` fgsso{ gjc s` JGS_[O*



38

U`" g qhnbù`qh~ f`{o gqq{oengsnto `d jgs{o gjc fgsso{ egfo njs` oxnusojeo|nsh G{nus`sbo gjc ho `ddo{oc ns gu g e`{{oesnto s` Qbgs`*

UOBD d`{ G{nus`sbo |gu kous jco{us``c gu gbb `sho{ jgs{gb jnsu njJGS_[O9 oto{~ jgs{gb jns (gjnfgso `{ njgjnfgso. |gu g e`fqùnsn`j `d

fgsso{ gjc d`{f9 nd gbb jgs{gb jnsu g{o e`fqùnsou `d g fgso{ngb obofojs `{q{njenqbo gjc g d`{fgb obofojs `{ q{njenqbo" shoj |o hgto s` jco{usgjc shoe`fqùnso ehg{geso{ (fgsso{ gjc d`{f. `d oto{~ jns njebcnjl sho hfgj uobd*

g. D`{f6 |hgs lntou us{es{o `{ ouuojeo s` gj~ jns nj jgs{o (hogl{ooc |nsh Qbgs` `j shnu.

k. Fgsso{6shgs `s `d |hneh gj~shnjl nj jgs{o nu fgco*

Nd `jb~ sho e`fqùnso nu sho jns nj jgs{o" shoj jonsho{ d`{f j`{ fgsso{ gb`jo

nu sho jns9 bnio|nuo nj {olg{c s` hfgj konjlu" sho uobd nu sho e`fqùnso gjcjonsho{ u`b j`{ k`c~ gb`jo nu sho uobd* Còu fgsso{ oxnus nj Jgs{onjcoqojcojs `d d`{f0 Còu d`{f nj Jgs{o oxnus njcoqojcojs `d fgsso{0G{nus`sbo {oqbnou ‒J`‖ koeguo jonsho{ fgsso{ j`{ d`{f g{o jnsu" gjc njJgs{o `jb~ jnsu oxnus* Fgsso{ gjc d`{f g{o q{njenqbou shgs sho hfgj fnjcuoqg{gsou d{`f `jo gj`sho{ nj `{co{ s` oxqbgnj h`| g jgs{gb jns eoguou|hoj ns coe`fqùou*

Nj gbb bntnjl jgs{gb shnjlu" u`b nu d`{f gjc nu codnjoc k~ G{nus`sbo gu shoq{njenqbo `{ u`{eo `d bndo* Hojeo" sho{o nu g qbgjs u`b" gj gjnfgb u`b" gjc ghfgj u`b9 G{nus`sbo egbboc shouo tolosgsnto u`b" uojunsnto u`b" gjcnjsobboesgb u`b9 sho uojunsnto u`b e`jsgnju sho tolosgsnto gjc sho njsobboesgbu`b e`jsgnju k`sh uojunsnto gjc tolosgsnto* Hfgju hgto gj njsobboesgb u`bkoeguo sho~ qo{d`{f bntnjl gesn`ju d njsobboesgb q`|o{9 gjnfgbu hgto guojunsnto u`b koeguo sho~ qo{d`{f bntnjl gesn`ju d { {odboesnjl uojunsntoq`|o{u ( oxso{jgb gjc njso{jgb uojuou.* Qbgjsu hgto g tolosgsnto u`b koeguosho~ l{`| (q{èouu `d glfojsgsn`j. k~ njso{jgb" j`s fo{ob~ oxso{jgb" dges`{u*

Nd uobd nu sho e`fqùnso `d u`b gjc k`c~" shoj sho hfgj uobd egjj`s koncojsnegb |nsh u`b uoqg{gso d{`f k`c~ `{ k`c~ uoqg{gso d{`f u`b* Nj `sho{|`{cu" gdso{ cogsh otoj nd u`b e`jsnjou s` bnto nj u`fo |g~ (gk`s shnu

G{nus`sbo |gu to{~ jebog{." sho{o egjj`s ko g uobd koeguo `jb~ sho e`fqùnso`{ g {o&e`fqùnsn`j `d u`b |nsh k`c~ |`bc ko uddnenojs s` hgto uobd*Qo{u`jgb nff`{sgbns~ gdso{ cogsh `d sho k`c~ |gu j`s gj nuuo d`{ G{nus`sbo*\h~0 Dn{us `d gbb" sho hfgj qo{u`j |gu j`s sho u`b `jb~ (sho qùnsn`j `d Uè{gsou gjc Qbgs`.9 uoe`jcb~" sho qo{u`j |`bc hgto s` ko e`fqùnso" gjce`fqùnsn`j |`bc hgto s` sgio qbgeo glgnj gdso{ sho coe`fqùnsn`j `d cogshnd |o |o{o s` h`bc d`{ gj~ qo{u`jgb nff`{sgbns~* Shn{cb~" {o&e`fqùnsn`j |gu



3>

g ukmoes shgs G{nus`sbo cnc j`s shnji g qhnbù`qho{ e`bc tojs{o gj gju|o{* Nsgqqog{u shgs ho sh`lhs ns ko~`jc sho ue`qo `d qhnbù`qhnegb {ogu`jnjl*

Qu~eh`&u`fgsne _jns~

G{nus`sbo„u qùnsn`j |gu {odo{{oc s` gu h~b`&f`{qhne (fgsso{ gjc d`{f. jns~`{ qu~eh`&u`fgsne (u`b gjc k`c~. jns~ {gsho{ shgj g cgbnuf* E`fqùnsn`jfogju shgs sho fgsso{ gjc sho d`{f hgto s` e`fknjo s` d`{f gj~ jns njjgs{o* J`shnjl jgs{gb egj ko g jns |nsh`s e`fknjgsn`j `d fgsso{ gjcd`{f* K`sh fgsso{ gjc d`{f g{o q{njenqbou9 jonsho{ oxnus gu jnsu ks `jb~ guq{njenqbou |o shnji |hoj |o gjgb~}o fgso{ngb jnsu nj jgs{o* C` |o djesn`jgu jnsu0 C` |o shnji |nsh `{ k`c~" jo{tù u~usof" `{lgju0 Còu `{k`c~ njdbojeo `{ fnjc0 Còu sho fnjc njdbojeo sho k`c~0 G{nus`sbo |`bcgju|o{ ‘ôu„ s` gbb shouo wousn`ju koeguo ho |gu e`jtnjeoc shgs |o |o{obnio gbb `sho{ jgs{gb shnjlu k`sh fgso{ngb gjc d`{fgb `{ e`fqùnsn`ju `d fgsso{ gjc d`{f* @{ jns~ |gu g ukusgjsngb jns~9 |o d`{foc g unjlboukusgjeo (jns. e`fqùoc `d s|` q{njenqbou= fgsso{ gjc d`{f*

Ukusgjsngb jnsu nj jgs{o {ofgnjoc njsges sh{`lh`s ehgjlou shgsf`cndnoc shon{ gqqog{gjeou9 u`fosnfou sho~ ehgjloc qbgeo `{ ehgjloc un}o9 gs`sho{ snfou sho~ ehgjloc e`b`{ gjc uhgqo" `{ sho~ e`bboesoc f`{o qùuouun`ju"`{ sho~ koegfo |ogbshno{ `{ q``{o{* Ehgjlou shgs s`ì qbgeo shgs f`cndnoc `{ehgjloc sho jns |nsh`s sho jns coe`fqùnjl |o{o gss{nkso ehgjlou* Nj gbbshouo ehgjlou" sho ukusgjeo usnbb {ofgnjoc gjc gu b`jl gu ns cnc sho jnse`jsnjoc s` oxnus* Gss{nksou |o{o qhoj`fojgb9 |o e`bc uojuo fgj~ `d shof (un}o" uhgqo" e`b`{" qbgeo" {obgsn`ju" ose." gjc |o e`bc uojuo shof gu

ehgjlou |hoj g qo{u`j bùs gj g{f `{ bol" l`s fg{{noc" l{o| q" lgnjoc|onlhs" l{gcgbb~ cotob`qoc l{g~ hgn{" |ojs `j g b`jl s{nq shgs fogjs gjgkuojeo d`{ uoto{gb ~og{u* Nj gbb shouo gss{nkso ehgjlou sho ukusgjeo{ofgnjoc* D`{ G{nus`sbo" ukusgjeo fgco sho hfgj uobd g qu~eh`&u`fgsnejns* Shnji `d sho oxgfqbo `d g qbgusne u{lo{~ ehgjlo e`qboc |nsh g uoxehgjlo e`qboc |nsh g ehgjlo nj t`neo f`cbgsn`j gjc gqqog{gjeou* \`bcu`fo`jo |h` jco{|ojs shùo ehgjlou ko sho ugfo ukusgjeo0 Nd ~` egjuoo |h~ G{nus`sbo |`bc ug~ ‘ôu„ ~` |`bc ko e`{{oes* Shgs jns nu shougfo jns koeguo sho ehgjlou g{o `jb~ gqqog{gjeo ehgjlou" qhoj`fojgbehgjlou `{ gss{nkso ehgjlou* Sho ukusgjeo {ofgnju gu b`jl gu ns còu j`scoe`fqùo**

Ij`|njl nj g e`fqùnso |g~

Nd |o g{o e`fqùnsou `d fgsso{ gjc d`{f (k`c~ gjc u`b." shoj ns nu {ogu`jgkbos` guufo gbu` shgs |o ij`| nj g e`fqùnso |g~ gjc uh`bc oxqbgnjij`|boclo nj so{fu `d k`sh k`c~ gjc fnjc" uojuou gjc njsobboes* D`{G{nus`sbo" j` l{ogs lbd `{ cnddo{ojsngsn`j |gu s` ko gssgehoc s` sho cnddo{ojeo



?1

kos|ooj sho uojuou gjc sho njsobboes* Sh`lh cnddo{ojs" k`sh injcu `d ij`|boclo g{o njsol{gsoc gjc njso{e`jjoesoc |nsh `jo gj`sho{" u` feh u`"shgs G{nus`sbo e`bc e`nj sho gcglo ‒j`shnjl nu nj sho njsobboes |hneh |guj`s dn{us nj sho uojuou*‖ @{" sho uojunkbo e`jsgnju sho njsobbnlnkbo" gjc shonjsobbnlnkbo nu c{g|j d{`f sho uojunkbo* Koeguo njsobboesgb ij`|boclo nu

e`jjoesoc |nsh sho uojuou" coqojcojs `j sho uojuou" gjc g{nuou d{`f shouojuou" G{nus`sbo egbbu sho q{èouu `d lossnjl sho njsobbnlnkbo d{`f sho uojunkbo`jo `d gkus{gesn`j* D`{ oxgfqbo" |hoj |o g{o ehnbc{oj |o hgto uoto{gbuojuo nfglou `d c`lu `d cnddo{ojs tg{nosnou9 gbb `d shof g{o c`lu otoj sh`lhsho uojuo nfglou g{o cnddo{ojs9 otoj gu ehnbc{oj" shoj" |o {oe`ljn}o shoe`ff`j obofojsu qùuouuoc k~ fgj~ cnddo{ojs tg{nosnou gjc njcntncgb c`lu9`d e`{uo" gs snfou |o fgio fnusgiou9 g knl Us* Ko{jg{c" d`{ oxgfqbo" fg~uoof s` u bnio g q`j~ jsnb |o hgto oj`lh oxqo{nojeo s` ncojsnd~ ns gu c`l*G{nus`sbo„u e`jsojsn`j nu shgs gbb sho uojuo nfglou |o hgto `d qg{snebg{ c`lugjc gbb sho cnddo{ojs tg{nosnou d c`lu c` hgto u`fo njsobbnlnkbo ehg{geso{nusneu|hneh |o gkus{ges d{`f sho uojunkbo nfglou s` d`{f gj ncog shgs nu gqqbnegkbo

s` gbb gjc nu bnio g e`ff`j coj`fnjgs`{ D@[ GBB NJ SHO UQOENOU* Njshnu uojuo" sho d`{f `{ ouuojeo" d`{ G{nus`sbo" |gu j`s d{`f gj`sho{ |`{bc" ks|gu {``soc nj ogeh unjlbg{ njcntncgb gjc {oq{ouojsu sho uqoenou `{ ouuojeo `d ogeh unjlbo shnjl* G{nus`sbo {olg{cu Qbgs`„u sho`{~ `d g |`{bc `d d`{fu gu gjjjoeouug{~ qùsbgso koeguo |o egj oxqbgnj oto{~shnjl |nsh`s {ou`{s s` ns*D`{ oxgfqbo" lo{fgj uhoqho{cu" q``cbou" eèio{ uqgjnobu" gjc gbb sho cnddo{ojstg{nosnou `d c`lu g{o gbb c`lu koeguo sho~ qùuouu" h`|oto{ tglob~" g d`{f(g uqoenou. shgs fgiou shof ‒c`l‖ gjc j`s egs `{ snlo{9 |o ij`| shof guc`lu |hoj |o bog{j sho |`{c ‒c`l‖ gu g u~fk`b shgs {odo{u s` |hgs gbb shouocnddo{ojs tg{nosnou hgto nj e`ff`j* Shgs e`ff`j coj`fnjgs`{ nu qùuouuock~ gbb c`lu nj cnddo{ojs |g~u gjc nu jnto{ugb `jb~ nj sho uojuo shgs ns nu

e`ff`j s` gbb unjlbo jnsu shgs g{o q``cbou" uhoqho{cu" uqgjnobu" ose* Nj shgsuojuo9 |hoj |o ij`|" |o {odo{ s` `{ gknbns~ s` gkus{ges d{`f gbb sho cnddo{ojstg{nosnou shgs e`ff`j coj`fnjgs`{ (uqoenou. ogeh `d shùo njcntncgb c`luhgto nj e`ff`j* Sho jnto{ugb ncog (uqoenou. hgu s` gkus{gesoc |hoj |oij`|9 ns nu j`s g jnto{ugb `sunco `{ fnjc ks nu {``soc nj g unjlbo jns shgsuhg{ou ns |nsh fgj~ `sho{ jnsu `d sho ugfo uqoenou*

Gkus{gesn`j nu c`jo k~ sho njsobboes gu gj glojs c{g|njl d{`f sho uojunkbonfglou shùo e`ff`j ehg{geso{nusneu shgs ojgkbo u s` d`{f g jnto{ugbe`jeoqs gqqbnegkbo s` sho fgj~ njcntncgbu |h` qùuouu sho jnto{ugb nj gunjlbg{ |g~* ‒Kb`jco hgn{‖" d`{ oxgfqbo" egj ko gj gss{nkso ugnc `d fgj~njcntncgbu |h` hgto g tg{nos~ `d uhgcou `d kb`jco" gjc u` sho~ gbb hgto u`foe`ff`j coj`fnjgs`{ l{guqoc k~ sho e`jeoqs ‒kb`jco hgn{*‖ Gkus{gesn`jfogju shgs sho e`jeoqs nu c{g|j d{`f sho uojunkbo nfglou |o hgo `d fgj~cnddo{ojs kb`jcou9 |o d`{f g jnto{ugb nj sho njsobboes |hnbo ogeh kb`jconjcntncgb qùuouuou sho d`{f nj g unjlbg{" j`s jnto{ugb |g~* @d e`{uo" |onjebco gbb sho tg{nù uhgcou `d kb`jco d{`f e`junco{gsn`j jbouu |o gbu`jgfo sho qg{snebg{ s~qo" o*l* qbgsnjf kb`jco* Nu g ‒qbgsnjf kb`jco‖ g



?7

jnto{ugb ncog ugnc `d fgj~ shgs qùuouu sho d`{f ‒qbgsnjf kb`jco‖ nj gunjlbg{ |g~0

_jnto{ugbns~" d`{ G{nus`sbo" |gu j`s d`jc nj sho qùsbgso `d gj`sho{ |`{bc `d jnto{ugbu (bnio Qbgs`." ks nj sho njsobboesgb fnjc |ho{o sho fnjc gssgehou

jnto{ugbns~ s` sho d`{fu ns ij`|u koeguo ns c{o| shùo d`{fu d{`f shounjlbg{ njcntncgbu |h` hgc shof nj g unjlbg{ |g~* Gjc sho fnjc q{ocnegsocshùo d`{fu `d sho unjlbg{u |hneh qùuouuoc shùo d`{fu nj g unjlbg{ |g~*_jnto{ugbns~" shoj" nu nj sho fnjc" gjc j`s nj u`fo `sho{ |`{bc* Ns hgu nsu {``su`{ d`jcgsn`ju nj sho unjlbg{ njcntncgbu |h` qùuouu sho jnto{ugb nj gunjlbg{ |g~" gjc uhg{o shnu qg{snenqgsn`j |nsh fgj~ `sho{ njcntncgbu |h`gbu` qùuou sho d`{f shgs nu jnto{ugbn}oc k~ sho fnjc `d g ij`|o{*

G{nus`sbo usnbb shnjiu" bnio Qbgs`" shgs njsobboes ij`|u jnto{ugb ncogu `{d`{fu" gjc shouo g{o q{`qo{ s` njsobboesgb ij`|boclo gu cnusnjes d{`fuoju`{~ ij`|boclo" ks njsobboesgb ij`|boclo nu e`jjoesoc |nsh gjccoqojcojs q`j uoju`{~ ij`|boclo* \hnbo uoju`{~ ij`|boclo nu `d unjlbg{shnjlu jb~" njsobboesgb ij`|boclo nu d unjlbg{u ks gbu` nu q{`qo{b~ d jnto{ugb ehg{geso{nusneu qùuouuoc k~ unjlbg{u* H`| còu sho njsobboes los shojnto{ugb ncog d{`f unjlbg{ njcntncgbu |h` qùuouu e`ff`j gjc jnto{ugbehg{geso{nusneu0 Gkus{gesn`j nu sho ges `d sho njsobbnlojeo gu gj glojsgqq{`q{ngsnjl |hgs nu njsobbnlnkbo gjc e`ff`jb~ uhg{oc k~ fgj~ njcntncgbu*Nj uh`{s" gkus{gesn`j nu sho njsobboes„u gesn`j |nshc{g|njl sho njsobbnlnkbo"e`ff`jb~ hobc ehg{geso{nusneu d{`f unjlbg{ gjc njcntncgbn}oc jnsu*

Uenojeo" d`{ G{nus`sbo" |gu j`s bnfnsoc s` codnjnsn`ju" oqnusofo" gjc sho f`cob

`d fgshofgsneu (gu Qbgs` ullousoc.* [gsho{ ij`|boclo `d sho eguou `d gj~lntoj qhoj`foj`j uoofoc s` hnf sho ouuojeo `d uenojsndne ij`|boclo* Njsho Fosgqh~uneu ho s{ogsoc d`{ eguou gjc guioc shgs gbb ko e`junco{oc guqg{s `d uenojsndne oxqbgjgsn`ju*

• Eguou= g{o=

Fgso{ngb6shgs `s `d |hneh u`foshnjl nu fgco

Oddnenojs6shgs d{`f |hneh gesn`j dn{us e`fou

D`{fgb6shgs |hneh us{es{ou `{ fgiou gj~shnjl |hgs ns nu (ouuojeo.

Dnjgb6shgs d`{ sho ugio `d |hneh u`foshnjl nu `{ nu c`jo

• Qhnb u`qh~6|nuc`f |nuc`f6ij`|boclo d sho eguouij`|boclo d sho eguou6uenojeo



?;

Jgs{gb Qhnbù`qh~ (Uenojeo. |gu cntncoc njs` Qh~uneu"Ehofnus{~" Kn`b`l~" Qu~eh`b`l~ (jgs{gb ehgjlou.

F`{gb Qhnbù`qh~ (uenojeo. |gu cntncoc njs` Oshneu" Q`bnsneu

Fosgqh~uneu (uenojeo. |gu Dn{us Qhnbù`qh~ { Uqoebgsnto

Bnko{gb G{su= Qòs{~" L{gffg{" [hos`{ne" Cngboesneu"Cof`jus{gsnto B`lne*

Fosgqh~uneu hgc gu nsu `kmoes `d usc~ |hgsoto{ nu" sho {ogb9 ksshgs hgc s` kolnj |nsh g q{nfg{~ ukmoes fgsso{ (fgso{ngbukusgjeou. gjc bogc s` oto{~shnjl obuo shgs |gu {obgsoc s`fgso{ngb ukusgjeou* Nj shgs uojuo" sho {ogb |gu gbb shgs oxnusoc nj{obgsn`juhnq s` fgso{ngb ukusgjeo" sho q{nfg{~ ukmoes* \h~ c`

~` shnji ho dèuoc `j fgso{ngb ukusgjeo gu q{nfg{~0

• Q{nfg{nb~" Fosgqh~uneu s{ogsu ukusgjeo gjc uoe`jcg{nb~ gj~shnjlshgs oxnusu nj {obgsn`juhnq s` ukusgjeo* Hojeo" G{nus`sbo hgu" d`{ shodn{us snfo" {gnuoc sho wousn`j `d |hgs Fosgqh~uneu uh`bc s{ogs gjchgu lntoj gj gju|o{ shgs |nbb hobq d`{lo fosgqh~uneu njs` gj`{lgjn}oc cnuenqbnjo*

• Ukusgjeo nu shgs oxnusnjl jns shgs oxnusu nj nsuobd gjc j`s nj gj`sho{*D`{ oxgfqbo" gj~ lntoj s{oo `{ kuh" gj~ njcntncgb qo{u`j `{

njcntncgb shnjl nu gj oxnusnjl jns shgs hgu gss{nksou (codnjoc gu|hgs oxnusu nj sho ukusgjeo `{ njho{ou nj sho ukusgjeo.* U`gss{nksou g{o wgbnsnou" wgjsnsnou" {obgsn`juhnqu" ose* shgs f`cnd~ shoukusgjeo* G ukusgjeo `d gj njsobboesgb `{ {gsn`jgb jgs{o6qo{u`j*Ks oto{~ jns nj jgs{o nu g ukusgjeo e`fqùoc `d fgsso{ gjc gd`{f shgs uqoendnou sho fgsso{ u` shgs sho jns nu `jo jns `d g uqoenoushgs fgj~ `sho{ jnsu (`d sho ugfo uqoenou. hgto nj e`ff`j* D`{oxgfqbo" gbb }ok{gu bg{lo gjc ufgbb" `bc gjc ~`jl hgto sho d`{f `d }ok{g9 sho~ g{o nj shgs uqoenou koeguo sho~ ogeh qùuouu shoe`ff`j d`{f*

• Ukusgjeou shgs g{o fgso{ngb g{o sho `jou |o ij`| kous" gjc |oegj gui sho wousn`j `d |hosho{ `{ j`s sho{o g{o j`j&fgso{ngbukusgjeou9 G{nus`sbo shnjiu shgs |o egj ousgkbnuh sho {ogbns~ gjcoxnusojeo d j`j&fgso{ngb ukusgjeou { uqn{nsgb ukusgjeou koeguo|o e`bc j`s hgto g uo{nou `d fgso{ngb ukusgjeou g{{gjloc nj gegugb e`jsnjf |nsh`s hgtnjl gu g dn{us eguo g j`j&fgso{ngb gjcjeguoc ukusgjeo gu sho oxqbgjgsn`j `d gbb eguoc fgso{ngbukusgjeou* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" g uowojeo `d eguoc fgso{ngb



?5

ukusgjeou" l`njl gbb sho |g~ kgei s` g uddnenojs egugb oxqbgjgsn`jd`{ fgso{ngb ukusgjeou oxnusnjl" |`bc hgto s` ko {ou`btoc nj dgt`{`d gj jeguoc ukusgjeo shgs |`bc q{oufgkb~ hgto s` ko j`j&fgso{ngb9 `sho{|nuo |o e`bc j`s gee`js d`{ sho oxnusnjl fgso{ngbukusgjeou gjc shon{ eguoc ehg{geso{*

• H`|oto{" G{nus`sbo {ofnjcoc u shgs gj ncog `d gj jeguoc eguo`{ jeguoc ukusgjeo |gu ko~`jc sho e`jsojs `d gbb `{ ncogukoeguo |o e`bc j`s lgnj sho ncog k~ gkus{gesn`j d{`f gj~ uoju`{~oxqo{nojeo* @jb~ gkus{gesn`j d{`f uoju`{~ oxqo{nojeo e`bc ko shokgunu d`{ gj~ ebog{ ncogu |o hgc9 ns fus ko sho eguo" shoj" shgs ncogubnio sho jeguoc eguo g{o fosgqh~unegb kobnodu j`s kguoc cn{oesb~`j uojuo oxqo{nojeo* [gsho{ sho ncog `d gj jeguoc ukusgjeo |gu`d joeouuns~ ‒tglo‖" gjc |o e`bc j`s ebgnf s` ij`| ebog{b~ gjcq{oenuob~ |hgs |o fogjs k~ sho |`{c `{ sho ncog* Unjeo sho e`jsojs`d sho ncog `d ‒eguo‖ |gu gkus{gesoc k~ u d{`f g eguoc eguo"

j`s gj jeguoc eguo" |o |o{o unjl ‒eguo‖ |hoj |o uqìo `d gj jeguoc eguo nj gj jebog{ `{ gjgb`lù |g~* Nj gccnsn`j"‒jeguoc‖ |gu fo{ob~ g jolgsn`j `d sho ncog `d ‒eguoc‖" u` gjjeguoc eguo hgc s` ko" nd ns oxnusoc" jbnio gj~ eguo |o ebog{b~ijo| d{`f oxqo{nojeo*

• G{nus`sbo d{sho{ ebgnfoc shgs gj jeguoc j`j&fgso{ngb gjc uqn{nsgbukusgjeo |`bc otojsgbb~ hgto s` ko j&e`fqùoc gjc nd je{ogsoc" shoj oso{jgb (joto{ e`fnjl njs` oxnusojeo." gjc gb|g~u njsho ges `d oxnusnjl* G joeouug{nb~ oxnusnjl ukusgjeo" shoj" nu qg{s `d fosgqh~uneu otoj sh`lh ns nu j`s sho q{nfg{~ ukmoes `d fosgqh~uneu* G{nus`sbo„u jeguoc eguo `{ jeguoc ukusgjeo(L`c. nu Q{o Ges" _j&{oeontoc Oxnusojeo" gjc nu uscnoc njFosgqh~uneu gu g eguo `d fgso{ngb ukusgjeou* Ks sho ‒jeguoceguo‖ nu gj jebog{" jolgsnto e`jeoqsn`j (j`s eguoc." gjcgjgb`lù (unfnbg{ s` ks cnddo{ojs d{`f gbb `sho{ eguou ij`|j.ncog*

• N shnji G{nus`sbo nu q{ouojsnjl ho{o g tnun`j `d bsnfgso fosgqh~unegb{ogbns~" h~q`shosnegbb~ g{{ntoc gs gu g {ogu`jgkbo qùunknbns~* Hoojtnun`ju g jnto{uo `d njso{coqojcojs gjc njso{&{obgsoc ukusgjeou

shgs g{o j`s g uddnenojs oxqbgjgsn`j `d shon{ `|j oxnusojeo gjc njso{&coqojcojeo* Sho~ gbb oxnus gjc g{o {ogb" ks sho to{~ njso{&{obgsn`juhnq |nsh `jo gj`sho{ gjc shon{ njso{&coqojcoje~ fgioushof njuddnenojs egugb oxqbgjgsn`ju d`{ shon{ `|j oxnusojeo* Shon{njso{&{obgsn`juhnqu d`{f g ehgnj `{ jos|`{i `d {ogb oxnusojs jnsu shgs`jb~ hgto g uddnenojs oxqbgjgsn`j nj so{fu `d u`fo jij`|jkonjl shgs egjj`s ko gcowgsob~ ij`|j* Shnu N shnji nuG{nus`sbo„u to{un`j `d K{ghfgj" Sg`" sho _jeguoc Eguo"



?3

_jcnddo{ojsngsoc @jo" L`c `{ sho _je{ogsoc" Gbbgh" ^g||oh"Jn{tgjg" `{ sho Gku`bso* Ns fg~ j`s uoof bnio to{~ feh" ks Nshnji ns nu g l``c oxgfqbo `d h`| `{ hfgj fnjc gjc uqooeh hgus` {oe`ljn}o shgs sho bsnfgso fosgqh~unegb {ogbns~ fus ko ko~`jc|hgs |o egj ebog{b~ e`jeoqsgbn}o gjc ug~*

• H`| c` |o ij`| sho bsnfgso fosgqh~unegb konjl0 @jb~ `j shoh~q`shounu shgs g uddnenojs eguo d`{ gbb shgs oxnusu fus ko9 `jb~ k~{oe`ljn}njl shgs shnu h~q`shounu `d gj bsnfgso konjl" ko~`jc gbb`{ ncogu" nu g {ogu`jgkbo gjc qbgunkbo `jo* ôs" `{ ij`|njl nujolgsnto (j`s shnu" j`s shnu" j`s shnu. koeguo gbb `{ ncogu g{o bnfnsocs` sho ehgjlnjl shnjlu `d shnu |`{bc* Nd |o uo shouo ncogu s` sgbigk`s gj jehgjlnjl" j&e`fqùoc" jeguoc" gjc je{ogsoc{ogbns~" |o egj c` u` `jb~ nd |o {oe`ljn}o shgs `{ ncogu g{o j`sgcowgso*

• G{nus sbo `j Uè{gsou„ Oshnegb L``c G{nus sbo |gu e`jtnjeoc`d Uè{gsou„ ncog `d ‒l``c‖ gu sho l`gb `d gbb hfgj gesn`ju" otoj nd |o |o{o fnusgioj gk`s |hgs |gu s{b~ ‒l``c*‖ \o hgc s` kolnjsho ‒oshnegb wous‖ {oe`ljn}njl shgs `{ jgs{gb `{nojsgsn`j s` shol``c |gu sho kgunu9 shoj" gu |o oxqo{nojeoc f`{o l``cu gu l`gbu `d `{ gesu" |o l{gcgbb~ sh{`lh gjgb~unu" {odnjoc `{ ncog `d |hgs|gu ‒s{b~ l``c"‖ Shu sho ‒oshnegb‖ |gu knbs `j sho jgs{gbcoun{o d`{ l``c* Shnu jgs{gb coun{o d`{ sho s{b~ l``c gjc `{ coun{os` {odnjo `{ ousnfgsou gjc cotob`q `{ `|j uobtou |gu g bndo&b`jlwous `d {odnjofojs" e`{{oesn`j" gjc {otnun`j* Ns |gu" h`|oto{" gc~jgfne f`tofojs shgs d`{foc sho us`{~ `d `{ bntou gu |o‒qgnjsoc‖ g q`{s{gns `d sho uobtou |o guqn{oc s` koe`fo= s{b~ l``cgjc f`{o e`fqboso hfgj konjlu*

• Shnu c~jgfne f`tofojs nj oshneu |gu q`|o{db koeguo ns |gus`|g{c g l``c shgs |gu ‒u` l``c‖ shgs ns |gu l``c ‒nj nsuobd‖ d`{sho ugio `d |hneh gbb obuo |gu ‒l``c‖ gu njus{fojsu s` gehnoto shol``c ‒nj&nsuobd*‖ H`| egj |o d`{f gj ncog `d g ‒l``c nj nsuobd‖shgs nu u` l``c ns f`tou u s` koe`fo f`{o shgj |o g{o gs gj~ `josnfo0 Ho{o nu |ho{o G{nus`sbo sh`lhs ‒njsobboesgb gjgb~unu‖ egfonj9 |o e`bc ousnfgso shgs g ‒l``c nj nsuobd‖ hgc s` ko qo{fgjojs"

j`s sofq`{g{~9 ns hgc gbu` s` ko q{`qo{ s` `{ hfgj uqoenou gujnwo s` hfgj konjlu" gjc ns hgc s` q{`tnco ojm`~fojs gjcqbogu{o gu e`je`fnsgjs* Dnjgbb~" ns hgc s` ko gesnto oxo{enuo `d `{jnwob~ hfgj gknbnsnou* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" ns hgc s` ko s{b~ l``cgesntnsnou shgs |o{o oxo{enuou d { njsobbnlojeo gjc uinbbu* D`{G{nus`sbo" gbb oshnegb cotob`qfojs nj `{ bntou coqojcoc `j `{ `|jwous d`{ |hgs |gu g ‒l``c&nj&nsuobd‖ d`{ ogeh `d u* Sho wouscoqojcoc `j ogeh njcntncgb gjgb~}njl ‒l``c‖ d`{ shofuobtou nj g



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dnjgb gjc to{~ f`tnjl |g~* \hgs |o{o |o {ogbb~ bntnjl d`{0 \o hgcs` coenco shgs d`{ `{uobtou koeguo ns |gu shgs ‒l``c‖ shgs |gu‒u` l``c‖ ns gb`jo e`bc eg{{~ u sh{`lh bndo*

• G{nus`sbo {oe`ljn}oc shgs nj lojo{gb shgs hnlhous l``c hgc s` bno

|nshnj sho oxo{enuo d { |j jnwo njsobboesgb uinbbu (`{ jnwoe`fknjgsn`j `d fbsnqbo njsobbnlojeou.9 ho egbboc shgs sho tn{so `d q{gesnegb |nuc`f `{ ‒qh{`jounu*‖ Sho nfq`{sgjs shnjl d`{ G{nus`sbo|gu shgs |o ogeh {oe`ljn}oc" sh{`lh gjgb~unu" sho `jl`njl jooc s`cotob`q { jnwo e`fknjgsn`j d njsobboesgb gjc ehg{geso{ uinbbugu |o eojso{oc `{ bntou `j ‒l``c&nj&nsuobd‖ d`{ u*

• Sho G{nus`sobngj Q{njenqbo |gu g jgfo shgs M`hj [g|bu" shoGfo{negj q`bnsnegb qhnbù`qho{" e`njoc s` oxqbgnj qg{s `d shofogjnjl `d ‒|obdg{o‖ `{ ‒dg{njl&|obb‖ oxqoesoc nj g e`jsofq`{g{~cofè{gsne uènos~* [g|bu ebgnfoc shgs sho njunlhsu `d G{nus`sbo `jsho ‒l``c‖ gjc sho ‒oxo{enuo‖ `d `{ uinbbu ojso{oc njs` shofogjnjl `d ‒musneo‖ nj g cofè{gsne uènos~ s`cg~* Nd |o shnjigk`s [g|bu„ ebgnf nj {obgsn`juhnq s` Lg{cjo{„u sho`{~ `d fbsnqbonjsobbnlojeou" |o egj jco{usgjc h`| G{nus`sbo egj ko uodb d`{|nuc`f s`cg~*

• ‒Hfgj konjlu ojm`~ sho oxo{enuo `d shon{ {ogbn}oc egqgensnou(|hosho{ njjgso `{ s{gnjoc." gjc shnu ojm`~fojs nje{oguou shof`{o sho egqgens~ nu {ogbn}oc `{ sho l{ogso{ nsu e`fqboxns~*‖Shnu nu [g|bu„ G{nus`sobngj q{njenqbo* \hgs còu ho fogj0 Bnio

G{nus`sbo" ho ebgnfu shgs sho l``c nj nsuobd d`{ ogeh `d u njt`btou shooxo{enuo `d `{ uinbbu (|hgs |o c` |obb gs.* ‒\obb‖ ho{o fogju gjoshnegb gjc njsobboesgb ‒l``c*‖ Sho cotob`qfojs `d `{ uinbbu(njsobboesgb gjc f`{gb. nje{oguou sho oxqo{nojeo d ojm`~fojs gjcoxhnbg{gsn`j* U`fosnfou" qu~eh`b`lnusu {odo{ s` shnu oxqo{nojeo gu‒db`|‖ `{ ‒konjl nj sho }`jo‖ s` ncojsnd~ sho sh{nbb" oguo" gjc dgenbns~shgs {oubsu |hoj |o g{o oxo{enunjl `{ uinbbu u` |obb shgs |ooxqo{nojeo g ‒l``c‖ nj nsuobd* Nd [g|bu nu {nlhs `{ otoj ebùo s`konjl {nlhs" N shnji ho hgu hns `j gj nuuo `{ wousn`j shgs hgu koojeojs{gb s` oto{~ qhnbù`qho{* Shgs wousn`j `{ nuuo nu= ‒|hgs nu shoq{qùo `d bndo0‖ `{ ‒|hgs gf N bntnjl d`{0‖ D`{ ogeh qo{u`j" sho

wousn`j |nbb hgto s` ko gju|o{oc k~ shof d`{ shofuobtou" ks ns|nbb ko gj ‒oxo{enuo‖ `d uinbbu (njsobboesgb gjc f`{gb. shgs nu gjnwo e`fknjgsn`j shgs ogeh `d u hgu q`sojsngbb~* N shnji" nj gcofè{gsne uènos~ s`cg~" ocegsn`jgb njusnssn`ju g{o fogjs s` hobqogeh `d u {oe`ljn}o gjc cotob`q `{ `|j to{un`j `d |hgs sho‒G{nus`sobngj q{njenqbo‖ fogju d`{ `{uobtou* Shgs nu gk`s gu ebùogu N egj e`fo s` gju|o{njl sho wousn`j= |hgs nu sho q{qùo `d hfgj bndo0‖



?4

Uffg{~

• G{nus`sbo" Qbgs`" gjc Uè{gsou" gu cnddo{ojs gu sho~ |o{o d{`f `jogj`sho{" ogeh hgc g tnun`j `d qhnbù`qh~ gu g hfgj ojso{q{nuownso egqgkbo `d cotob`qnjl g fosgqh~unegb gjc f`{gb `{ oshnegb

cnfojun`j d`{ hfgj bndo* Nj shon{ `|j |g~" ogeh egbboc hfgjkonjlu njs` g {ogbf `d sh`lhsdb gjgb~unu `d |h` sho~ |o{o" |hgssho~ |o{o egqgkbo `d koe`fnjl" gjc h`| sho~ e`bc guqn{o s`gehnoto sho |nuc`f" uqoebgsnto gjc q{gesnegb" shgs |gu g fg{i `d hfgj cnljns~* Nj gccnsn`j" ogeh hobc shgs hfgj konjlu |o{o{obgsoc s` g s{gjueojcojs gjc bsnfgso L@@C |hneh |gu j`sko~`jc hfgj oxqo{nojeo gjc sh`lhsdb" nd njgcowgso"jco{usgjcnjl* Nj shnu uojuo gbb sh{oo |o{o qg{s `d |hgs Bo|nuFfd`{c" d`bb`|njl sho qhnbù`qho{ Ig{b Mguqo{u" hgc egbboc gj‒gxngb {ot`bsn`j*‖

• Uoto{gb qhnbù`qho{u gdso{ Qbgs` gjc G{nus`sbo gc`qs k`sh `d shof `{`jo `d sho s|` gu fojs`{u9 fùs `d shouo Qhnbù`qho{u |o{oguuèngsoc |nsh g {obnlnù s{gcnsn`j gjc u` cotob`qoc shon{Qhnbù`qh~ nj e`jmjesn`j |nsh `{ nj e`jto{ugsn`j |nsh shon{{obnlnù dgnsh* D`{ shnu {ogu`j" Qhnbù`qh~ egfo s` ko {olg{coc gu‒sho e`jto{ugsn`j qg{sjo{‖ `d {obnlnù dgnsh* D`bb`|njl nu g bnus `d Qhnbù`qho{u |h` hgc g {obnlnù e`ffjns~ s` |hneh sho~kob`jloc otoj gu sho~ kob`jloc s` g e`ffjns~ `d qhnbù`qhnegbnjwn{o{u9 nj shouo unsgsn`ju" sho~ dsoj uoc shon{ qhnbù`qhnegbij`|boclo s` hobq oxqbgnj sho fogjnjl `d shon{ {obnlnù oxqo{nojeogjc sho {ogu`jgkbojouu `d shon{ kobnodu* Nj shnu |g~ k`sh qhnbù`qh~gjc {obnln`j qg{snenqgsoc nj sho ‒gxngb‖ {ot`bsn`j* Mcgnuf"Eh{nusngjns~" Nubgf nj sho |ous" gjc Hnjc" Kcchnus" gjc Sg` nj shoogus g{o gbb qg{s `d shnu ‒gxngb‖ uhnds*

Glusnjo (c* ?51 gc6Eh{nusngj Qbgs`jnus.

Gwnjgu (c*7;<; gc6Eh{nusngj G{nus`sobngj.

Gbdg{gkn (c* >?1 gc6Nubgfne G{nus`sobngj.

Gtneojjg (c* 715< gc6Nubgfne G{nus`sobngj.

Gto{{òu (c*77>8 gc6Nubgfne G{nus`sobngj.

Gtneok{`j (c* 71<1 gc6Mo|nuh Qbgs`jnus.



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Fgnf`jncou (c 7;13 gc6Mo|nuh G{nus`sobngj

US_C^ W_OUSN@JU QBGS@ $ G[NUS@SBO

7* Oxqbgnj sho fogjnjl gjc nfq`{sgjeo `d cngb`lo gjc wousn`jnjl d`{Uè{gsou9 |h~ nu cngb`lo gk`s sho gshojsne l``c nfq`{sgjs0 C` ~` gl{oo|nsh ns0 \h~0 Nd j`s*" |h~ j`s0

;* H`| còu Qbgs` uo sho cès{njo `d d`{f s` {onjd`{eo sho g{lfojs d`{ shoinjuhnq |nsh cntnjns~ `{ nff`{sgbns~ `d sho hfgj u`b0

5* E`js{gus Qbgs` gjc G{nus`sbo `j sho ukmoesu `d= g. uobd" k. u`b" e. jnto{ugbu"c. uenojeo

3* H`| g{o Uè{gsou" Qbgs`" gjc G{nus`sbo ogeh qg{s `d sho ‒gxngb {ot`bsn`j

k`sh nsu uqoebgsnto gjc q{gesnegb uncou0‖

?* Oxqbgnj |hgs G{nus`sbo fogju k~ sho _bsnfgso Konjl `{ _jeguoc Eguo*H`| nu ns bnio K{ghfgj0 H`| nu ns bnio Sg`0

4* Oxqbgnj G{nus`sbo„u sho`{~ `d gkus{gesn`j gjc h`| ns nu uoc s`cg~*

UOESN@J 5= SHO F@CO[J \OUSO[J FOSGQHÛNEGB GLOJCG

(Coueg{sou 7?>4&74?1" Bèio 745;&7<13" Hfo 7<77&7<<4" Igjs 7<;3&7813" Holob 7<<1&7857. Gbb shouo qhnbù`qho{u" gjc sho{u d{`f sho ugfosnfo qo{n`c" d`bb`|oc gj glojcg uos k~ Coueg{sou9 u`fo coqg{soc unljndnegjsb~d{`f Coueg{sou„ ncogu" fosh`cu" gjc e`jebun`ju" ks gbb f`{o `{ bouu d`bb`|ochnu glojcg otoj sh`lh sho~ e`jsojcoc shgs Coueg{sou fnujco{us``c k`shs{gcnsn`jgb qhnbù`qh~ gjc gj gee{gso f`co{j uenojsndne usgjeo* Holob nu shobgus `d sho bnjo gjc cotngsoc sho fùs d{`f Coueg{sou otoj s` sho q`njs `d j`skonjl {oe`ljn}gkbo gu g d`bb`|o{ `d hnu glojcg" ks |o |nbb ko gkbo s` uh`|h`|" otoj nj g fnjnfgb |g~" Holob nu {ogesnjl s` Coueg{sou* Sho njso{ousnjl

shnjl gk`s sho {ogesn`j s` Coueg{sou nj gbb shouo qhnbù`qho{u nu sho |g~ ogeh`d shof e`js{nksou s` gj `to{gbb e{nsnegb gjgb~unu shgs ehgbbojlou Coueg{sou `jgbfùs oto{~ ukmoes* Nj Coueg{sou„ codojuo" h`|oto{" ho |gu sho dn{us `d fgj~ qhnbù`qho{u s` {ogbn}o shgs f`co{j |ouso{j qhnbù`qh~ hgc s` hgtogjc gee{gso jco{usgjcnjl `d gjc e`jto{uo |nsh sho jo| uenojeo cotob`qock~ E`qo{jneu" Ioqbo{" Lgbnbo`" gjc Jo|s`j*



?8

Ehgqso{ 7 Coueg{sou

F`co{jns~ gjc Fosh`c

Coueg{sou„ f`co{jns~ eojso{u `j d`{ fgm`{ ehg{geso{nusneu `d sho f`co{j|`{bc= Uenojeo" D{ooc`f" Uobd" [gsn`jgbns~ { [gsn`jgb @{lgjn}gsn`j* Ogeh |gug hgbbfg{i `d |hgs sho f`co{j |`{bc cofgjcoc" ouqoengbb~ d{`f njsobboesgbu|h` |o{o nje{ogunjlb~ {olg{coc gu njso{q{oso{u `d h`| sho f`co{j {ot`bsn`jnj uenojeo |gu s` ko uoc s` cotob`q g jo| s~qo `d hfgj qo{u`j gjc g jo|s~qo `d uènos~* @d e`{uo" koe`fnjl f`co{j |gu j`s gj `to{jnlhs q{èouud`{ gj~`jo9 ns s`ì fgj~ hjc{ocu `d ~og{u" gjc nu usnbb hgqqojnjl nj `{ ;7 us

eojs{~ gu qo`qbo kolnj s` shnji gjc bnto nje{ogunjlb~ |nsh uenojeo gjc nsusoehj`b`l~" f`to njs` nje{ogunjlb~ {gsn`jgbn}oc {lgjn}gsn`ju" gc`qs d{ooc`fugjc {nlhsu guuèngsoc |nsh shof" gjc dèu f`{o `j sho cotob`qfojs gjcgctgjeofojs `d sho njcntncgb |nsh`s gu feh uèngb e`js{`b gu q{o&f`co{j

ebs{ou s`ì d`{ l{gjsoc* U`fosnfou" g e`jdbnes kos|ooj sho f`co{j gjc shoq{o&f`co{j k{ìo `s9 u`fosnfou qo`qbo ehùo s` {os{noto u`fo q{o&f`co{jehg{geso{nusneu" ks fùs `d sho snfo f`co{j ehg{geso{nusneu nje{ogunjlb~ s`ìuhgqo gjc |o gcmusoc s` shgs q{èouu `d koe`fnjl ‒f`co{j‖" u` feh u`shgs j`| konjl ‒f`co{j‖ nu sgioj d`{ l{gjsoc* Konjl f`co{j ojsgnboc g jo||g~ `d shnjinjl guuèngsoc |nsh sho fosh`cu ueeouudbb~ q{gesneoc k~ shojo| uenojeou*

Coueg{sou„ Fosh`c

Nj Foc* N `d Focnsgsn`ju j Dn{us Qhnbù`qh~" Coueg{sou uh`|u shgs nj sho

dgeo `d qhnbù`qhnegb `qnjn`ju |hneh g{o nj cnugl{oofojs |nsh `jo gj`sho{"eo{sgnjs~ nu fnuunjl* Gu g {oubs" ho e`jebcou shgs g unjlbo fosh`c bnio shofosh`c `d uenojeo egj `to{e`fo shnu |ncouq{ogc bgei `d eo{sgnjs~ njQhnbù`qh~* Nd gbb qhnbù`qhnegb qùnsn`ju g{o bgeinjl nj eo{sgnjs~" |h~ j`sfgio g tn{so `s `d shgs unsgsn`j k~ sginjl gbb qùnsn`ju gu c`ksdb* Hofogju shgs oto{~shnjl egj ko ukmoesoc s` c`ks9 ‒j` codnjnso unlju egjcnusnjlnuh konjl g|gio d{`f konjl gubooq* Sho oxnusojeo `d L`c" shooxnusojeo d f~uobd" sho oxnusojeo d `sho{ qo`qbo" sho qh~unegb |`{bc" gbbk`cnb~ `{ fgso{ngb shnjlu" egj ko c`ksoc" gjc N egj l` u` dg{ gu s` c`ksoto{~shnjl gjc nsu oxnusojeo*‖7<

K~ ukmoesnjl oto{~shnjl s` c`ks" Coueg{sou nu ofqb`~njl c`ks jnto{ugbb~gjc gu g fosh`c* Ns uh`bc ko q`njsoc `s shgs jnto{ugb c`ks nu

7< Coueg{sou" Focnsgsn`ju @j Dn{us Qhnbù`qh~" Njcngjgq`bnu"

Hgeioss" q* 7? Gbb w`sou gjc {odo{ojeou g{o s` shnu ocnsn`j*



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fosh`cnegb" j`s g e`jebun`j `{ gj guufqsn`j shgs ho s{nou s` q{`to*[gsho{ Coueg{sou s{nou s` uo c`ks gu g fosh`c koeguo ho |gjsu s` g{{nto gsu`foshnjl d`{ eo{sgnj* Ho ebgnfu ho nu |nbbnjl s` l` u` dg{ |nsh c`ks shgs ho|`bc" nd jooc ko" gcfns ho ij`|u j`shnjl d`{ eo{sgnj* ôs" ho ebog{b~ còuj`s |gjs s` c` shgs j`{ còu ho njsojc s` c` shgs* Ho |gjsu eo{sgnjs~*

Eo{sgnj gjc ko~`jc c`ks (njcknsgkbo. g{o f`{o ebùob~ e`jjoesoc |nshshùo cnuenqbnjou shgs s{ogs `d sho unfqbous shnjlu9 sho unfqbous g{o e`js{gusoc|nsh sho e`fqbox `{ e`fqùnso koeguo sho bgsso{ g{o gb|g~u f`{o cnddnebs s`g{{nto gs eo{sgnjs~ jbouu |o egj {oceo shof s` shon{ unfqbous obofojsu `{qg{su* Sho cnuenqbnjou guuèngsoc |nsh sho unfqbous g{o shùo shgs cogb |nshcnue{oso gjc e`jsnjù wgjsns~" o*l* g{nshfosne" gblok{g" lo`fos{~*Shouo g{ogu `d Fgshofgsneu g{o Coueg{sou„ c`fgnj" hnu uqoengbs~" gjc ho|gjsu s` uh`| u h`| g fgsh&fnjcoc qo{u`j |`bc gqq{`geh qhnbù`qh~*

Nj hnu Cnue`{uo `j Fosh`c" Coueg{sou hgc gb{ogc~ gjsnenqgsoc feh `d Foc**7 `j {ocenjl gj~ q{`kbof s` nsu unfqbous qg{su nj `{co{ s` g{{nto gs eo{sgnjs~gjc {obngknbns~* J`|" ho ebgnfu shgs |hoj ho c`ksu sho oxnusojeo `d L`c" sho|`{bc" `sho{ qo`qbo" gbb shnjlu `d |hneh ho uoofu eo{sgnj" gjc nu |nbbnjl s`gddn{f shgs j`shnjl oxnusu gjc shgs j`shnjl nu eo{sgnj" ho usnbb nu s{~njl s` uoc`ks gu g fosh`c koeguo ho |gjsu s` ‒l` d`{|g{c jsnb N ij`| u`foshnjld`{ eo{sgnj*‖

Ho e`fqg{ou hnfuobd s` G{ehnfocou gjc otoj ebgnfu shgs ho nu |nbbnjl sè`jebco shgs sho `jb~ shnjl ij`|j d`{ eo{sgnj nu shgs ho ij`|u j`shnjl d`{eo{sgnj9 ~os" ho nu |nbbnjl s` l` shgs dg{ `jb~ nd ho hgu s` koeguo ho egjj`s

dnjc gj~shnjl d`{ eo{sgnj*

Hgqqnb~" Coueg{sou dnjcu shgs ho còu j`s hgto s` e`jebco ‒j`shnjl nuij`|j d`{ eo{sgnj‖9 {gsho{ sho `jo u`bnc" gku`bso eo{sgnj ebog{ gjc cnusnjesncog shgs {oubsu d{`f c`ksnjl oto{~shnjl nu E`lns` o{l` uf `{ ‒N c`kssho{od`{o N gf‖* \hgs còu Coueg{sou fogj0 Nj sho to{~ ges `d c`ksnjloto{~shnjl egqgkbo `d konjl ij`|j" ho dnjcu shgs ho egjj`s c`ks shgsho nu c`ksnjl* Sho ‒N gf c`ksnjl‖ fogju sho{o fus ko gj ‒N‖ shgs nu*Sho qh{guo ‒N shnji‖ nu fogjs s` ko g lojo{gb so{f shgs njebcou ‒Nc`ks*‖ Ho `jb~ |gjsu s` ebgnf shgs c`ksnjl nu g d`{f `d shnjinjl* Njsho to{~ ges `d shnjinjl (c`ksnjl. ho fus ko9 nd j`s" h`| e`bc ho ko

shnjinjl* Nu shnu gj njsnsn`j0 Nu ns g uobd otncojs njunlhs0 Nu ns g e`js{gcnesn`j njso{fu s` ug~ shgs ho ij`|u ho nu c`ksnjl" ks c`ksu ho nu c`ksnjl0 Nseo{sgnjb~ nu j`s b`lnegbb~ g {ogu`jnjl q{èouu gbsh`lh ns fnlhs ko{od`{fbgsoc s` uoof u`* N shnji ns gj gqqbnegsn`j shgs uou sho q{njenqbo `d e`js{gcnesn`j shgs ‒u`foshnjl egjj`s ko gjc j`s ko gs sho ugfo snfo gjc njsho ugfo {ouqoes"‖ `{ N egjj`s ko c`ksnjl gjc j`s ko c`ksnjl¡gs sho ugfosnfo gjc nj sho ugfo {ouqoes* Coueg{sou h`|oto{ f`tou d{`f sho ges `d c`ksnjl shgs gj~shnjl fus ko s` sho oxnusojeo `d gj ‒N‖ shgs fus ko nd shgs



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‒N‖ nu c`ksnjl* Ho uoofu s` ko unjl u`fo to{un`j `d g q{ofnuo bnio shod`bb`|njl= ‒j` ges `d g qo{u`j„u fnjc egj ko |nsh`s sho qo{u`j gbu` konjl*‖Gs gj~ {gso" Coueg{sou h`bcu shgs E`lns` o{l` uf nu ij`|j k~ hnf gu gebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog9 N hgto g ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog shgs N shnji gjc shgs Ngf*

Eg{soungj Cgbnuf

Coueg{sou„ Cgbnuf d`bb`|u q`j hnu fosh`c koeguo sho ebog{ gjc cnusnjesncog to{~ ebùob~ guuèngsoc |nsh sho N GF nu shgs `d g SHNJINJL UOBD* Nd Coueg{sou„ uobd nu g shnjinjl uobd" gjc `jb~ ‒shnjinjl‖ coue{nkou sho uobd" shok`cnb~ gesn`ju `{ gesn`ju `sho{ shgj shnjinjl g{o j`s sho gesn`ju `d g uobd* @{g{o sho~0 ‒ N gf g shnjl shgs shnjiu9 shnu nu eo{sgnj9 N gf `jb~ g shnjl shgsshnjiu" g fnjc `{ u`b*‖78 Coueg{sou„ qùnsn`j ho{o nu ebog{b~ cnddo{ojs shgjUè{gsou `{ Qbgs`" ks ns nu gbu` cgbnusne koeguo ns q{ouojsu ‒uobd‖ `{ sho ‒N‖gu `jo ukusgjeo gb`jo cnuojlgloc d{`f gj`sho{ ukusgjeo" k`c~" |hnehnu j`s sho uobd" ks |nsh |hneh ‒uobd„ njso{gesu* Ns nu gj njso{gesnto cgbnuf"ks sho njso{gesn`j nu `jb~ njus{fojsgb gjc sofq`{g{~* \h~0 Koeguo ho uoug fosgqh`{ `d uhnq s` coue{nko hnu tno| `d k`c~ njso{gesnjl |nsh sho u`b `{shnjinjl ukusgjeo*

Coueg{sou còu j`s uo sho fosgqh`{ `d q{nu`j hùo shgs Uè{gsou gjc Qbgsùoc9 {gsho{ ho uou ‒bnio g egqsgnj s` g uhnq‖ gu fosgqh`{ d`{ sho{obgsn`juhnq kos|ooj uobd `{ shnjinjl ukusgjeo gjc k`c~ ukusgjeo* G dnssnjlunfnbg{ fosgqh`{ s`cg~ |`bc ko ‒bnio g c{nto{ s` g eg{*‖ Sho njso{gesn`j nukos|ooj s|` cnddo{ojs shnjlu (ukusgjeou. `jb~ `jo `d |hneh nu uobd9 sho k`c~

ukusgjeo (~os s` ko q{`toc gu g ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog. nu gj njus{fojs uocd`{ g snfo k~ sho uobd* F`co{j cgbnuf |nbb sgio nsu bogc d{`f Coueg{sou* \hgsinjc `d cgbnuf nu ns0 Ns nu g cgbnuf `d s|` ukusgjeou `jb~ `jo `d |hneh nusho uobd* ôs sho s|` ukusgjeou" uobd gjc k`c~" njso{ges |nsh `jo gj`sho{*

Sho E`jeoqs `d Ukusgjeo

U_KUSGJEO d`{ Coueg{sou fogju shgs |hneh oxnusu K^ nsuobd 9 shnu nu gcoqg{s{o d{`f G{nus`sbo„u e`jeoqs (shgs |hneh oxnusu NJ nsuobd gjc j`s njgj`sho{ koeguo ns nu g l{`jc `{ ukmoes `d njho{ojeo d`{ gss{nksou.* Shocoqg{s{o nu unljndnegjs koeguo Coueg{sou„ codnjnsn`j gb{ogc~ guufou shgsukusgjeo nu jgddoesoc k~ sho{ eguou d`{ nsu oxnusojeo9 G{nus`sbo„u codnjnsn`jguufou j`shnjl bnio shgs* Nj gccnsn`j" Coueg{sou„ codnjnsn`j d ukusgjeo guoxnusnjl k~ nsuobd nfqbnou shgs g ukusgjeo nu jeguoc `{ njcoqojcojs9 shnu ncog

78 Coueg{sou* Focnsgsn`ju" q*



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nu hg{cb~ geeoqsgkbo s` gj~`jo dgfnbng{ |nsh ebguunegb |ouso{j qhnbù`qh~* \h~shoj còu Coueg{sou e`fo q |nsh ns0 N shnji ho ij`|u shgs ho bntou gjc nuq{ouojsnjl hnu to{un`j `d g f`co{j qhnbù`qh~ nj g Eh{nusngj ebs{o" gjc hofus bogto {``f d`{ ‒nff`{sgbns~‖ d`{ sho u`b `{ ‒uobd‖" gjc sho ogunous |g~s` c` shgs nu s` codnjo uobd `{ u`b gu oxnusnjl k~ nsuobd njcoqojcojs `d k`c~*

‒Uobd nu g shnjinjl ukusgjeo‖ gjc ukusgjeo gu |hgs oxnusu k~ nsuobd nfqbnoushgs uobd usgjcu gb`jo |nsh`s coqojcojeo `j gj`sho{" gjc shnu fogju shgsCoueg{sou bogtou `qoj sho qùunknbns~ shgs sho {ogb uobd" shnjinjl ukusgjeo" egjogunb~ l` `j (nff`{sgbns~. |nsh`s k`c~* Shnu cgbnuf" bnio Qbgs`„u" fgiounff`{sgbns~ uoofu {obgsntob~ ogu~ s` geeoqs koeguo ns d`bb`|u b`lnegbb~ d{`fuoqg{gsnjl u`b `{ shnjinjl ukusgjeo d{`f k`c~* H`|oto{" gu |o ug| |nshQbgs`" sho q{neo qgnc k~ unjl cgbnuf `dsoj {oubsoc nj gj oxgllo{gsoc j`sn`j`d h`| u`b `{ fnjc us``c gqg{s gjc njcoqojcojs d{`f k`c~* Ns uoofoc gush`lh {obnlnù fnjcoc shnjio{u ofk{geoc cgbnuf nj qhnbù`qh~ koeguo nsfgco musndnegsn`j d`{ nff`{sgbns~ gj ogu~ sgui* Joto{shobouu" sho jgs{gbnusu

gjc {ogbnusu" bnio G{nus`sbo gjc fgj~ `sho{u gdso{ hnf" |`bc dnjc cgbnuf gqo{uqoesnto shgs dgnboc s` h`j`{ sho dbb cnljns~ `d sho hfgj qo{u`j gu g jns`d k`c~ gu |obb gu fnjc* S`cg~ |o g{o feh f`{o bniob~ s` gqq{oengso h`|fnjc gjc k{gnj fus ko sh`lhs `d gu qg{s `d sho |h`bo `{lgjnuf9 nj uh`{s"|o egjj`s geeoqs cgbnuf nd ns fogju shgs |o g{o s` coq{oengso sho hfgjk`c~ |nsh nsu g|ou`fo |ok `d fojsgb (jo{tù u~usof. gjc `{lgjne njs{nege~*G{nus`sbo„u qu~eh`&u`fgsne jns~ `{ u`fo to{un`j `d ns nu feh f`{o qbgunkbod`{ fùs qo`qbo s`cg~ otoj nd u`fo cnusnjesn`j kos|ooj fnjc gjc k`c~ nuegbboc d`{*

Oxnusojeo d g Fgso{ngb { Qh~unegb \`{bc

Fgso{ngb k`cnou `{ fgso{ngb shnjlu g{o joxs s{ogsoc s` sho fosh`c `d c`ks9Coueg{sou nu j`s sgbinjl gk`s hnu `|j k`c~" ks gk`s fgso{ngb k`cnou `{qh~unegb shnjlu* Bnio uobd" ho dnjcu shgs sho{o nu g ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog `d k`c~ `{ fgso{ngb shnjl |hneh fgiou d`{ sho eo{sgnjs~ shgs nu {own{oc s``to{e`fo c`ks gk`s sho oxnusojeo `d k`cnou `{ qh~unegb shnjlu*Coueg{sou uou sho oxgfqbo `d |gx nj Foc* NN |ho{o ho uh`|u shgs fgso{ngbshnjlu `{ k`cnou egjj`s ko ij`|j k~ sho uojuou koeguo sho uojuou egj

gb|g~u ko coeontoc* Bnio Qbgs`" Coueg{sou doobu sho uojuou g{o j{obngkbo gjcegjj`s los ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncogu shgs |`bc ojgkbo u s` hgto u`foq{`xnfns~ s` eo{sgnjs~* [gsho{" sho njsobboes `{ fnjc d`{fu sho ncog `d qh~unegbshnjlu |hneh lnto u sho kgunu d`{ eo{sgnjs~ gk`s qh~unegb shnjlu `{ k`cnou*Ho gjgb~}ou |gx" uh`|u shgs ns jco{lòu g tg{nos~ `d cnddo{ojs d`{fu" ksgb|g~u {ofgnju gj oxsojcoc shnjl" n*o* ns gb|g~u nu ehg{geso{n}oc k~ oxsojun`j`{ fguu* \nsh shnu codnjnsn`j" n*o* k`c~ nu gj oxsojcoc shnjl" Coueg{souebgnfu ho hgu g ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog `d k`c~9 d{`f shnu ho egj j`|



4;

gddn{f shgs g qh~unegb |`{bc oxnusu |hoj ho cnue`to{u u`foshnjl nj sho|`{bc shgs dnsu hnu codnjnsn`j*

@jeo N hgto g ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog (njsobboes j`s uojuo. `d gj oxsojcocshnjl" shoj N egj fgio g mclfojs (njsobboes gesu. shgs g qg{snebg{ ebog{ gjc

cnusnjes ncog `d oxsojcoc shnjl egj ko gddn{foc `d g {ogbb~ oxnusnjl shnjl* Nj sho mclfojs" N gddn{f sho oxnusojeo `d sho qh~unegb shnjl" o*l* sho {oc gqqbo `j shoinsehoj sgkbo {ogbb~ oxnusu* K~ gddn{fnjl {ogb oxnusojeo nj sho mclfojs" N hgtofgco g fojsgb ges shgs egj ko egbboc s{o `{ dgbuo9 d`{ oxgfqbo" nd j` {oc gqqbonj g k`|b `j sho insehoj sgkbo oxnusu shoj sho mclfojs nu dgbuo" ks nd `jooxnusu nj sho k`|b `j sho sgkbo" shoj sho mclfojs nu s{o gu gj gddn{fgsn`j `d g{ogbb~ oxnusnjl qh~unegb fguu* _jsnb g mclfojs nu fgco gk`s oxnusojeo `{j`j&oxnusojeo" s{sh egjj`s ko ugnc gk`s sho uojsojeo |hneh ebgnfu ‒gj gqqbooxnusu `j sho sgkbo*‖

Coueg{sou h`bcu shgs oxsojun`j oxnusu nj gbb sho d`{fu shgs gj~ qh~unegb shnjljco{lòu" gjc |o {oe`ljn}o sho e`jeoqs `d oxsojun`j |nsh `{ fnjcu j`s`{ uojuou* U` |o c` j`s gddn{f sho oxnusojeo `d k`c~ k~ uojunjl k`c~ `{qh~unegb shnjl" ks |o shnji ns gjc mclo ns s` oxnus* \hoj shgs {ogb oxnusojeo nugddn{foc koeguo `d `{ ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog `d oxsojun`j shoj |o hgtoeo{sgnjs~ `d oxnusnjl* \o gddn{f `{ mclo sho qh~unegb shnjl s` {ogbb~ oxnus*Oxnusojeo gddn{foc nu g wgbns~ gssgehoc s` sho s{sh |hneh nj s{j nu g wgbns~gssgehoc s` sho mclfojs* Shnu qùnsn`j `d Coueg{sou hgu uoofoc bcne{ù s`fgj~ qo`qbo* \h~ còu ns uoof u` bcne{ù0 J`s koeguo |o c`j„s fgio

mclfojsu gk`s sho oxnusojeo `d gqqbou `{ gj~ qh~unegb k`c~" ks koeguo |oc`j„s l` sh{`lh ueh obgk`{gso fojsgb gesu s` c` u`9 |o unfqb~ g{o g|g{o `d |hgs |o uojuo gjc fgio sho gddn{fgsn`j* \o {ob~ `j `{ uojuou*

C` ~` shnji Coueg{sou nu jdgn{b~ uioqsnegb `d uojuo oxqo{nojeo0 Còu fgsh&bnio eo{sgnjs~ c`fnjgso hnu gqq{gnugb `d uojugsn`j u` feh shgs ho egjj`sgeeoqs sho {obngknbns~ `d sho uojuou d`{ fùs hfgj gddgn{u0 Nu j`s shous{gnlhsd`{|g{c |g~ `d uojuo oxqo{nojeo sho fùs e`ff`j gjc `{cnjg{~ |g~d`{ qo`qbo s` gddn{f sho {ogbns~ `d qh~unegb shnjlu0 \`bc g qo{u`j |h` cojnousho tgbncns~ d hnu |j uojuo oxqo{nojeo ko |nbbnjl" nd guioc" s` dnuh s hnu|gbbos gjc hgjc `to{ |hgsoto{ f`jo~ ho hgu sho{o koeguo hnu uojuou hgtocoeontoc hnf gjc sho f`jo~ egjj`s eo{sgnjb~ oxnus0 Ueh g uioqsne |`bc"f`{o bniob~" {ou`{s s` `{cnjg{~ njsobbnlojs e`ff`j uojuo gjc {oduo s` hgjc

`to{ g ‒uqqùoc‖ j`j&oxnusojs dnds~ c`bbg{u*

L`c„u Oxnusojeo

Coueg{sou joxs s{ju s` sho ncog `d L`c gjc sho gssofqs s` q{`to L`c„uoxnusojeo* Nj Foc* NNN" Coueg{sou kolnju k~ uffg{n}njl sho E@LNS@" shof`cou `d shnjinjl e`jjoesoc |nsh ns" gjc ho shoj oxgfnjou hnu ncog `d L@C*



45

[ofofko{ shgs Coueg{sou kolgj c`ksnjl sho oxnusojeo `d oto{~shnjlnjebcnjl L`c9 ho usnbb còu c`ks sho oxnusojeo `d L`c" gjc ho nu j`s ebgnfnjls` ij`| shgs sho{o nu ueh g shnjl gu L`c* Gbb ho ebgnfu j`| nu shgs ho hgu gfùs jugb ncog `d L`c9 ns fg~ ko q{o dgjsgu~" gj jl{`jcochgbbenjgsn`j" `{ g dnlfojs `d hnu nfglnjgsn`j* Ks ho hgu s` dnjc `s |ho{o

shnu ncog egfo d{`f" gjc shgs nu |hgs ho q{`qùou*

L`c nu `jb~ gj NCOG `d g ukusgjeo shgs nu oso{jgb" njdnjnso" `fjnuenojs"`fjnq`sojs" gjc e{ogs`{ `d gbb shnjlu* Shnu ncog nj sho fnjc `d Coueg{souegjj`s ko |nsh`s g eguo `d nsu `kmoesnto {ogbns~ n*o* nsu oxnusojeo nj hnu fnjc*Gu `kmoes `d ij`|boclo* Coueg{sou guiu" |h` `{ |hgs e`bc ko sho eguo `d shnu ncog `d L`c nj f~ fnjc0 Ho {bou `s hnfuobd gjc gj~`jo bnio hnf* Hogqqg{ojsb~ joto{ e`junco{oc g uèngbn}gsn`j q{èouu |ho{o {obnlnù ocegsn`jqbg~oc g {`bo* Ho shoj {ogbn}ou shgs sho eguo `d sho ncog fogju shgs ho nu j`sgb`jo* \h` `{ |hgs e`bc ko gj gcowgso eguo d`{ ueh gj ncog0 Shnu bnjo`d {ogu`jnjl" gssofqsnjl s` q{`to sho oxnusojeo `d L`c `{ sho s{sh shgs L`c

oxnusu" |gu ij`|j s` {obnlnù qhnbù`qho{u q{otnù s` Coueg{sou9 ns |gunjnsngsoc k~ Gjuobf `d Egjso{k{~ nj sho 77sh eojs{~ g*e*o* Koeguo Gjuobf|gu cnuugsnudnoc |nsh `sho{ gssofqsu s` g{lo uddnenojsb~ d`{ L`c„u oxnusojeo"ho cotob`qoc gj `js`b`lnegb g{lfojs* Shnu g{lfojs |gu kguoc `jq{ofnuo shgs sho ncog `d L`c |gu gj ncog `d gj gku`bsob~ joeouug{~konjl |hùo j`j&oxnusojeo |gu g e`js{gcnesn`j nj so{fu* Coueg{souuh`|oc ho |gu dgfnbng{ |nsh Gjuobf„u odd`{su gjc qùunkb~ shùo `d Glusnjoog{bno{* N shnji Coueg{sou {ou`{soc s` sho us{gsol~ `d unjl Gjuobf„u g{lfojskoeguo ns dns |nsh Coueg{sou„ `|j ‒s{j s` sho ij`|njl ukmoes‖" gjc shoebog{ gjc cnusnjes (fgsh&bnio. ncogu joococ d`{ eo{sgnjs~ nj guenojsndne/fgshofgsnegb glo*

Gs gj~ {gso" Coueg{sou hobc shgs `jb~ gj gbb qo{does" d`{fgbb~ oxnusnjl L`c`sunco hnu fnjc" e`bc ko gj gcowgso eguo `d sho ncog `d gj gbb qo{does njhnu fnjc koeguo j`shnjl u` qo{does e`bc e`fo d{`f gj~shnjl ks g {ogbb~oxnusnjl gbb qo{does* Gbb qo{does" gu gj ncog nj hnu fnjc" hgu s` e`jsgnj {ogboxnusojeo `sunco sho fnjc `{ ns |`bc j`s ko gbb qo{does9 u` gbb qo{does nj shofnjc fogju shgs gbb qo{does sho{o fus gb{ogc~ e`jsgnj gjc {oq{ouojs shoqo{doesn`j `d {ogb oxnusojeo `{ ns |`bc j`s ko gbb qo{does* Nu shnu Gjuobf„ug{lfojs0 Ns còu uoof s` ko ebùo oj`lh s` |hgs Gjuobf hobc koeguoGjuobf cnc e`fknjo k`sh ‒gbb qo{does‖ |nsh ‒j` l{ogso{ egj ko e`jeontoc‖"

gjc e`jjoesoc shouo s|` ehg{geso{nusneu `d sho l`c&ncog |nsh g ‒{ogbb~ oxnusnjljoeouug{~ konjl*‖

Fùs |ouso{j qhnbù`qho{u s`cg~ |`bc h`bc shgs shnu g{lfojs nu j`sqo{ugunto otoj nd ns q{ouojsu u |nsh g {ofg{igkbo ‒nj|g{c‖ b`ìnjl egqgens~s` oxgfnjo sho qùunknbns~ shgs g ‒L`c‖ ncog nu g qu~eh`b`lnegb hfgj {ogbns~joococ d`{ hfgj cotob`qfojs* Shnu qùunkbo qu~eh`b`lnegb jooc d`{ g‒L`c‖ ncog |nbb {ogqqog{ gu |o f`to sh{`lh f`co{j gjc e`jsofq`{g{~



4?

{obnlnù&`{nojsoc qhnbù`qho{u" Gjuobf gjc Glusnjo" guuèngsoc |nshEh{nusngjns~ |h` uoc Qbgs` gjc hnu ncogu s` d`{fbgso g fosgqh~uneu `d L`c*

Ns nu to{~ qbgunkbo s` shnji shgs sho `jb~ injc `{ f`co `d oxnusojeo" shgs gL`c e`bc hgto" |`bc ko g joeouug{~ f`co `d oxnusojeo" gjc d{`f shgs |g~

`d shnjinjl" Coueg{sou" sho fgshofgsnengj" egj dnjc g e`jjoesn`j |nsh {ogboxnusojeo* Ks ho fnuuou sho |h`bo q`njs `d s{~njl s` q{`to sho oxnusojeo `d L`c" gjc njusogc guufou shgs sho ncog `d sho gbb qo{does egj q{`to g {ogbb~oxnusnjl gbb qo{does gu u`bo eguo d`{ sho ncog* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" Coueg{soufnusgiou sho joeouug{~ f`co `d oxnusojeo d`{ sho dges `d oxnusojeo" gjc ebgnfushgs sho ncog `d gj gku`bsob~ joeouug{~ konjl gjc sho ncog `d j`j&oxnusojeod`{ shgs injc d konjl g{o e`fqbosob~ e`js{gcnes`{~ nj {ogbns~* Nj uh`{s" ho nus{~njl s` qguu d{`f nfglnjnjl g joeouug{~ f`co `d oxnusnjl s` gddn{fnjl shooxnusojeo `d g joeouug{~ f`co `sunco hnu fnjc* @{" Coueg{sou {ogbb~ nuguufnjl sho oxnusojeo `d L`c gu g joeouug{~ konjl njusogc `d q{`tnjl shgs" njdges" L`c oxnusu*

Coueg{sou f`tou (`j ql* 57. s` ‒gui d{sho{ |hosho{ N f~uobd |h` hgto shnuncog e`bc oxnus nd ueh g konjl cnc j`s oxnus"‖ gjc uoofu s` {gnuo gj`sho{ bnjo`d gqq{`geh s` sho g{lfojs d`{ L`c„u oxnusojeo9 shnu `sho{ bnjo nu to{~cnddo{ojs d{`f sho `js`b`lnegb g{lfojs koeguo ns cogbu |nsh Coueg{sou„ `|joxnusojeo gu g kolnjjnjl q`njs s` qùunkb~ q{`to sho oxnusojeo `d L`c* Shnubnjo `d g{lfojs nu ij`|j gu sho g{lfojs d{`f e`jsnjloje~" gjc `sho{qhnbù`qho{u hgto uoc ns" ks Coueg{sou còu j`s cotob`q ns* Ho gkgjc`ju ns"gjc {os{ju `j ql* 53 s` sho ebgnf ‒sho |h`bo d`{eo `d sho g{lfojs {ousu `jsho dges shgs ns nu nfqùunkbo shgs N uh`bc oxnus&&konjl `d ueh g jgs{o gu N gf&& jgfob~ hgtnjl sho ncog `d L`c nj fo" jbouu L`c nj dges còu oxnus Glgnj`j ql* 3; nj Foc* ?" Coueg{sou uh`|u shgs ns nu hnu ncog `d gj gku`bsob~joeouug{~ konjl shgs fgiou L`c gjc oxnusojeo njuoqg{gkbo*

Sho Eg{soungj Gjxnos~

Sho Eg{soungj Gjxnos~ nu g qh{guo uoc s` coue{nko sho ho{nsglo `d Coueg{sou"n*o* |hgs Coueg{sou bods kohnjc gu gj glojcg `{ |hgs ho uos q gu g uos `d nuuou s` ko hgjcboc nj Fosgqh~uneu* [nehg{c Ko{jusonj uoc sho qh{guo"‘Eg{soungj Gjxnos~„ s` coue{nko sho nuuou gjc q{`kbofu njho{nsoc d{`fCoueg{sou*7>

7> Ko{jusonj" [* Ko~`jc @kmoesntnuf gjc [obgsntnuf=Uenojeo"

Ho{fojosneu" gjc Q{gxnu" Qhnbgcobqhng" _jnt* `d QhnbgcobqhngQ{ouu" 7>8<



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uqo{n`{ s` k`c~" oxqbgnjgkbo nj so{fu `sho{ shgj k`c~ `{ nj k`cnb~ so{fu0 Nd Ngf eo{sgnj `d f~ `|j fnjc" c` `sho{ fnjcu oxnus0 Nu uobd g jns `{ e`fqùnsogu G{nus`sbo hobc0 @{ nu uobd s|` cnusnjes ukusgjeou0 @{ nu uobd `jo ukusgjeo(Coueg{sou„ tno|. shgs uou gj`sho{ ukusgjeo shgs nu j`s uobd0 Fùs f`co{jgjc e`jsofq`{g{~ qhnbù`qho{u d`bb`| u`fo to{un`j unfnbg{ s` G{nus`sbo |hnbo

fùs hfgj konjlu uoof s` d`bb`| g Eg{soungj&bnio cgbnuf koeguo ns fgioushof doob f`{o uoe{o" bouu gjxnù" gk`s cogsh* Nj Qhnbù`qh~ `d Fnjcs`cg~ fgj~ nuuou e`jjoesoc |nsh cotob`qfojsu nj Qu~eh`b`l~ gjcJo{ùenojeo {gnuo wousn`ju gk`s Fnjc gjc E`juenùjouu shgs g{ogssofqsnjl s` {ou`bto cgbnuf gu g q{`kbof*

Sho unxsh gjxnos~ nu sho gjxnos~ e`jjoesoc |nsh s{~njl s` dnjc g q{``d d`{ shooxnusojeo `d L`c9 sho io~ so{fu ho{o g{o ‘q{``d„ gjc ‘oxnusojeo„9 ns nuj„s gwousn`j `d kobnotnjl nj sho oxnusojeo `d L`c ks `d q{`tnjl shgs L`c còuoxnus* Glgnj sho |`{c ‘q{``d„" nu `jo shgs nu guuèngsoc |nsh Jo|s`jngjuenojeo gjc sho gssofqs `d Qhnbù`qh~ s` ko bnio uenojeo fogju shgs ns s``

fus q{`to sho oxnusojeo `d g fosgqh~unegb konjl egbboc L`c `{ shoS{gjueojcojs" gbb qo{does Konjl* Ns uh`bc ko j`soc shgs s`cg~ sho oxnusojeo `d L`c nu feh f`{o g cnueuun`j s` ko hobc |nshnj sho ukmoes `d qhnbù`qh~ `d {obnln`j" j`s nj fosgqh~uneu* Shnu |nbb koe`fo otncojs gdso{ |o s{ogs shofosgqh~uneu `d sho K{nsnuh ofqn{nenusu" Bèio gjc Hfo*

Gbb shouo gjxnosnou |nbb eeq~ f`co{j \ouso{j Qhnbù`qho{u jsnb sho fnccbo`d sho ;1sh eojs{~ |hoj qhnbù`qho{u kolgj s` {gnuo wousn`ju gk`s shodogunknbns~ d c`njl Qhnbù`qh~ |nsh shouo gjxnosnou nj fnjc { hgtnjl shouogjxnosnou coso{fnjo `{ otoj hogtnb~ e`jcnsn`j sho glojcg `d q{`kbofu s` kodgeoc nj Qhnbù`qh~*

J`|" gs sho kolnjjnjl `d sho ;us eojs{~ sho uhgc`| `d Coueg{sou nu |gjnjl"gjc fgj~ qhnbù`qho{u c` j`s shnji shgs gbb sho q{`kbofu lojo{gsoc k~Coueg{sou„ gjxnos~ uh`bc ko s{ogsoc `{ lntoj uo{nù gssojsn`j* @bco{ soxsu njQhnbù`qh~ gjc u`fo qhnbù`qho{u nj Fosgqh~uneu gjc Oqnusof`b`l~ usnbbnjunus" h`|oto{" shgs |o uh`bc oxgfnjo sho Eg{soungj ho{nsglo njebcnjl shoEg{soungj gjxnos~ gu qg{s `d g bg{lo hnus`{negb qo{uqoesnto `j |ouso{jfosgqh~uneu/oqnusof`b`l~* @sho{u" g l{`|njl ks ufgbbo{ jfko{" shnji shgssho Eg{soungj Gjxnos~ nsuobd joocu e{nsnegb njtousnlgsn`j koeguo sho q{`kbofuuoof `to{b~&|{`lhs" e`jt`bsoc" gjc `kuouuoc |nsh g f`cob `d {gsn`jgbns~

fg{ioc k~ g wous d`{ eo{sgnjs~" g unjlbo fosh`c s` gehnoto ns" gjc g us{`jlofqhgunu `j sho jolgsnjl q`|o{ `d njsobboes s` gehnoto sho eo{sgnj k~ukmoesnjl oto{~shnjl s` c`ks*

@{cnjg{~ uodb {gsn`jgbns~ s` u`bto q{`kbofu" ouqoengbb~ |hoj qhnbù`qho{ue`fknjo |nsh njsobboesgbu d{`f `sho{ c`fgnju" uoofu g feh f`{o dnssnjlgbso{jgsnto* G jo| f`cob `d `{cnjg{~" us{gnlhsd`{|g{c {gsn`jgbns~jojefko{oc k~ c`ksu gjc dog{u gk`s sho wous d`{ gjc gssgnjfojs `d



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eo{sgnjs~ uoofu feh f`{o gss{gesnto gjc feh f`{o q{`fnunjl*;1 Shnu jo|f`cob eojso{u `j ‒g e`jto{ugsn`j gk`s hfgj {gsn`jgbns~‖" gjc ns nu‒bog{jnjl s` shnji gjc ges nj sho nj&kos|ooj njso{usneou"‖;; |ho{o sho q{gesnegbuo `d {gsn`jgbns~ hgu kooj gctègsoc k~ ‒shnjio{u gu cnddo{ojs gu Gbgucgn{FgeNjs~{o" Ehg{bou Sg~b`{" Ko{jg{c \nbbngfu" Fg{shg Juukgf" gjc

HgjuLo`{lo Lgcgfo{ (gjc fgj~ `sho{u.*‖ N shnji shgs shouo shnjio{u gjcshon{ e`bboglou g{o eg{{~njl g jo| qùnsn`j shgs nu f`{o shgj g e`{{oesnto `d sho qgus9 N shnji ns nu knbcnjl `j |hgs hgu kooj l``c gjc otoj l{ogs gk`sqgus qhnbù`qh~" jgfob~ shgs ‒|nuc`f‖ nu q{gesnegb" uodb" gjc njus{fojsgbnj sho odd`{s s` gctgjeo hfgj cotob`qfojs*

Sho d`bb`|njl ugfqbo oxgf nu gj gnc d`{ ~` s` sgio g sous `j h`| |obb ~`|`bc c` nd shnu |o{o g fnc&so{f oxgf9 |o |nbb l` `to{ sho oxgf nj ebguu u`~` egj los gj ncog `d h`| |obb ~` cnc* Ko u{o s` c` sho oxgf {nlhs gdso{|o dnjnuh sgbinjl gk`s Coueg{sou nj ebguu*

COUEG[SOU UGFQBO OXGFNJGSN@J

Dnbb nj sho Kbgjiu

7* Uobd d`{ Coueg{sou |gu g PPPPPPPPPPP ukusgjeo*

;* Cgbnuf d`{ Coueg{sou fogjs shgs k`c~ gjc PPPPPPPP|o{o s|` cnusnjes

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP9 k`c~ |gu gj PPPPPPPPPPPP `jo gjc PPPPPPPPPP |gug shnjinjl ukusgjeo*

5* @jb~ PPPPPPP gjc PPPPPPPPPP ncogu |o{o eo{sgnj d`{ Coueg{sou*

3* Coueg{sou„ fosh`c |gu s` PPPPPPPPPPPP oto{~shnjl*

?* Coueg{sou codnjoc ukusgjeo gu PPPPPPPP oxnusoc PPPPPPPPPPPPPP*

;1 Ko{jusonj" Ko~`jc @kmoesntnuf gjc [obgsntnuf" q* ;

;; Ko{jusonj" [*" Sho Jo| E`jusobbgsn`j= Oshnegb gjc Q`bnsnegb H`{n}`ju d F`co{jns~/Qùs&f`co{jns~" Egfk{nclo" FG" FNSQ{ouu" 7>>; q* >



4>

4* Coueg{sou uoc PPPPPPPP nj Foc* ; s` nbbus{gso qh~unegb ukusgjeo `d k`c~0

<* Coueg{sou„ g{lfojs d`{ sho oxnusojeo `d L`c |gu egbboc shoPPPPPPPPPPPP g{lfojs*

8* D`{ Coueg{sou k`c~ |gu bnio g PPPPPPPP |hnbo u`b |gu bnio g PPPPPPP*

>* PPPPPPPP o{l` uf fogju N shnji sho{od`{o N gf*

71* Coueg{sou„ ncog `d L`c |gu shgs `d gj PPPPPPPPPPP konjl*

Gju|o{ S{o `{ Dgbuo=

7* Coueg{sou sh`lhs fgsh s` hgto ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncogu*

;* Njcntncgb d{ooc`f |gu j`s nfq`{sgjs s` Coueg{sou

5* Sho E`lns` o{l` uf fogju N shnji sho{od`{o N gcc*

3* E`fq`unsou gjc unfqbou g{o e`js{gusoc k~ Coueg{sou

?* Coueg{sou„ cgbnuf njt`btoc sho ncog shgs uobd |gu s|` ukusgjeou*

4* Coueg{sou„ cgbnuf njt`btoc sho ncog shgs uobd |gu `jo ukusgjeo*

<* Coueg{sou„ cgbnuf fogjs shgs uobd |gu shnjinjl ukusgjeo gjc oxsojcocukusgjeo*

8* Coueg{sou„ cgbnuf fogjs shgs uobd |gu oxsojcoc ukusgjeo" j`s shnjinjlukusgjeo*

>* Coueg{sou„ cgbnuf fogjs shgs uobd |gu shnjinjl ukusgjeo j`s oxsojcocukusgjeo*

71* Coueg{sou„ cgbnuf cnc njt`bto s|` ukusgjeou `jb~ `jo `d |hneh |gu uobd*

77* D`{fgb oxnusojeo d`{ Coueg{sou fogjs {ogb oxnusojeo `sunco sho fnjc*

7;* @kmoesnto oxnusojeo fogjs {ogb oxnusojeo `sunco sho fnjc*



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75* K`c~ |gu" d`{ Coueg{sou" gj oxsojun`j `d sho fnjc ukusgjeo*

73* Sho `js`b`lnegb g{lfojs f`toc d{`f `{ `|j oxnusojeo s` g 7us eguod`{ `{ oxnusojeo*

7?* _jnto{ugb fosh`cne c`ks fogjs shgs gj~shnjl e`bc hgto nsu s{shc`ksoc*

74* Coueg{sou {olg{coc u`b gjc L`c gu jnfq`{sgjs s` Fosgqh~uneu*

7<* Uenojeo gjc Fgsh |o{o e`fqbosob~ je`jjoesoc d`{ Coueg{sou*

78* Sho `js`b`lnegb g{lfojs |gu njcesnto koeguo ns f`toc d{`f `{oxqo{nojeo `d sho uoju`{~ |`{bc s` g eguo d`{ shgs |`{bc*

7>* E`fqùnso shnjlu |o{o f`{o eo{sgnj shgj unfqbo shnjlu d`{ Coueg{sou*

;1* Coueg{sou uoofu s` hgto e`jduoc L`c„u ouuojeo |nsh L`c„u oxnusojeo*

Gju|o{ sho d`bb`|njl ouug~u=

7* H`| còu Coueg{sou ousgkbnuh sho tgbncns~ `d sho qh~unegb |`{bc0 \h~ còu|gx qbg~ gj nfq`{sgjs {`bo nj hnu gjgb~unu0 \h~ còu sho ges `d mclfojsqbg~ g unfnbg{b~ nfq`{sgjs {`bo0 C` ~` gl{oo |nsh Coueg{sou0 Nd u` |h~0 Nd j`s" |h~ j`s0

;* Uffg{n}o gjc otgbgso Coueg{sou„ `js`b`lnegb g{lfojs* Fgio eo{sgnjshgs ~` g{o to{~ gee{gso gjc shgs ~` e{nsnegbb~ q`njs `s |ho{o shog{lfojs nu |ogi*

5* Coue{nko gee{gsob~ gjc otgbgso e{nsnegbb~ Coueg{sou„ cgbnuf* Gee{ge~gjc e{nsnegb otgbgsn`j g{o to{~ nfq`{sgjs* E`fqg{o hnu cgbnuf |nsh shgs `d Qbgs` gjc e`js{gus ns |nsh sho qu~eh`&u`fgsne jns~ `d G{nus`sbo*

3* Coue{nko Coueg{sou„ fosh`c gjc h`| ho g{{ntoc gs ns* H`| nu ns e`jjoesoc|nsh uenojeo gjc fgsh0 \h~ cnc sho fosh`c uoof f`co{j0

?* Oxqbgnj gu fgj~ dogs{ou `d sho Eg{soungj gjxnos~ gu ~` egj* \h~ nu shoEg{soungj gjxnos~ nfq`{sgjs0 \hgs nu hgqqojnjl j`| nj {ogesn`j s` ns0



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Mo`qg{c~ Lgfo= Ncojsnd~ ogeh nsof

• N gf gj njsobbnlojeo uoc k~ qhnbù`qho{u

• N gf sho s{gju&qhoj`fojgb uobd d`{ Hnjcu

• N gf g d`{f `d focnsgsn`j uoc k~ Hnjcu

• N gf sho jgfobouu nj sho Sg` So Ehnjl

• N gf sho jcnddo{ojsngsoc nj _qgjnuhgcu

• \o g{o ; fosgqh~unegb j`sn`ju nj Gjnfnuf

• \o eg{{~ fogjnjl gjc s{sh nj qòsne d`{f

• N gf sho |`{bc `d snfo gjc hnus`{~ nj Hnjc sh`lhs

• N gf g uos `d ouug~u shgs uo ehgjlo s` {ogu`j s` sho oxnusojeo `d K{ghfgj

• N gf g s~qo `d |nuc`f shgs uou b`lne s` gjgb~}o bgjlglo

• N shnji |nuc`f fogju eg{njl d`{ sho u`b

• N shnji K{ghfgj nu jeguoc

• N shnji sho je`fqùoc nu fosgqh~unegbb~ qùunkbo

• N s{~ s` shnji j`&shnjl

• N h`bc shgs f~sh hgu fogjnjl gjc s{sh nd |o coe`co sho guqn{gsn`ju gjcc{ogfu ns e`jsgnju

• N gf sho ojo{l~ `d Sg`

• N h`bc d`{ g fosgqh~unegb |`{bc `d d`{fu `{ qgsso{ju d`{ gbb `d {ogbns~*

• N h`bc d`{ g uenojeo `d sho e`je{oso

• N njtojsoc sho ncog `d gj gxngb uhnds nj hnus`{~

• N gctègso cngb`lo gjc e`jto{ugsn`j gu g fosh`c

• N cnubnio uojuo oxqo{nojeo" ks j`s njsobboesgb

• N h`bc shgs eg{njl d`{ sho u`b nu ebsntgsnjl tn{so

• N h`bc shgs g hfgj uobd nu g e`fqùnso

• N bnio ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncogu koeguo sho~ g{o eo{sgnj

• N sh`lhs ij`|njl g d`{f `d {ofofko{njl

• D`{ fo" uobd nu g shnjinjl ukusgjeo*



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• D`{ fo qo{does codnjnsn`ju |o{o ij`|njl d`{fu

• N h`bc shgs u`b nu sho uobd9 k`c~ nu j`s*

• D`{ fo" gkus{gesn`j d{`f uojuo oxqo{nojeou nu |hgs njsobbnlojeo còu*

• Uenojeo nu ij`|njl gbb d`{ eguou d`{ shnjlu

• N shnji k`c~ nu g tohnebo d`{ uobd (u`b.

• N shnji e`fqùoc ukusgjeo nu sho e`jeoqs |o jooc d`{ uobd

• N hobc shgs g sogeho{ nu bnio g fnc&|ndo

• N |{`so sho Sg` So Ehnjl

• N |{`so g k`ì egbboc Focnsgsn`ju `j 7us Qhnb*

• G jgs{gb jns nu e`fqùoc `d fgsso{ gjc d`{f

• N hobc sho ncog `d g qu~eh`&u`fgsne jns~ d`{ uobd

• N shnji |o jooc s` {oe`ljn}o shgs uojuo ij`|njl gjc njsobboesgb ij`|njlg{o coqojcojs `j ogeh `sho{

• \o h`bc shgs g fosgqh~uneu `d q`|o{ nu guuèngsoc |nsh |`{cu

• N |gjsoc s|` cnusnjes ukusgjeou= fnjc gjc k`c~

• D`{ u snfo nu e~ebnegb

• N sgbi s` qbgjsu gjc gjnfgbu gjc sho~ sgbi s` fo

• N shnji e`fqùnsou g{o e`fqbox j`s unfqbo

• D`{ fo" L`c nu gj gku`bsob~ joeouug{~ konjl nj fosgqh~uneu*

• N bnio g jgs{gb gjc ofqn{negb egus `d fnjc

• F~ cgbnuf njt`btoc sho ncog shgs uobd |gu u`b

• F~ cgbnuf njt`btoc sho ncog shgs uobd |gu shnjinjl ukusgjeo

• F~ cgbnuf njt`btoc sho ncog shgs k`c~ |gu q{nu`j*

• ‒N shnji sho{od`{o N gf‖ |gu f~ k~&bnjo*

• N sh`lhs gjgb~unu `d sho l``c |gu g joto{&ojcnjl wous d`{ uobd jco{usgjcnjl*

• N usg{soc g sho`{~ `d fbsnqbo njsobbnlojeou s` {ofoc~ og{b~ ;1 sh eojs{~ tno|u`d NW*



<5

• N gf g |`{c shgs fogju ‒ko~`jc `{ gdso{ sho qh~unegb*‖

• D`{ fo ‒fgso{ngb ukusgjeo‖ nu |ho{o fosgqh~uneu hgu s` kolnj*

• N e`njoc sho qh{guo" ‒K{ghfgj nu `jo kod`{o |h`f gbb |`{cu {oe`nb*‖

• N sh`lhs gkus{gesn`j d{`f uojuo oxqo{nojeo |gu sho ges `d njsobboes d`{fnjljnto{ugb ncogu*

• N sh`lhs k`cnou |o{o oxsojcoc ukusgjeou*

• N sh`lhs L`c |gu g konjl |hùo j`j&oxnusojeo |gu g e`js{gcnesn`j*

• N sh`lhs |o gbb hgc g jgs{gb `{nojsgsn`j s` l``c nj oto{~ hfgj ges*

• D`{ fo" qbgjsu gjc gjnfgbu hgc g u`b*

• Hgqqnjouu `{ Ocof`jng coqojcoc `j cotob`qnjl `{ njsobboesgb gjcoshnegb uinbbu

• Uenojeo fogjs shgs qhnbù`qh~ hgc s` ko fgsh&bnio*

• Gj jeguoc gjc j&e`fqùoc konjl |gu gj h~q`shounu d`{ fo*

Ehgqso{ S|`= Sho K{nsnuh Ofqn{nenusu= Bèio gjc Hfo

Bèio (745;&7<13. gjc Hfo (7<77&7<<4. k`sh {ogesoc glgnjus Coueg{sou"

gjc ~os k`sh d`bb`|oc Coueg{sou„ glojcg* Sho~ k`sh njunusoc shgs uojuooxqo{nojeo hgc kooj jolboesoc k~ Coueg{sou" gjc shgs gee{gso `kuo{tgsn`jkguoc `j uojuo oxqo{nojeo joococ ofqhgunu s` e`{{oes Coueg{sou* Hojeo" gjofqn{negb fosh`c hgc s` ko ofqb`~oc nj fosgqh~uneu" gjc shgs fogjs s{genjls` uojuo oxqo{nojeo gjc/`{ oxqbgnjnjl oto{~ fosgqh~unegb ncog nj so{fu `d uojuo oxqo{nojeo* U` fosgqh~unegb ncogu usgjc { dgbb nj {obgsn`juhnq s` uojuooxqo{nojeo* Nj gccnsn`j" Bèio gjc Hfo" gu |obb gu gbb sho `sho{ qhnbù`qho{ugdso{ Coueg{sou |nbb e`fknjo s` d`{fbgso g uo{nou `d ncogu gjc qùnsn`ju sè`{{oes |hgs sho~ tno|oc gu Coueg{sou„ o{{`{u*

Uenojeo" d`{ sho K{nsnuh ofqn{nenusu" |gu q{oc`fnjgjsb~ ofqn{negb9 ns |gu kguoc

`j gee{gso gjc iooj `kuo{tgsn`j9 hojeo" sho~ c`|j&qbg~oc sho {`bo `d fgshnj uenojeo gu qg{s `d shon{ e{nsnwo `d Coueg{sou* Nj gccnsn`j" sho K{nsnuhOfqn{nenusu |o{o feh f`{o njso{ousoc nj uèngb" f`{gb" gjc q`bnsnegb ncogushgj |o{o Coueg{sou gjc hnu d`bb`|o{u* Gu g {oubs" sho K{nsnuh Ofqn{nenusu"ouqoengbb~ Bèio" |o{o |obb {ogc k~ Ojlbnuh uqoginjl qo`qbo njebcnjl shoGfo{negj e`b`jnusu* Bèio„u ncogu gk`s uobd&l`to{jfojs" e`jusnssn`ju"{obnln`j" gjc f`{gbns~ |o{o ij`|j nj sho e`b`jnou* D`{ oxgfqbo" Moddo{u`juoc fgj~ `d Bèio„u ncogu nj hnu |{nsnjlu gjc {otnuoc `{ ehgjloc fgj~ s`



<3

dns sho e`b`jnou„ en{efusgjeou* ‒Gbb foj (une. g{o e{ogsoc owgb gjc g{oojc`|oc k~ shon{ e{ogs`{ |nsh eo{sgnj njgbnojgkbo {nlhsu9 gf`jl shouo g{o bndo"bnko{s~" gjc sho q{uns `d hgqqnjouu*‖ Bèio gesgbb~ hgc ugnc ‒q{uns `d q{`qo{s~*‖ \nsh Bèio gjc gbfùs gbb sho qhnbù`qho{u gdso{ hnf nj sho {ous `d sho 78sh eojs{~ |o oje`jso{ fnjcu to{~ cnddo{ojs shgj Coueg{sou„* Sho

Ojbnlhsojfojs qhnbù`qho{u" gu sho~ |o{o egbboc nj sho 78sh

eojs{~ |o{ogjnfgsoc k~ g l{ogs coun{o s` {od`{f gjc {ojo| gbb hfgj uèngb bndo" nsunjusnssn`ju (q`bnsnegb" oe`j`fne" ocegsn`jgb" gjc {obnlnù.* Ns |gu sho eojs{~`d {ot`bsn`j" j`s tn`bojs {ot`bsn`j gu feh gu g {ot`bsn`j shgs e`junusoc njgqqb~njl sho f`cobu guuèngsoc |nsh Jo|s`jngj uenojeo s` `{ uèngb |`{bc*F`co{jns~ |gu s` ko eg{{noc k~ jo| njusnssn`ju unjl uenojsndne&bnio ncogu*Bèio |gu g l{ogs |gso{uhoc d`{ gbfùs gbb sho ojbnlhsojfojs" ks ho |gu j`sg {gcnegb {ot`bsn`jg{~9 {gsho{" ho |gu g f`co{gso gjc kgbgjeoc nj hnuq{gesnegb {oe`ffojcgsn`ju d`{ ehgjlo* \hgs |gu ho bnio nj fosgqh~uneu gjcoqnusof`b`l~0

Fosh`c

Bèio„u fosh`c |gu s` s{geo oto{~ fosgqh~unegb ncog s` onsho{ uojugsn`j `{{odboesn`j j uojugsn`j9 ho cnusnjlnuhoc kos|ooj unfqbo ncogu shgs sho fnjcqguuntob~ {oeontou sh{`lh uojugsn`j gjc e`fqbox ncogu |ho{o sho fnjce`fknjou unfqbou* D{`f hnu Ouug~ E`jeo{jnjl Hfgj _jco{usgjcnjl;;" |oegj lgnj gj gee{gso l{guq `d hnu fosgqh~uneu gjc oqnusof`b`l~*

\hojeo hgu sho hfgj fnjc e`fo s` ko d{jnuhoc |nsh ncogu0 \hojeo hguns gbb sho fgso{ngbu `d {ogu`j gjc ij`|boclo0 S` shouo wousn`ju" N gju|o{" nj

`jo |`{c" OXQO[NOJEO* Nj NS gbb `{ ij`|boclo nu d`jcoc" gjc d{`f nsbsnfgsob~ co{ntou nsuobd* J`| oxqo{nojeo nu bsnfgsob~ {ocenkbo s` s|ù`{eou" uojugsn`j gjc {odboesn`j9 shouo s|` fgio q gbb oxqo{nojeo*Uojugsn`j fogju konjl gddoesoc k~ oxso{jgb `kmoesu |ho{onj qo{eoqsn`j `d gqg{snebg{ `kmoes nu e`jto~oc s` sho fnjc* [odboesn`j nu g fojsgb gesntns~ k~|hneh sho fnjc hgu gu nsu `kmoes nsu `|j `qo{gsn`ju* Gbb `{ ncogu e`fo d{`f`jo `{ sho `sho{ `d shouo s|` u`{eou*

Unfqbo ncogu g{o shùo e`jto~oc s` sho fnjc |hoj sho fnjc {ofgnjuqguunto9 e`fqbox ncogu g{o shùo |ho{onj sho fnjc oxo{enuou gj gesntns~ njsho q{`cesn`j `d sho ncog9 d`{ oxgfqbo" |o e`fknjo sho unfqbo ncogu `d

‘|hnso" u|oos" gjc hg{c„ s` d`{f sho e`fqbox ncog `d g bfq `d ulg{*

;; Bèio" M* Ouug~ E`jeo{jnjl Hfgj _jco{usgjcnjl" oc* G*E*

D{guo{" @xd`{c" 7>?> Gbb w`sou gjc {odo{ojeou g{o s` shnu ocnsn`j*



<?

Bèio„u fosh`c nu f`co{gso koeguo ho còu j`s {omoes njsobboesgb {odboesn`j`j uojugsn`j otoj sh`lh ho còuj„s egbb fojsgb {odboesn`j k~ gj~ `d shojgfou uoc k~ Qbgs` `{ G{nus`sbo ( o*l* gkus{gesn`j `{ {ofofko{njl shod`{fu.* Hojeo" Bèio nu egbboc g q{`q`jojs `d sho f`co{gso Ojbnlhsojfojs(shgs bg{lo 78sh eojs{~ f`tofojs nj f`co{jns~ guuèngsoc |nsh q`bnsnegb"

e`jusnssn`jgb" oe`j`fne" qu~eh`b`lnegb" gjc {obnlnù {od`{f.*

Bèio„u j`sn`j `d g fosgqh~unegb uobd |gu {``soc nj uojugsn`j gjc{odboesn`j `j uojugsn`j9 d`{ oxgfqbo" ho {ogu`joc shgs 7. uojugsn`ju {oegbboc`to{ snfo |o{o gbb k`cnb~ uojugsn`ju `d u`fo u`{s `{ gj`sho{" gjc ;. shououojugsn`ju" |hoj {odboesoc q`j boc s` sho ncog `d ‒k`c~ e`jsnjns~ `to{snfo‖" gjc g ‒k`c~ e`jsnjns~ `to{ snfo‖ |gu owntgbojs s` g ‒e`jsnjoc uobd ncojsns~‖ gs bogus d`{ shgs snfo qo{n`c*

Bèio„u j`sn`j `d uobd ho{o coqojcu `j fof`{~ gjc `j gee{gso fof`{~{gsho{ shgj `j fnusgioj fof`{~* Nd uobd fogju konjl gkbo s` {ofofko{doobnjlu `to{ snfo" |hgs hgqqoju s` ‒uobd‖ |hoj gfjoung uosu nj0 Gjc |hgshgqqoju |hoj g qo{u`j {ofofko{u |hgs sho~ hgtoj„s c`jo `{ oxqo{nojeoc0

Bèio uoofu s` hgto gqq{oengsoc sho gfknlns~ `d hnu s{ogsfojs `d uobd" gjcf`toc s` s{ogs ukusgjeo gu g f`{o gee{gso e`jeoqs nj fosgqh~uneu*D{sho{f`{o" ho {ogbn}oc shgs fosgqh~uneu joococ s` s{ogs uobd gcowgsob~koeguo ‒nj qo{u`jgb ncojsns~ nu d`jcoc gbb sho {nlhs gjc musneo `d {o|g{c gjcqjnuhfojs‖ gjc ‒ns nu joto{ dgn{ s` kbgfo `{ mus s` qjnuh g q{nu`jo{ d`{f{co{njl hnu k{nco jbouu sho q{nu`jo{ nu sho ugfo qo{u`j gu ho |h` cnc shocooc*‖ U`" Bèio uoou sho q{gesnegb ehg{geso{ `d g fosgqh~unegb d`jcgsn`j

d`{ sho uobd*

Bèio„u j`sn`j `d ukusgjeo |gu shgs `d g uqq`{s `{ l{`jc d`{ shogss{nksou `d gj~ jns shgs |o cnc qo{eonto koeguo |o e`bc j`s nfglnjo shogss{nksou |nsh`s g uqq`{snjl l{`jc* \o c` j`s ‒qo{eonto‖ ukusgjeo" ks|o ‒njdo{‖ ns gu g uqq`{s d`{ gss{nksou shgs |o c` qo{eonto gjc egj„s shnji`d shof gu juqq`{soc koeguo sho~ g{o qo{eontoc k~ u gu jndnoc `{ gugss{nksou `d g jns*

Gss{nksou `{ qhoj`fojg" n*o* e`b`{" uhgqo" un}o" |onlhs" honlhs" `d gj~ lntojjns g{o qo{eontoc ks |o egj„s shnji `d shof gu ukunusnjl k~ shofuobtoukoeguo `{ qo{eoqsn`j `d shof nu gu ‒konjl nj‖ `{ ‒kob`jlnjl s`‖ g jns** U`|o njdo{ g l{`jc `d uqq`{s d`{ sho gss{nksou* Nu shnu {odboesn`j `j uojugsn`j0Ebog{b~" Bèio |`bc ebgnf shnu nu gj oxgfqbo `d {odboesn`j `j uojugsn`j* U`" gfosgqh~unegb ncog `d ‒ukusgjeo‖ nu {``soc nj {odboesn`j `j uojuo oxqo{nojeo`d sho gss{nksou `d g ukusgjeo* \o c`j„s uoo ukusgjeo" j`{ c` |o ebog{b~qo{eonto ns* \o njdo{ ns" `{ uqqùo ns koeguo ns hobqu oxqbgnj |hgs |o c` uooofqn{negbb~ gjc q{`tncou g {ogu`jgkbo l{`jc d`{ `{ uojuoc oxqo{nojeo*



<4

Gj~ qg{snebg{ ukusgjeo nu njdo{{oc d{`f sho unfqbo ncogu |o hgto `d shogss{nksou shgs |o c` uojuo9 d`{ oxgfqbo" sho unfqbo ncogu guuèngsoc |nsh shogss{nksou `d g {ùo= |hnso" g{`fgsne" sh`{ju" qosgbu g{o njdo{{oc s` kob`jl `{ukunus nj g l{`jc shgs uqq`{su shof gu jndnoc gjc nu shon{ jnd~njl u`{eo*

‒\o hgto j` ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog `d ukusgjeo‖" gjc ‒|o hgto j`qo{eoqsn`j `d ukusgjeo" ks |o c` hgto g tglo ncog `d g l{`jc shgsuqq`{su gjc jndnou |hgs |o c` qo{eonto*‖ ‒Gbb `{ ncogu `d qg{snebg{ukusgjeou g{o j`shnjl ks e`bboesn`ju `d unfqbo ncogu |nsh sho uqqùnsn`j `d u`foshnjl s` |hneh sho~ kob`jl gjc nj |hneh sho~ ukunus9 sh`lh `d shnuuqqùoc u`foshnjl |o hgto j` ebog{" cnusnjes ncog gs gbb*‖

J`sneo shgs Bèio nu h`bcnjl s` u`foshnjl bnio |hgs |o fogj s`cg~ k~h~q`shounu `{ sho`{~ s` oxqbgnj sho ncog `d ukusgjeo gu gj njdo{ojeo" tgloncog" `{ uqqùnsn`j* Nj shnu {olg{c" ho nu to{~ cnddo{ojs shgj Coueg{sou" |hùnfqb~ coebg{oc ‒ukusgjeo‖ g ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog bnio sho ncogu `d fgsh*Ks ho usnbb shnjiu shgs ‒ukusgjeo‖ fus ko qg{s `d sho fosgqh~unegb glojcgnjho{nsoc d{`f Coueg{sou* Bèio |gu |obb ocegsoc j`s `jb~ nj qhnbù`qh~ ksnj focnegb uenojeo gjc ho ijo| sho jooc d`{ gj ncog bnio ukusgjeo uoc njuenojeo s` d`{f g l{`jc d`{ q{`qo{snou gjc gss{nksou `d ukusgjeou nj uenojeond ns |gu s` hgto qbgunknbns~*

U`b d`{ Bèio nu kguoc `j sho ugfo d`{fbg gu shgs `d ukusgjeo9 |o sgiounfqbo ncogu `d gesn`ju bnio shnjinjl" {ofofko{njl" nfglnjnjl" gjc c`ksnjlose* gjc gui d`{ shon{ l{`jc `d uqq`{s* U`b `{ Qu~eho nu sho tglo gjc sho`kue{o j`sn`j `d g ukus{gsf nj |hneh shouo qu~ehne gesntnsnou g{o uqqùoc

s` njho{o* Hojeo u`b nu gbu` g uqqùnsn`j `{ njdo{ojeo" gjc ns d`{fu qg{s `d sho fosgqh~unegb glojcg njho{nsoc d{`f Coueg{sou otoj sh`lh Bèiocoue{nkou u`b nj g to{~ cnddo{ojs |g~ shgj còu Coueg{sou* Bèio nu qg~njlebùo gssojsn`j ofqn{negbb~ s` h`| sho |`{c ‒qu~eho‖ egfo njs` oxnusojeo*Ho {oe`ljn}ou shgs |o uo ns s` jgfo g d`jcgsn`j d`{ hfgj gesn`ju9 |o egbbshof qu~eh`b`lnegb fogjnjl `jb~ shgs sho~ egfo d{`f sho hfgj qu~eho `{kosso{" |o q{`qùoc shgs nu |ho{o sho~ egfo d{`f koeguo |o njdo{{oc shooxnusojeo `d g l{`jc* \o cnc shnu `j sho kgunu `d ‒{odboesn`j‖ `j uojuooxqo{nojeo*

L`c nu gj`sho{ fosgqh~unegb ncog shgs g{nuou d{`f unfqbo ncogu shgs e`fo s`

u d{`f {odboesn`j9 d`{ oxgfqbo" |o `kuo{to hfgj konjlu bntnjl s`losho{ gjc|o ncojsnd~ l``c wgbnsnou shgs |o ij`| sho hfgj e`ffjns~ nu kosso{ `dd |nsh shgj |nsh`s9 musneo" fo{e~" e`fqguun`j" h`jous~ ose* g{o d{`f `{{odboesn`j `j `{ `|j bntou s`losho{9 |o shoj ojbg{lo shouo wgbnsnou s` njdnjns~`{ s` g uqo{bgsnto botob" gjc |o los sho ncog `d L`c gu gj nje`fq{ohojunkbo"Uq{ofo Konjl shgs hgu gbb shouo wgbnsnou nj |g~ ko~`jc |hgs |o egj ij`|ebog{b~* Bèio„u ofqn{negb gee`js `d h`| sho ncog g{ùo nu ebog{b~ `ddo{oc sè`jso{ Coueg{sou„ njjgso ncog `d gj gbb qo{does konjl* Nj gccnsn`j" hnu gee`js



<8

fgj~ uojuo nfq{ouun`ju*;5 Ns |gu sho {ocesn`jnuf nj shnu jco{usgjcnjl d |hgs ns fogjs s` ko ofqn{negb shgs k`sho{oc Hfo„u e`jsofq`{g{nou* J`sjsnb sho og{b~ ;1sh eojs{~ |gu Hfo f`{o dbb~ gqq{oengsoc d`{ hnu njunlhsdbgjc h`jousb~ {nl`{ù ofqn{nenuf* Bnio Bèio" sh`lh" ho |gu ofqn{negb" gjcho |gu ebog{b~ g shnjio{ |h` guufoc shgs sho Eg{soungj glojcg egbboc d`{ gj

ofqn{nenus njso{q{osgsn`j* Sho dn{us ncog |gu uobd gjc shgs ncog |gu ebùob~e`jjoesoc s` ugfo `{ ncojsnegb gu |obb gu ukusgjeo*

Uobd d`{ Hfo e`bc j`s ko co{ntoc d{`f g unjlbo uojuo nfq{ouun`j koeguogbb sho uojuo nfq{ouun`ju nj hnu fnjc kog{njl `j uobd |o{o cnddo{ojs d{`f `jogj`sho{" gjc j` jo us``c d`{ uobd gb`jo `{ {oq{ouojsoc uobd* Bnio|nuo"‒ugfo‖ `{ ‒ncojsnegb s`‖ hgc j` e`{{ouq`jcnjl unjlbo uojuo nfq{ouun`j* Hoe`jebcoc d{`f shnu shgs uobd hgc s` ko g e`fknjgsn`j `d fgj~ uojuonfq{ouun`ju shgs |o{o cnddo{ojs ks unfnbg{ oj`lh d`{ u s` e`jebco shgs gqo{fgjojs uobd |gu qbgunkbo `{ q{`kgkbo* H`| cnc ho c` shgs0

Uobd |gu g kjcbo `d uojuo nfq{ouun`ju ogeh ueeoocnjl `jo gj`sho{ |nshnje`jeontgkbo {gqncns~9 nj shnu {olg{c" fnjc |gu bnio g ‒shogs{o‖ |ho{onjueeouunto nfq{ouun`ju cgjeoc `j sho usglo gjc sho kous |o egj ug~ d`{ shouonfq{ouun`ju nu shgs sho~ e`jsgnj {ouofkbgjeo `{ unfnbg{ns~ |nsh `jo gj`sho{gjc u`fo hgto g hnlh col{oo `d unfnbg{ns~*

Shnu hnlh col{oo `d {ouofkbgjeo eguou u s` ukusnsso ‒ugfo‖"‒uobd‖" gjc‒ncojsnegb s`‖ nj qbgeo `d sho ofqn{negb ‒unfnbg{‖ `{ ‒{obgsoc‖9 ks |h~ c`|o fgio sho ukusnssn`j0 \o fgio ns koeguo |o doob kosso{ fginjl shoukusnssn`j koeguo ns lntou u sho uoe{ns~ gk`s gj njtg{ngkbo uobd `{ sho

ugfo qo{u`j* \o jooc shgs guu{gjeo d`{ g q{gesnegb bndo |ho{onj |o hgto s`kguo feh `j sho ncojsns~ gjc ugfojouu `d njcntncgbu d`{ {o|g{cu gjcqjnuhfojsu* U` Hfo shnjiu shgs sho njsobboesgb e`fq`jojs s` ‒uobd‖ gjc‒ugfo‖ `{ ‒ncojsnegb‖ nu {ogbb~ {ocenkbo s` ‒unfnbg{‖" gjc |o njtojs `{q{`moes g kobnod kguoc `j doobnjl |hoj |o uo ‒uobd" ‒ugfo‖ `{ ‒ncojsnegb*‖J`sneo" ho nuj„s ug~njl shgs sho f`to `j `{ qg{s s` ukusnsso ugfo d`{unfnbg{ nu coeoqsnto `{ js{shdb9 ns nu mus |hgs |o c` ns koeguo |o hgto gl``c {ogu`j s` c` ns* \o jooc s` los gb`jl |nsh hfgj uèngb eus`fu |hneh|`bc ko nfqùunkbo s` bnto k~ nd |o cnc j`s s{ogs qo`qbo gu sho ugfo qo`qbo|o `|oc f`jo~ s`" `{ |h` |`{ioc d`{ u" gjc d`{ |h`f |o |`{ioc* \oegj„s c`ks shgs qo`qbo |o bnto |nsh gjc |`{ioc |nsh gjc d`{ g{o sho ugfo9

ks |o c` j`s hgto `jo" unjlbo uojuo nfq{ouun`j `d gj~ `d shof shgs nu oxgesb~

;5 Hfo" C*" S{ogsnuo `j Hfgj Jgs{o $ Ojwn{~ E`jeo{jnjl

Hfgj _jco{usgjcnjl"oc* B* Uobk~&Knllo" @xd`{c" 7>?7 Gbbw`sou gjc {odo{ojeou d{`f Hfo g{o d{`f shnu ocnsn`j*



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G shn{c dges`{ nu gccoc k~ u`fo uenojsnusu gjc oqnusof`b`lnusu `d uenojeo" n*o*joeouug{~ e`jjoesn`j u` shgs sho~ egj ebgnf q{ocnesgknbns~ ghogc `d snfo d`{unfnbg{ unsgsn`ju `d eguo gjc oddoes* D`{ oxgfqbo" nd N ij`| shgs `jo `{ s|`hjc{oc njusgjeou d dgbbnjl k`cnou d`bb`| g bg| d geeobo{gsn`j" shoj N egjq{ocnes shgs gj`sho{ njusgjeo ~os s` sgio qbgeo |nbb gbu` d`bb`| sho ugfo bg|* Nj

`sho{ |`{cu" N hgto j`s `jb~ g sofq`{gb uowojeo gjc e`jmjesn`j `{e`jsnlns~" ks N hgto g joeouug{~ e`jjoesn`j kguoc `j g bg| shgs gbb`|u d`{q{ocnesgknbns~*

Hfo ebgnfu shgs nj fgsso{u `d dges ( jgs{gb uenojeo. ‒\O EGJJ@SGUU_FO SHGS NJUSGJEOU @D \HNEH \O HGTO HGC J@OXQO[NOJEO F_US [OUOFKBO SH@UO @D \HNEH \O HGTO HGCOXQO[NOJEO*‖ S` fgio ueh g ebgnf" Hfo shnjiu" |o |`bc hgto s`hgto GKU@B_SO JOEOUUNS^ bnio shgs d`jc nj FGSH* D`{ Hfo"gku`bso joeouuns~ nj Fgsh nu bnio sho usgsofojs 5x?6hgbd d 519 ns |nbb gb|g~uko sho eguo gjc ~` egj uo ns s` q{ocnes9 ks nj sho qh~unegb |`{bc sho bg| `d

geeobo{gsn`j d`{ dgbbnjl k`cnou e`bc gcfns `d gj oxeoqsn`j9 ns e`bc ko shgsonsho{ qg{s `{ gbb `d qh~unegb l{gtns~ nu uuqojcoc" `{ shgs sho eùfù dgnboc s``qo{gso nj sho uqqùoc q{ocnesgkbo |g~ koeguo `d jij`|j dges`{u* Nj `sho{|`{cu" gku`bso njtg{ngknbns~ nu ko~`jc sho {obngknbns~ shgs |o egj hgto d`{qh~unegb dgesu* \o c`j„s gku`bsob~ jooc s` hgto g |`{bc gs gbb feh bouu gjnjtg{ngkbo bg| `d l{gtns~ shgs nu gku`bsob~ oxeoqsn`jbouu*

Otoj sho bg| `d sho {ot`bsn`j `d sho og{sh |ho{ok~ sho uj nu ugnc s` {nuooto{~ gf nu j`s gku`bsob~ joeouug{~ koeguo sho{o nu j`shnjl gku`bsob~joeouug{~ gk`s sho |`{bc9 ns còu j`s hgto s` ko* U`" Hfo e`jebcou shgssho bg|u `d qh~uneu nj Jo|s`jngj Uenojeo fg~ oxq{ouu qgus egugb`kuo{tgsn`ju ks sho~ egjj`s ko uoc s` q{ocnes |nsh gku`bso joeouuns~ds{o hgqqojnjlu* Ns e`bc s{j `s `sho{|nuo* U` nj Jo|s`jngj uenojeo |oc` j`s hgto q{ocnesgknbns~ kguoc q`j jnto{ugbns~ gjc gku`bso joeouuns~*

Gbb |o hgto nj sho bg|u `d Jo|s`jngj Qh~uneu g{o usgsofojsu gk`s qgusnjusgjeou" gjc j` jfko{ `d qgus njusgjeou cogbnjl |nsh fgsso{u `d dges |nbboto{ ko gkbo s` g{{nto gs gku`bso joeouuns~* Nj shnu |g~" Hfo {omoesoc gj~q{ocnesgknbns~ nj Jo|s`jngj Uenojeo koeguo sho jnto{ugbns~ gjc joeouuns~joococ |o{o j`s d`jc sho{o k~ Hfo* @jb~ gku`bso joeouuns~ e`bc uqq`{sq{ocnesgknbns~* Joocbouu s` ug~" fgj~ qo`qbo unfqb~ hgc s`` feh cnddnebs~

|nsh Hfo `j shnu gee`js koeguo ns uoofoc `ktnù shgs sho s{o bg|u `d qh~uneu e`bc ko {obnoc q`j |nsh eo{sgnjs~* D`{ oxgfqbo" nd fgj~ qo`qbo hgcnjgcto{sojsb~ u|gbb`|oc lbguuou dnbboc |nsh fo{e{~ gjc cnoc d{`f sho q`nu`j"|`bc j`s Hfo hgto s` ug~ shgs |o e`bc q{ocnes |nsh eo{sgnjs~ sho ugfo{oubs nd gj~`jo obuo s{noc s` c` sho ugfo0 Nd Hfo uskk`{jb~ {oduoc gjcotoj t`bjsoo{oc s` c{nji g lbguu dbb `d fo{e{~" |`bcj„s ho ko `s `d hnufnjc0 @d e`{uo" Hfo fnlhs {oqb~ shgs gku`bso eo{sgnjs~ nu {g{o gjc shgsfùs `d `{ coenun`ju s` ges g{o kguoc `j g uojuo `d q{ocnesgknbns~ e`jjoesoc



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|nsh qgus oxqo{nojeou d qh~unegb e`jmjesn`ju kos|ooj eguou gjc oddoesu*Ks shùo qh~unegb e`jmjesn`ju lojo{gsoc `jb~ g hnlh `{ to{~ hnlh qùunknbns~shgs sho ugfo dges`{u |`bc {oqogs glgnj" gjc shgs |o fgco sho eh`neoukguoc j" j`s gku`bso eo{sgnjs~" ks hnlhb~ bniob~ qùunknbnsnou* Nd ~` fgcoshouo cnusnjesn`ju" ho |`bc hgto kooj ox`jo{gsoc `d uioqsnenuf" ks Hfo

cncj„s c` shgs9 njusogc ho uoofoc gcgfgjs shgs Jo|s`jngj uenojeo cnc j`shgto gku`bso q{ocnesgknbns~*

L@C" d`{ Hfo" |gu j`s s` ko s{ogsoc nj Fosgqh~uneu9 `j shnu ue`{o shoEg{soungj glojcg |gu |{`jl koeguo q{`qo{b~ uqoginjl ‒L`c‖ |gu qg{s `d g{obnlnù qo{u`j„u |`{bc j`s g qhnbù`qho{„u |`{bc* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" {obnlnùkobnoto{u gqq{oengsoc L`c gjc Hfo |gjsoc s` uh`| shgs L`c |gu qg{s `d sho |`{bc `d {obnln`j* U`" {gsho{ shgj hgto fosgqh~uneu s{ogs L`c" Hfo|gjsoc s` hgto g Qhnbù`qh~ `d [obnln`j gui wousn`ju gk`s sho `{nlnj gjccotob`qfojs `d sho ncog `d L`c" sh{`lh hnus`{~ gjc qhnbù`qh~ `d {obnln`j"gjc |nshnj shnu e`jsoxs sho ‒L`c‖ wousn`j e`bc g{nuo" ks j`s nj

fosgqh~uneu*

Sho ncog `d L@C" d`{ Hfo" |gu s` ko oxqbgnjoc ofqn{negbb~ d{`f shogjgb~unu `d hfgj oxqo{nojeo9 mus bnio Bèio" Hfo sh`lhs shgs L@C hgcs` `{nlnjgso nj hfgj konjl„u oxqo{nojeo* _jbnio Bèio" h`|oto{" Hfosh`lhs shgs sho oxqo{nojeou `d L`c |o{o e`jjoesoc |nsh {obnln`j„u joocnjlu`fo`jo s` hobq `{ ugto hfgj konjlu d{`f cnuguso{u* ‒Nj sho kolnjjnjl `d sho hfgj {geo" qo`qbo dog{oc sh{ogsu d{`f jgs{gb cnuguso{u‖․ (us`{fu"og{shwgiou" db``cu" dn{ou ose*. gjc hfgj cnuguso{u‖(`sho{ s{nkou {`kknjl `{fg{gcnjl." u` sho~ b`ìoc d`{ q{`soesn`j `{ ugbtgsn`j d{`f g uge{oc q`|o{*L{gcgbb~" shnu boc d{`f sho uge{oc q`|o{u s` ncojsnd~njl l`cu gjcl`ccouuou gu uge{oc q{`soes`{u gjc/`{ ugtn`{u d{`f cnuguso{u* Sho e`ff`jcoj`fnjgs`{ nj {obnln`j" shoj" |gu sho uge{oc9 bgso{" gdso{ l`cu gjc l`ccouuou`{ sho usglo `d g uge{oc egbboc q`b~shonuf" g usglo egbboc f`j`shonufcotob`qoc |ho{onj sho uge{oc koegfo guuèngsoc |nsh `jo uq{ofo L@C"sho njtnunkbo njsobbnlojeo nj gbb `d jgs{o shgs |gu gkbo s` e`js{`b jgs{o*

Hfo„u sho`{~ hgu g {ofg{igkbo unfnbg{ns~ s` e`jsofq`{g{~ sho`{nou gk`ssho `{nlnj `d {obnln`j gjc sho ncog `d L`c" ~os ns uh`bc ko ofqhgun}oc shgsHfo hgc hg{cb~ gj~ oshj`l{gqhne cgsg d{`f gjsh{`q`b`l~ `{ g{eho`b`l~ `jog{b~ hfgj {obnln`ju s` l` `j9 ho unfqb~ dnl{oc sho sho`{~ `s `j sho kgunu

sho ofqn{negb cgsg gtgnbgkbo s` hnf" gjc k~ q{`moesnjl hnfuobd kgei njs` og{b~hfgj bndo gjc guinjl h`| |`bc |o" gu hfgj" e`fo s` shnji `d g uge{ocgjc g l`c* Hfo cnc {ob~ `j og{b~ cèfojsgsn`j d{`f sho hnus`{~ `d gjce`fqg{gsnto usc~ `d {obnln`j" ks sho oxsojs `d shgs |`{i |gu to{~njgcowgso e`fqg{oc s` sho otncojeo |o hgto s`cg~* Ks Hfo„u sho`{~ `d qo`qbo„u jooc d`{ q{`soesn`j gjc q`|o{ s` ugto d{`f cgjlo{ hgu kooj d`jcs` dns ebùob~ oj`lh s` |hgs |o ij`| s`cg~ gk`s sho `{nlnj `d {obnln`j gjcsho uge{oc d{`f |hneh sho ncog `d ‒L`c‖ cotob`qoc*



8;

Sho oxnusojeo `d L@C" d`{ Hfo" |gu j`s g fgsso{ `d qhnbù`qhnegb q{``d"{ogu`jnjl" `{ cof`jus{gsn`j9 gbb sho gssofqsu `d qhnbù`qho{u s` q{`to shooxnusojeo `d L`c dobb uh`{s `d sho l`gb d q{``d* H`|oto{" `jo s~qo `d g{lfojs hgc g to{~ us{`jl gqqogb s` Hfo gjc" ho sh`lhs" s` fùs `sho{ocegsoc qo`qbo* Ns |gu sho g{lfojs d{`f njsobbnlojs counlj9 sho kogsnou

fgjndous nj jgs{o (egj~`ju" f`jsgnju" eogju" usg{u" hogtoju" njs{negenou d hffnjlkn{cu ose*.* gbb q{`ceoc g usg{sbnjl gjc g|ou`fo uojuo `d |`jco{ nju koeguo sho~ {ofnjcoc u `d g l{ogs |`{i `d g{s gjc g qùunkbo l{gjcg{snus* D`{ Hfo" sho doobnjlu shgs |o hgc gk`s sho |`{bc gu sho {oubs `d gl{ogs g{snus |o{o `to{|hobfnjl" gjc |o |gjsoc s` ebgnf shgs sho eguo `d u`feh kogs~ hgc s` ko gj njsobbnlojs g{snus/counljo{* Gu ebùo gu shnu egfo s`q{``d d`{ fùs qo`qbo" Hfo g{loc shgs ns dobb uh`{s" koeguo `j us{nesb~ofqn{negb l{`jcu" ns bgeioc e`je{oso otncojeo `d sho eguo gjc oddoes{obgsn`juhnq* Nj shnu eguo" ns fogjs shgs `jo |`bc hgto hgc s` ko g{`jc gse{ogsn`j s` `kuo{to sho {oubs `d kogsnou nj JGS_[O e`fnjl d{`f sho hgjc`d sho e{ogs`{9 j` `jo e`bc hgto shnu injc `d otncojeo" gjc hojeo sho

g{lfojs e`bc j`s q{`to* E`bc ns ko g qbgunkbo h~q`shounu0 N shnji Hfo|`bc ug~" ns„u `qsn`jgb gjc q s` ogeh ofqn{negbb~ `{nojsoc qo{u`j s` ug~ d`{shofuobtou*

Nu sho{o g L`c0 D`{ Hfo" shnu wousn`j nu `jo shgs oto{~`jo hgu s` gju|o{gu kous uho `{ ho egj* Sho {obnlnù h~q`shounu" shgs L`c nu joococ koeguohfgj konjlu jooc ugbtgsn`j" nu `jo {ogb qùunknbns~" gjc nj sho dgeo `d shogkuojeo `d {ogb qhnbù`qhnegb q{``d" |o `lhs s` e`junco{ sho {obnlnùh~q`shounu `d L`c gu `jo `d l{ogs |onlhs koeguo |o egjj`s q{`to ns |{`jl*H`|oto{" ns nu j`s g h~q`shounu shgs hgu s` ko fgco nj dgt`{ `d g l`c koeguons nu gj `qsn`j* D`{ g qhnbù`qhnegb uioqsne" sho{o nu j` q{``d d`{ sho oxnusojeo

`d L`c* Sho |onlhs `d {obnlnù kobnoto{u fg~ ko g |nuo e`{uo s` sgio* Ksotoj nd ns ‒|gu eus`fg{~ s` kobnoto nj L`c‖ gjc njsobboesgbu sh`lhs‒njsobbnlojs counlj nj jgs{o‖ |gu g {odboesn`j `d g cntnjo fnjc" shgs |`bcusnbb j`s e`fo ebùo s` q{`tnjl L`c„u oxnusojeo* Usnbb" sho gjgb~unu `d Hfo|gu j`s dnjgb9 Hfo„u `|j qùnsn`j nu j`s ebog{ otoj `j sho h~q`shounu `d L`c oxnusnjl* Ho cnc ij`|" h`|oto{" shgs fgj~ ocegsoc qo`qbo nj hnu `|jcg~ hobc sho h~q`shounu `d gj njsobbnlojs counljo{" g fguso{ ebèi fgio{ `d sho|`{bc* Ho cnc j`s uoof jowntègbb~ `qqùoc s` shgs qùnsn`j" ks jonsho{cnc ho shnji |o e`bc jowntègbb~ q{`to L`c„u oxnusojeo* Sho g{lfojsd{`f counlj" h`|oto{" cnc gss{ges Hfo koeguo ho uojuoc shgs kogs~ gjc`{co{" hg{f`j~ gjc fgmous~ e`jjoesoc |nsh sho njs{negenou `d g jnto{uouqq`{snto `d bndo fgco sho oxnusojeo `d g cntnjo fnjc uoof qbgunkbo s` fgj~qo`qbo* Hfo uoofu s` shnji shnu nu g {ogu`jgkbo h~q`shounu ks shgs ns nu j`sgj~ injc `d q{``d*

UGFQBO SOUS @J B@EIO GJC H_FO

Gju|o{ S{o `{ Dgbuo



85

7* Bèio hobc shgs sho hfgj fnjc |gu g kbgji ubgso gjc shgs gbb ncogu egfod{`f uojugsn`j { {odboesn`j*

;* Uobd |gu j`s {``soc nj gj~ uojuo oxqo{nojeo d`{ Bèio*

5* Hfo gjc Bèio |o{o k`sh `qqùoc s` uenojeo*

3* Bèio uqqùoc sho ncog `d ukusgjeo*

?* Qg{snebg{ ukusgjeo |gu gb|g~u g to{~ ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog d`{ Bèio*

4* Hfo sh`lhs Bèio„u ukusgjeo |gu g ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog*

<* Bèio cnc j`s shnji shgs hnu ncog `d ukusgjeo |gu oto{ ebog{ `{ cnusnjes*

8* Ukusgjeo gjc njdo{ojeo |o{o e`fknjoc d`{ Bèio*

>* Bèio sh`lhs ho e`bc q{`to sho oxnusojeo `d L`c gu e{ogs`{*

71* Hfo s{geoc sho ncog `d uobd s` g unjlbo uojuo nfq{ouun`j

77* Hfo g{loc shgs eguo gjc oddoes |o{o h~q`shouou shgs hgc j` ofqn{negb musndnegsn`j

7;* @kuo{tgsn`j `d oto{~ unjlbo njusgjeo `d eguo gjc oddoes |gu gj gku`bsojoeouuns~ d`{ Hfo nd |o |o{o s` ebgnf {obngkbo ij`|boclo

75* K`sh Bèio gjc Hfo sh`lhs |o e`bc q{`to sho oxnusojeo `d L@C*

73* Hfo„u qùnsn`j `j egugbns~ lgto g u`bnc kgunu d`{ joeouuns~ gjcq{ocnesgknbns~ nj Jo|s`jngj uenojeo*

7?* Hfo kobnotoc nj uobd gjc qo{fgjojs koeguo d unfnbg{ns~ gf`jl uojuonfq{ouun`ju

74* Hfo {oceoc u`b s` g unjlbo uojuo nfq{ouun`j egbboc ‒qu~ehne ges*‖

7<* Hfo {oceoc ukusgjeo s` g sojcoje~ s` kobnoto nj qo{fgjoje~ koeguo|o hgc g hnlh col{oo `d unfnbg{ns~ gf`jl `{ uojuo nfq{ouun`ju*



83

78* Hfo {oceoc ukusgjeo s` g sojcoje~ s` ukusnsso qo{fgjojs d`{unfnbg{ `{ ugfo*

7>* Nd u`fo eguo gjc oddoes {obgsn`ju |o{o j`s gku`bsob~ joeouug{~" Hfocnc j`s shnji shgs sho~ e`bc ko q{ocnesoc s` hgqqoj glgnj*

;1* Hfo gjc Bèio hgc unfnbg{ gjc cnddo{ojs sho`{nou gk`s sho `{nlnj `d shoncog `d L@C*

;7* Hfo cosousoc sho g{lfojs d{`f njsobbnlojs counlj gjc gj~ {obnlnùkobnoto{ |h` ebgnfoc shgs L@C oxnusoc*

;;* L`c |gu g q{`moesn`j `d hfgj wgbnsnou d`{ Bèio*

;5* Hfo sh`lhs sho ncog `d L`c g{ùo koeguo hfgju joococ hobq gjc

q{`soesn`j

;3* Bèio„u oxqbgjgsn`j `d ukusgjeo |gu f`co{gso e`fqg{oc s` Hfo„u*

;?* L`c" d`{ Bèio" |gu g q{`moesn`j `d hfgj f`{gb wgbnsnou |hnbo Hfohobc L`c s` ko g {oubs `d hfgj jooc d`{ hobq*

;4* Coueg{sou" Bèio gjc Hfo gbb uoc oqnusof`b`l~ nj s{ogsnjlfosgqh~unegb ncogu*

Ouug~ Wousn`ju d`{ Bèio gjc Hfo

7* E`fqg{o Bèio gjc Hfo `j sho wousn`j `d ofqn{negb fosh`c gjc shoncog d ukusgjeo*

;* E`fqg{o Bèio gjc Hfo `j sho ukmoes `d sho `{nlnj `d sho ncog `d L`c"j`s sho q{``d d`{ sho oxnusojeo `d L`c

5* E`fqg{o Bèio gjc Hfo `j sho q{``d d`{ sho oxnusojeo `d L`c" j`s shoncog `d L`c*

3* \h~ còu Hfo j`s dnjc gj~ unjlbo uojuo nfq{ouun`j `d uobd0 \hgs còu hodnjc0 Gjc h`| còu ho uo |hgs ho dnjcu s` oxqbgnj sho ncog `d uobd0

?* \h~ còu Hfo„u qùnsn`j `j egugbns~ jco{es sho jnto{ugbns~ gjcjoeouuns~ `d Jo|s`j„u qh~unegb bg|u0



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EHGQSO[ 5 IGJS„U [OQB^ S@ H_FO

Nj sho 7<>1„u Nffgjob Igjs (7<;3&7813. ebgnfoc shgs ‒Hfo |ìo fo qd{`f f~ c`lfgsne ubfko{u*‖ ;3 Ho fogjs shgs gdso{ {ogcnjl Hfo" Igjs{ogbn}oc shgs sho us{gnlhsd`{|g{c |g~ `d c`njl Fosgqh~uneu" njho{nsoc d{`fCoueg{sou gjc hnu d`bb`|o{u nj e`jsnjojsgb O{`qo" e`bc j` b`jlo{ kod`bb`|oc* J`|" ebgnfu Igjs" gu g {oubs `d Hfo" |o jooc s` e`junco{ to{~oxqbnensb~ sho oqnusof`b`lnegb d`jcgsn`ju d`{ oto{~ unjlbo fosgqh~unegbncog* ‒Uobd" u`b" ukusgjeo" L`c" nff`{sgbns~" d{ooc`f" gjc otoj eguo&oddoes‖ jooc s` ko oxgfnjoc s` dnjc sho l{`jcu d`{ shon{ tgbncns~ gu ncogu*H`| g{o shouo ncogu qùunkbo0 Igjs ebgnfu" shgs Hfo„u e{nsnwo `d shouo ncoguhgu d`{eoc qhnbù`qho{u s` {oe`junco{ sho l{`jcu d`{ ogeh `d shouo ncogu* @d e`{uo" sho f`to s`|g{c sho ij`|njl ukmoes kolgj gu og{b~ gu Coueg{sou|hoj ho njunusoc `j dnjcnjl ‒ebog{ gjc cnusnjes‖ ncogu s` fgio fosgqh~unegbncogu eo{sgnj d`{ gj glo `d uenojeo* Gjc k`sh Bèio gjc Hfo" gb`jl |nshfgj~ `sho{u d`bb`|oc Coueg{sou„ bogc" ks Igjs {ogbn}oc otoj f`{o oxqbnensb~shgs shnu uhnds s` oqnusof`b`l~ d`{ fosgqh~une„u ncogu |gu sho fgnj shofo njf`co{j |ouso{j qhnbù`qh~* Shnu fgco Igjs g |gso{uhoc d`{ jco{usgjcnjlsho 78sh eojs{~ Ojbnlhsojfojs gjc ns fgco hnf gj njtgbgkbo njso{q{oso{ `d gbb f`co{j |ouso{j qhnbù`qh~*

‒Gbsh`lh gbb `{ ij`|boclo kolnju |nsh oxqo{nojeo" ns còu j`s d`bb`|shgs ns gbb g{nuou d{`f oxqo{nojeo*‖ Shnu unjlbo qh{guo uffg{n}ou Igjs„ul{ogs njunlhs njs` g e{nsnegb oxgfnjgsn`j `d sho |g~ s` l{`jc gbb `{ ncogu* Nj

`sho{ |`{cu" |o egjj`s tgbncgso ncogu jbouu |o g{o ebog{ h`| feh e`foud{`f oxqo{nojeo gjc h`| feh e`fou d{`f `{ fnjcu* Igjs ho{o fogjushgs jonsho{ Hfo j`{ Coueg{sou egj ko s`sgbb~ e`{{oes gk`s fosgqh~unegbncogu9 nd oto{~ fosgqh~unegb ncog g{nuou `jb~ d{`f oxqo{nojeo" shoj |o hgtoj`shnjl e`js{nksoc k~ gj~ `sho{ u`{eo* Ks nd oto{~ fosgqh~unegb ncogkolnju |nsh oxqo{nojeo gjc gbu` hgu gj`sho{ u`{eo `sho{ shgj oxqo{nojeo" |ohgto gs bogus s|` dges`{u nj sho d`{fgsn`j `d sho ncog* Ogeh ncog |o hgto"shoj" hgu nsu e`ljnsnto cnfojun`ju d{`f uojuo cgsg (oxqo{nojeo. gjc fojsgbd`{fu (us{es{ou nj sho fnjc nsuobd.*

Igjs fogju shgs sho ‒fnjc `{ uojuo q`|o{u e`js{nkso" nj qg{s" s` oto{~

`kmoes shgs |o ij`|‖ `{ shgs oto{~ ‒`kmoes `d ij`|boclo nu nj qg{s ge`jus{esn`j `d sho ij`|o{‖ gu |obb gu g {oubs `d cgsg d{`f oxqo{nojeo* Igjs

;3 Igjs" N* E{nsnwo d Q{o [ogu`j" Njcngjgq`bnu" Hgeioss" 7><> q"

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egbbu shnu h~q`shounu `{ guufqsn`j" hnu ‒E`qo{jnegj [ot`bsn`j‖ koeguo ns nubnio sho h~q`shounu `d E`qo{jneu nj {obgsn`j s` sho hobnèojs{ne sho`{~* Igjsq{`qùou |o geeoqs hnu h~q`shounu gjc shoj q{èooc s` to{nd~ |hosho{ `{ j`sns nu s{o*

To{ndnegsn`j `d sho Igjsngj h~q`shounu nu sho shofo `d sho E{nsnwo `d Q{o [ogu`j" gjc nj shgs k`ì Igjs ebgnfu shgs sho ges `d mclfojs" oxq{ouuoc njsho uojsojeou shgs |o d`{fbgso" {otogb `{ cnuebùo sho g q{n`{n egsol`{noushgs d`{f sho us{es{o (njho{ojs. `d `{ e`ljnsnto q`|o{u (uojuo"jco{usgjcnjl" gjc {ogu`j.* Sh{`lh gjgb~unu `d sho uojsojeou |o fgiooxq{ouunjl gbb sho qùunkbo f`cou `d fginjl g mclfojs" Igjs shnjiu |o egjdnjc `s mus oxgesb~ |hgs `{ fnjcu hgto gu g us{es{o shgs nu ‒g q{n`{n‖ `{knbs njs` sho fnjc* Nj uh`{s" g qhnbù`qh~ `d fnjc `{ g sho`{~ `d fojsgbgesntns~ nu |hgs Igjs q{`qùou* Ho ebgnfu |o egj dnjc `s |hgs sho fnjc hgu`d nsuobd (g q{n`{n. gjc uou s` f`cnd~ `{ e`jcnsn`j uojuo cgsg |hojoto{ |od`{f gj~ `kmoes `d ij`|boclo* Oto{~ `kmoes `d ij`|boclo" |hgs egj ko

ij`|j" nu joeouug{nb~ g e`fknjgsn`j `d uojuo cgsg gjc sho g q{n`{n us{es{o `d sho fnjc shgs e`jcnsn`ju shgs cgsg* J` q{o ofqn{negb cgsg |nsh`s sho fnjc„ug q{n`{n us{es{ou oxnusu gu gj `kmoes `d ij`|boclo*

‒G Q{n`{n‖fogju knbs njs` sho us{es{o `d `{ e`ljnsnto q`|o{u" njjgso" `{qg{s `d sho jgs{o `d ij`|njl q`|o{u* Nj gj`sho{ fosgqh`{" Igjs ug~u‒uqqùo shgs |o g{o gbb k`{j |nsh njjgso {ùo e`b`{oc lbguuou‖ shgs |oegjj`s uoo |o hgto9 nj shgs eguo" sho `kmoesu shgs |o uoo |`bc ko e`b`{oc njg |g~ |o |`bc guufo s` ko qg{s `d sho cgsg uooj" ks gesgbb~ |o c` j`sij`| |ho{o sho {ùo e`b`{oc ho e`fou d{`f jbouu |o e`bc cnue`to{ shonjjo{ us{es{o `d tnun`j gjc dnjc otncojeo `d sho {ùo e`b`{oc bojuou knbs|nshnj u* U` Igjs„u g q{n`{n sho`{~ gssofqsu s` cnue`to{" sh{`lh gjgb~unu `d

mclfojs" sho egsol`{nou shgs g{o njho{ojs nj uojuo gjc jco{usgjcnjl" gjccnue`to{" shoj" |hgs sho fnjc nfqùou `{ uou gu f`cndno{u `{ e`jcnsn`jo{u `d cgsg |hojoto{ ns ij`|u*

Sho nfqbnegsn`j d`{ uenojeo nu shgs gbb uenojsndne ij`|njl nu g e`fknjgsn`j `d cgsg d{`f uojuo `{ uojuo oxqo{nojeo gjc ‒g q{n`{n‖ d`{fu d{`f `{ uojuougjc jco{usgjcnjl9 d`{ oxgfqbo |hojoto{ |o uojuo (uoo" hog{" ufobb" sèhose*. gj~shnjl gjc oxq{ouu sho mclfojs gk`s uojunjl ns" |o cnuebùo shgs shoegsol`{nou `d UQGEO GJC SNFO g{o jnto{ugbb~ q{ouojs gu us{es{ou `{

f`cndno{u `d sho cgsg uojuoc* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" |o egjj`s qo{d`{f gj ges `d uojugsn`j |nsh`s nfqùnjl sho d`{fu `d uqgeo gjc snfo `j cgsg" gjc u` |oe`jcnsn`j `{ f`cnd~ sho cgsg k~ nfqùnjl sho d`{fu `d uqgeo gjc snfo* \ojgntob~ shnji shgs uqgeo gjc snfo g{o `kmoesnto (`sunco sho fnjc. ks nj dges"sho~ g{o d`{fu nj sho fnjc*

Gj oxgfqbo fg~ hobq s` jco{usgjc |hgs Igjs fogju* Uqqùo u`fo`jo~` ij`| e`fou q gjc ug~u" ‒N ug| ~` ~ouso{cg~ ks ~` cncj„s uoo fo"



88

gs bogus N c`j„s shnji ~` ug| fo*‖ ‒N |gu ge{ùu sho us{oos ~ouso{cg~gdso{j``j gk`s 5 qf* Gjc N ug| ~` l`njl njs` sho e`ddoo uh`q |nsh ~`{k`~ d{nojc9 N |gtoc ks ~` cnc j`s uoo fo `{ |gto kgei*‖ Igjs |`bcnjso{q{os sho mclfojsu nj shùo uojsojeou s` fogj shgs sho cgsg uojuoc |gue`jcnsn`joc k~ sho egsol`{nou `d uqgeo (ge{ùu sho us{oos" e`ddoo uh`q. gjc

snfo (gdso{j``j" e* 5qf." gjc shgs uqgeo gjc snfo |o{o njho{ojs `{ g q{n`{negsol`{nou knbs njs` `{ uoju`{~ egqgensnou* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" |o hgc s` uouqgeo gjc snfo s` fgio uojuo `d sho cgsg `{ s` njebco sho cgsg njs` `{d`{fnjl sho `kmoes `d qo{eoqsn`j k~ |hneh |o egj j`| ug~" ‒ N ug| ~`*‖*Ks |o cnc uo uqgeo gjc snfo" gjc |o cnc e`fknjo cgsg |nsh shùoegsol`{nou s` fgio gj `kmoes `d qo{eoqsn`j* \o |o{o gesnto ij`|o{u otoj nd |o |o{o j`s e`juenù `d konjl gesnto nj sho uo `d uqgeo gjc snfo* Uqgeogjc snfo |o{o g q{n`{n nj `{ uojuo qo{eoqsn`j" gjc |o uoc shof koeguoshgs nu sho `jb~ |g~ sho~ egj ko uoc s` e`fknjo |nsh uojuo cgsg s` d`{f gj`kmoes d ij`|boclo*

Igjs |gu e`junco{oc gj ncogbnus `d u`{su koeguo ho |gu njso{ousoc nj ncogugjc g fojsgb sho`{~ gk`s ncogu" n*o* gk`s h`| |o l`s shof" |hgs sho~fogjs" h`| sho~ |o{o nj qg{s |hgs |o ijo|* Gjc Igjs ug| sho e{nsnegbgjgb~unu `d ncogu gu sho d`jcgsn`j `d qhnbù`qh~* Nj shnu |g~" ho fgcooxqbnens sho s{j s` sho ij`|njl ukmoes nj qhnbù`qh~* Sho ‒s{j s` shoukmoes‖ nu g qh{guo shgs qhnbù`qho{u uoc s` oxqbgnj sho f`to s` jco{usgjcsho oqnusof`b`l~ njt`btoc nj ij`|njl gj~shnjl koeguo ns nu oqnusof`b`l~shgs `ddo{u u g e{nsnegb jco{usgjcnjl `d `{uobtou gu ‒ij`|njl ukmoesu*‖Igjs usg{soc g qhnbù`qh~ `d fnjc guuèngsoc |nsh oqnusof`b`l~ koeguo ns`ddo{oc g sho`{~ `d fojsgb gesntns~ shgs |o hgc s` njtousnlgso dn{us kod`{o |oe`bc e`junco{ gj~ ukmoes `d ij`|boclo*

‒Uobd‖ |gu gj`sho{ ncog shgs hgc s` ko njtousnlgsoc koeguo Coueg{sou gjc`sho{u hgc fgco ns qg{s `d fosgqh~uneu* Igjs sh`lhs uobd nu gj g q{n`{negsol`{~ nj `{ jco{usgjcnjl" ks ns hgc g cnddo{ojs usgsu shgj `sho{ g q{n`{nd`{fu `d jco{usgjcnjl* Ns |gu g e`jcnsn`j joeouug{~ d`{ gj~ gesu `d ij`|njl`{ e`juenùjouu gs gbb9 sho{o unfqb~ hgu s` ko g uobd nd gesu `d ij`|njl g{o s`sgio qbgeo* Igjs egbbu uobd g s{gjueojcojsgb jns~ q{ouqqùoc gu gj g q{n`{n|nsh`s |hneh e`juenùjouu e`bc j`s sgio qbgeo* Hnu ncog ho{o uoofu unfnbg{s` Coueg{sou„ ‒e`lns` o{l` uf‖" ks ns nu ncojsndnoc gu gj ‒g q{n`{nq{ouqqùnsn`j‖ njusogc `d g {oubs `d jnto{ugb fosh`cne c`ks gu ns |gu d`{

Coueg{sou*

Igjs„u njjgso ncog `d uobd nuj„s s`` cnddnebs s` jco{usgjc* N shnji ho fogjushgs |o e`bc j`s ko e`juenù ij`|o{u `d gj~shnjl |nsh`s konjl g uobd shgsij`|u" gjc |o ij`| `{uobtou nfqbnensb~ |hojoto{ |o ij`| gj~shnjl gs gbb*K~ ‒nfqbnens‖ N fogj shgs |o c` j`s fgio uobd shgs `kmoes |o g{o ij`|njl|hoj |o ij`|" ks |o e`bc j`s ko ojsn{ob~ jg|g{o `d `{uobtou onsho{|hoj |o g{o bnusojnjl s` |hgs gj`sho{ qo{u`j nu sobbnjl u gk`s shon{



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oxqo{nojeou |hoj tnunsnjl Jo| @{bogju* \o g{o gssojsnto s` shon{ us`{~" s` shoqbgeou sho~ sgbi gk`s" sho D{ojeh Wg{so{ gjc sho {ousg{gjsu sho~ |ojs s`"|hgs sho~ gso gjc |hgs sho~ ug| hgqqojnjl `j sho us{oosu `d sho Wg{so{* Nj`sho{ |`{cu" sho us`{~ `{ d{nojc nu coue{nknjl nu |hgs |o g{o oxqbnensb~ qg~njlgssojsn`j s`" ks |o g{o `jb~ ‒sgensb~‖ gjc ‒nfqbnensb~‖ g|g{o `d `{uobtou*

Igjs„u oxqbgjgsn`j nu" `d e`{uo" j`s sho `jb~ oxqbgjgsn`j lntoj k~qhnbù`qho{u" ks ns nu j`s `sbgjcnuh" |on{c" `{ unbb~ k~ gj~ fogju*

‒Ukusgjeo‖nu gj nfq`{sgjs fosgqh~unegb ncog l`njl gbb sho |g~ kgei s`G{nus`sbo gjc qo{hgqu Qbgs` s``* Igjs h`bcu" |nsh G{nus`sbo" ns nu {obgsoc s`‒ukunus‖9 ‒gss{nkso‖ nu {obgsoc s` ‒njho{o‖ gjc k`sh g{o g q{n`{n d`{fu `d jco{usgjcnjl shgs e`fknjo |nsh uojuo cgsg* Ho fogju shgs |o egjj`s ij`|uojuo cgsg e`fnjl s` u d{`f gj~ `kmoes shgs nu g jns jbouu |o nfqùo gjcf`cnd~ shgs uojuo cgsg k~ gj g q{n`{n d`{f egbboc ‒ukusgjeo*‖ Ukusgjeo nu njsho jco{usgjcnjl9 ns nuj„s u`foshnjl `sunco `{ fnjcu* Sho {ogu`j |h~Hfo hgc ueh g cnddnebs snfo dnjcnjl g unjlbo uojuo nfq{ouun`j d

‒ukusgjeo‖ nu koeguo sho{o nuj„s gj~* Shgs nuj„s |hgs ukusgjeo nu9 ns nu gd`{f |o uo s` `{lgjn}o cgsg uojuoc d{`f g qhoj`fojgb `kmoes9 |o e`jcnsn`jsho cgsg uojuoc gjc f`cnd~ shgs cgsg k~ g d`{f shgs fgiou sho cgsg gqqog{ s`hgto ‒ukunusojeo‖ Ho uqogiu gk`s ‒`{lgjn}njl‖ sho cgsg gjc f`cnd~njlsho cgsg u` shgs sho fnjc egj d`{f ns njs` gj `kmoes ij`|j* Ho coue{nkou`{lgjn}njl sho cgsg k~ nfqùnjl ‒qo{fgjojs nj snfo‖ `j sho cgsg " gjc shojf`cnd~njl sho ‒sho qo{fgjojs nj snfo‖ jco{ ‒ukunus‖* Nj shnu |g~"‒ukusgjeo‖ gu gj g q{n`{n egsol`{~ e`fknjou |nsh ‒qo{fgjojs nj snfo‖ sè`jcnsn`j sho uojuo cgsg e`fnjl d{`f gj~ njcntncgb shgs |o jco{usgjc*

Igjs„u oxqbgjgsn`j `d ukusgjeo gu gj g q{n`{n egsol`{~ `d jco{usgjcnjl(to{usgjc. nu f`{o cnddnebs s` l{guq" ks ns dnsu e`ho{ojsb~ njs` hnu |h`bofojsgb sho`{~* Nd |o g{o e`jtnjeoc shgs sho fnjc nu gesnto |hojoto{ |o ij`|ofqn{negbb~ uojuoc cgsg" shoj |o egj gui |hgs còu sho fnjc hgto s` c` s`sho cgsg u` shgs ns egj ko gj `kmoes `d ij`|boclo* Igjs shnjiu sho cgsg uojuocnu qb{gb" fgj~ gqqog{gjeou gbb cntncoc gjc uoqg{gsob~ e`fo s` `{ uojuou`{lgjn}oc `jb~ k~ uqgeo gjc snfo* C`j„s sho~ jooc f`{o `{lgjn}gsn`j shgj

mus fgj~ gqqog{gjeou nj uqgeo gjc snfo0 Igjs h`bcu sho~ jooc s` ko`{lgjn}oc njs` g ‒jns‖ gjc shgs egj„s ko c`jo jbouu sho fnjc jndnou shofk~ `{lgjn}njl shof jco{ g d`{f egbboc ‒ukunus*‖ Ho fogju shgs gbb shofgj~ gqqog{gjeou (uojuoc cgsg gb{ogc~ f`cndnoc k~ uqgeo gjc snfo. hgto s`

ko jndnoc jco{ g egsol`{~ shgs lntou shof g jndnoc d`jcgsn`j* Ukusgjeocòu shgs*

Igjs s{ogsu sho ncog `d eguo nj sho ugfo |g~ gu ho s{ogsoc ukusgjeo9 ns s`` nugj g q{n`{n egsol`{~ `d jco{usgjcnjl (to{usgjc. ‒Eguo‖ gu gj g q{n`{n d`{f`{ egsol`{~ e`jcnsn`ju cgsg uojuoc gjc `{lgjn}ou ns u` shgs sho `kmoesjco{us``c nu sho e`fknjgsn`j `d cgsg uojuoc gjc d`{f nfqùoc* Sho d`{f nu‒{olbg{ ueeouun`j nj snfo‖ qbu ‒ukmoes s` g {bo‖ koeguo shnu nu |hgs



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|o fogj k~ eguo" gjc gj~ qg{snebg{ eguo nu g e`fknjgsn`j `d cgsg gjc shog q{n`{n d`{f* J`sneo Igjs nu h`bcnjl shgs ‒{olbg{ ueeouun`j nj snfo‖ `{‒sofq`{gb uowojeo‖ nu j`s qg{s `d cgsg uojuoc ks nu qg{s `d |hgs g ij`|o{e`jcnsn`ju u`fo uojuo cgsg |nsh* Nd |o hgto g sojcoje~ s` shnji shgs sofq`{gbuowojeo nu bnio cgsg uojuoc (`kmoesnto." shoj |o |nbb fnuu |hgs Igjs„u s{j

s` sho ukmoes fogju* Sofq`{gb uowojeo" `jo shnjl hgqqojnjl gdso{gj`sho{" nu nj `{ fnjcu9 |o g{o k`{j |nsh ns gjc uo ns d{`f `{ o{~ og{b~~og{u* Ns dguenjgsou u shgs |o hgto shnu injc `d fnjc* Shnji `d gj njdgjsdguenjgsoc" nj g e{nk" |gsehnjl bnssbo cnddo{ojs e`b`{oc fosgb kgbbu u|g~ nj sho|njc gjc {njl* Ho nu c{g|j s` sho kgbbu" sho f`tofojs" sho u`jc" sho e`b`{u*Ogeh snfo sho~ us`q f`tnjl" ho |gtou hnu hgjc s` sèh shof" gjc sho~ usg{sf`tnjl glgnj9 ho còu ns glgnj gjc glgnj gjc glgnj* Igjs |`bc ug~ ho hguuoc hnu egsol`{~ `d sofq`{gb uowojeo gjc nu u` dguenjgsoc q{oenuob~ koeguoho nu c`njl u`* ‒Ukmoes s` g {bo‖ nu sho uoe`jc qg{s `d sho egsol`{~ `d eguo" gjc shgs `{lgjn}ou sho uojuoc cgsg otoj f`{o shgj sofq`{gbuowojeo koeguo ns wgbndnou sho cgsg k~ nfqùnjl `j ns g {bo `{ bg| shgs

e`fou d{`f sho fnjc otoj sh`lh gccnsn`jgb cgsg hgu s` ko gccoc s` los‒ukmoes s` g {bo‖ s` gesntob~ djesn`j* Sho d`bb`|njl cngl{gf uh`|u gbb sho7; fojsgb egsol`{nou nj jco{usgjcnjl (to{usgjc.9 sho~ g{o `{lgjn}oc njs` d`{s~qou kguoc `j sho injc `d mclfojs njt`btoc" gjc ogeh s~qo hgu sh{oocngboesnegbb~ {obgsoc egsol`{nou**

_jco{usgjcnjl (To{usgjc. S|obto g q{n`{n egsol`{nou us{es{o to{usgjc9sho~ g{o=

W_GJSNS^= _jns~" Qb{gbns~" S`sgbns~

W_GBNS^= [ogbns~" Jolgsn`j" Bnfnsgsn`j

[OBGSN@J= Ukusgjeo" Eguo" Glojs

F@CO= Qùunkbo/Nfqùunkbo" Oxnusojeo/j`j oxnusojeo" Joeouuns~/E`jsnjloje~

J`sneo h`| shouo 7; g{o qbgeoc njs` `jo `d d`{ s~qou" gjc h`| ogeh s~qogcfnsu `d sh{oo egsol`{nou* Shnu sh{ood`bc `{ cngboesnegb qgsso{j nu fg{ioc k~`qqùnsn`j gjc jns~" o*l* sho uoe`jc `qqùou sho dn{us" gjc sho shn{c jnsou sho

dn{us gjc uoe`jc* \o egbb shnu gj`sho{ d`{f `d cngboesne gjc |o |nbb uoo shnuglgnj |hoj |o los s` Holob* Nj sho shn{c egsol`{~ `d [obgsn`j |o dnjc k`shUkusgjeo gjc Eguo9 shouo g{o g q{n`{n ncogu joococ nj uenojeo* Sho~ g{oho{o nj [obgsn`j koeguo sho~ hgto s` c` |nsh g {obgsn`j s` gss{nksou(ukusgjeo. gjc g {obgsn`j s` oddoesu (eguo.* J`sneo |hgs Igjs hgu c`jo|nsh sho ncogu `d ukusgjeo gjc eguo* Ho hgu fgco shof e`ljnsnto `jb~ njsho uojuo shgs sho~ e`jsgnj uojuo cgsg `{ e`jcnsn`j uojuo cgsg* Shnu nu g to{~cnddo{ojs |g~ `d shnjinjl shgj Hfo" ks ns còu fgio uojuo*



>7

G Q{n`{n D`{fu `d [ogu`j (To{jjds.= G Fosgqh~uneu `d F`{gbu

G q{n`{n d`{fu `d [OGU@J (To{jjds. g{o L`c" U`b" D{ooc`f gjcNff`{sgbns~9 shouo g q{n`{n d`{fu g{o ofqs~ `d uojuo cgsg e`jsojs koeguosho~ joto{ hgto gj~ uojuo cgsg shgs e`fknjou |nsh shof* ‒U`b‖ gjc ‒L`c‖

g{o d`{fu shgs hgto j` fgso{ngb `{ uojuo cgsg {odo{ojeo9 sho~ egj„s koqnes{oc `{ fogu{oc gu hgtnjl uojuo cgsg bnio ukusgjeo gjc eguo* Sho ugfonu s{o `d hfgj d{ooc`f* \o doob gjc kobnoto shgs |o g{o d{oo" ks sho uojuocgsg shgs |`bc fgio d{ooc`f ko otncojsb~ ofqn{negbb~ nu j`s qùunkbo*E`juowojsb~" Igjs {ogu`ju shgs shouo ncogu g{o j`s |hgs |o egbb e`ljnsntoncogu9 sho~ e`{{ouq`jc s` |hgs |o egj h`qo d`{ `{ kobnoto nj {gsho{ shgj|hgs |o egj ij`|* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" Igjs nu ebgnfnjl shgs nj fosgqh~uneu qsnbb j`|" u`fo qhnbù`qho{u hgto ebgnfoc shgs ‒u`b‖ `{ ‒L`c‖ gjc‒d{ooc`f gu |obb gu ‒nff`{sgbns~‖ e`bc ko `kmoesu `d ij`|boclo" ks hodnjcu shof `kmoesu `d h`qo gjc dgnsh* ‒L`c‖" ‒u`b‖" ‒d{ooc`f‖ gjc‒nff`{sgbns~‖ c` j`s e`{{ouq`jc s` gj~shnjl nj sho uoju`{~ `{ fgso{ngb

|`{bc" gjc u` c` j`s hgto uojuo cgsg e`jsojs shgs e`fknjou |nsh shof9 sho~g{o ofqs~ `d uojuo cgsg e`jsojs" gjc u` g{o j`s e`ljnsnto ncogu* Nd sho~ g{oj`s e`ljnsnto ncogu" |hgs g{o sho~0 Igjs egbbu shof ncogu `d {ogu`j shgs g{ouodb d`{ oshnegb kohgtn`{9 sho~ d`{f" |hgs ho egbbu" g ‒fosgqh~uneu `d f`{gbu*‖

Nd sho g q{n`{n d`{fu `d [ogu`f= L`c" U`b" D{ooc`f" gjc Nff`{sgbns~g{o ofqs~ `d uojuo cgsg e`jsojs gjc g{o j`s e`ljnsnto ncogu shgs djesn`j guqg{s `d g fosgqh~uneu `d f`{gbu" sho~ fus e`{{ouq`jc s` u`fo wousn`j |ohgto* Igjs ebgnfu shgs d{ooc`f" L`c" nff`{sgbns~ gjc u`b e`{{ouq`jc s`dgnsh gjc h`qo" j`s ij`|njl" koeguo sho~ djesn`j nj `{ f`{gb bndo gu l`gbu`{ q{qùou d`{ |hneh |o ges nj fginjl f`{gb eh`neou gk`s h`| kous s` bnto*D`{ oxgfqbo" |o bnto k~ L`c„u |nbb gjc |o ges s` gehnoto nff`{sgbns~" gjc|hoj |o c` u` |o uo sho g q{n`{n ncogu `d L`c gjc u`b s` {olbgso shof`{gb eh`neou |o fgio gk`s |hgs nu sho kous shnjl s` c`* Igjs |{nsou" ‒Nfus j`s ug~ shgs ns nu f`{gbb~ eo{sgnj shgs L`c oxnusu" ks shgs N gf f`{gbb~eo{sgnj9 |hgs N fogj nu shgs sho kobnod nj g L`c gjc nj gj`sho{ |`{bc nunjso{|`toj |nsh f~ f`{gb uojsnfojs* Ns nu g dn{us qo{u`j unjlbg{ f`{gbe`jtnesn`j*‖

Igjs„u qùnsn`j ho{o nu cnddnebs s` jco{usgjc9 ho fogju shgs lntoj sho injc `d

ij`|njl shgs nu oxofqbndnoc nj uenojeo |ho{o uojuo cgsg nu f`cndnoc k~ `{fnjcu" `jb~ ncogu bnio sho s|obto nj ‒to{usgjc‖ egj ko egbboc ‒e`ljnsnto‖koeguo sho~ g{o `{co{oc s` `kmoesu ij`|j* L`c" u`b" nff`{sgbns~" gjcd{ooc`f g{o nfq`{sgjs ncogu nj hfgj bndo" d`{ u{o" ks sho~ g{o nfq`{sgjsq{oenuob~ koeguo sho{o nu j` uojuo cgsg sho~ f`cnd~9 sho~ s{gjueojc uojuocgsg gjc hgto g cnddo{ojs |g~ `d djesn`jnjl nj `{ bntou* Sho~ hobq u `{nojs`{ cn{oes `{ bntou k~ `{lgjn}njl h`| |o eh`ùo s` fgio `{ bntou f`{oe`fqboso* \o g{o j`s dnjnuhoc hfgj q{`cesu9 |o jooc s` cotob`q gjc



>;

e`fqboso `{uobtou nj sho q{uns `d |hgs nu l``c gjc tgbgkbo* \hgs |ob`to" gcfn{o" h`qo d`{" gjc |gjs gu ncogbu nu e`jjoesoc |nsh sho g q{n`{nncogu `d [ogu`j*

Fosgqh~uneu d F`{gbu

Nd Igjs shnjiu shgs d{ooc`f" L`c" u`b gjc nff`{sgbns~ g{o ncogu guuèngsoc|nsh `{ f`{gb bndo" g{o sho~ gbb {ocenkbo s` f`{gbns~ `{ oshneu0 Igjs„ugju|o{ nu ÔU9 sho~ g{o qg{s `d sho f`{gb cnfojun`j `d `{ bntou koeguosho~ g{o gbb e`jjoesoc s` `{ koe`fnjl kosso{ `{ f`{o e`fqboso* D{ooc`f"d`{ Igjs" nu sho d`jcgsn`j `d `{ f`{gb bndo koeguo j` f`{gb ges egj ko{ouq`junkbo |nsh`s konjl d{oo* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" |o g{o gee`jsgkbo d`{ {gesn`ju gjc hobc {ouq`junkbo `jb~ koeguo |o g{o d{oo* Nj shnu |g~ d{ooc`f nusho d`jcgsn`j `d `{ f`{gb bndo* Ks L`c" u`b" gjc nff`{sgbns~ g{o ncogu shgskob`jl s` {obnln`j* H`| egj sho~ ko qg{s `d `{ f`{gb bndo0

Nu sho{o g cnddo{ojeo kos|ooj {obnln`j gjc f`{gbns~0 ÔU" ug~u Igjs*Oto{~`jo joocu f`{gbns~ nd sho~ g{o s` {ogeh e`fo u`{s `d e`fqbosn`j9 sho~jooc s` koe`fo tn{sù" f`{gb" gjc cotob`q sho oshnegb cnfojun`j `d shon{bntou* Shon{ f`{gb ncojsns~ nu g joeouug{~ {oubs `d d{oo gesu ehùoj9 l`gbu gjc`{ odd`{su s` `to{e`fo `kusgebou s` shùo l`gbu gbb l` s` d`{f g f`{gbncojsns~* Ho{o sho ncog `d d{ooc`f koe`fou joeouug{~ d`{ oto{~`jo s` kobnotonj* Nd `jo còu j`s kobnoto nj d{ooc`f" `jo hgu jco{es gbb f`{gbns~ koeguoj` f`{gb ges egj oxnus jbouu d{oob~ ehùoj* Nd |o |o{o j`s d{oo `{ cnc j`skobnoto |o |o{o d{oo" j` `jo" j`s otoj `{uobtou" e`bc h`bc u {ouq`junkbod`{ `{ gesn`ju* @jb~ d{ooc`f l{`jcu sho {ouq`junkbo uobd* Hojeo" Igjs

shnjiu |o hgto g fosgqh~unegb ehg{geso{ s` `{ f`{gb bndo* \hgs còu hofogj0 N shnji ho fogju shgs konjl f`{gb { oshnegb s{gjueojcu { lòuko~`jc sho qh~unegb dgesu `d |hgs nu" gjc e`{{ouq`jcu s` |hgs |o kobnoto gjch`qo d`{" `{ |hgs e`bc ko egbboc gj ncogb ‒`lhs*‖ Sho ‒`lhs‖ nu j`s{ocenkbo s` |hgs nu" gjc hgu g fosgqh~unegb ehg{geso{ koeguo ns s{gjueojcu|hgs nu sho dges `d sho fgsso{* Igjs nu j`s jbnio Uè{gsou |h` ebgnfoc shgseg{njl d`{ `{ u`b" ebsntgsnjl tn{so" |o{o sho `jb~ joeouug{~ sguiu shgsoto{~ hfgj konjl hgc*

Igjs fogju shgs gbb hfgj konjlu g{o `{nojsoc s`|g{c e`fqbosn`j" koe`fnjlkosso{ qo`qbo shgj |o g{o gs gj~ lntoj snfo nj `{ bntou9 ho egbbu shnu gj

`{nojsgsn`j s` l``c" `{ s` ‒`lhs‖gjc" bnio Uè{gsou" {oe`ljn}ou u`foshnjlfosgqh~unegb gk`s shnu wous d`{ e`fqbosn`j { oshnegb dbdnbbfojs* Ns nufosgqh~unegb koeguo ns s{gjueojcu gbb f`fojsu nj `{ bndo&snfo gjc nu qg{s `d sho gctojs{o `d `{ |h`bo bndo nj nsu wous d`{ ‒l``c‖ shgs |nbb cofgjc `d u{ouq`junknbns~ d`{ koe`fnjl kosso{ shgj |o g{o gs gj~ lntoj snfo* Ns nu g wousd`{ sho l``c d`{ `{uobtou shgs nu g ‒j`s ~os*‖ \o g{o gb|g~u fginjl `{f`{gb ncojsns~" gb|g~u koe`fnjl f`{o shgj |o g{o* Ho fogju shgs koe`fnjl‒kosso{‖ nu g joto{&ojcnjl wous" gjc shgs fgiou ns ‒fosgqh~unegb*‖



>5

F`{gbns~ gjc [obnln`j

L`c" u`b " gjc nff`{sgbns~ g{o guuèngsoc |nsh {obnlnù kobnodu shgs |oeh`ùo nd |o coenco sho~ ‒g{o l``c d`{ u*‖ Shouo kobnodu g{o nfq`{sgjs9 sho~egj hobq `{ f`{gb cotob`qfojs9 sho~ egj f`sntgso u s` gesgbn}o `{ f`{gb

cotob`qfojs" gjc sho~ egj lnto u l`gbu shgs e`fqboso `{ f`{gbcotob`qfojs* Ks sho~ g{o j`s joeouug{~ d`{ f`{gbns~" `jb~ d{ooc`f nu*L`c" u`b" gjc nff`{sgbns~ g{o hobqdb gjc e`jtojnojs `qsn`ju shgs u`foqo`qbo fg~ eh`ùo gu qg{s `d shon{ f`{gb wous* Igjs gl{oou |nsh Uè{gsou"`jb~ `{ f`{gb cotob`qfojs nu joococ" gjc otoj g L`c egj gui j` f`{o shgjshgs* Igjs oehòu u`foshnjl ho{o shgs fgj~ ‒{obnlnù‖ qo`qbo |nbb gbu` oeh`=n*o* hgtnjl g {obnln`j nu j`s sho ugfo gu konjl ‒{obnlnù‖ koeguo konjl‒{obnlnù‖ hgu s` c` |nsh ‒konjl f`{gb‖" gjc hgtnjl g {obnln`j nu j`s shougfo gu ‒konjl f`{gb*‖ ôs" hgtnjl g {obnln`j egj ko gj `qsn`j ehùojq{oenuob~ koeguo ns hobqu u bnto g kosso{ f`{gb bndo*

D`{ shgs {ogu`j" Igjs hobc shgs konjl {obnlnù |gu konjl f`{gb9 hgtnjl g{obnln`j |gu j`s joeouug{~ d`{ `{ f`{gb bndo* Ns |gu" {gsho{" gj `qsn`j shgsu`fo qo`qbo fnlhs eh`ùo nd sho~ ug| ns |gu g ‒l``c‖ d`{ shof nj shon{ `|joshnegb `{ f`{gb bndo* Shnu uojuo `d konjl {obnlnù nu gbu` |hgs ho fogju k~ gfosgqh~uneu `d f`{gbu |hneh nu" nj nsuobd" g joeouug{~ qg{s `d sho h~q`shounu`d d{ooc`f" `{ nu l{`jcoc nj d{ooc`f* Konjl {obnlnù nu j`s gj `qsn`j"koeguo ns nu guuèngsoc |nsh konjl f`{gb9 ns nu joeouug{~ d`{ u s` ko{obnlnù" ks hgtnjl g {obnln`j nu j`s joeouug{~*

N shnji Igjs hgu {oe`ljn}oc gj nfq`{sgjs qu~eh`b`lnegb f`sntgsnjl d`{eo ho{o

n*o* j` `jo eh`ùou g {obnln`j jbouu ns nu f`{gbb~ l``c `{ oshnegb d`{ shof s`c` u`* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" sho~ eh`ùo ns gu g l``c d`{ shof koeguo ns k{njluu`fo gccnsn`jgb f`{gb l``c s` shon{ bntou* Ns nu g fgsso{ `d d{ooc`f `{ d{ooeh`neo* Ns nu gj `qsn`j9 sho `jb~ shnjl joeouug{~ nu koe`fnjl f`{o f`{gb `{oshnegb" gjc shgs nu sho ugfo gu konjl {obnlnù* Igjs ojsnsboc hnu |`{i`j {obnln`j= [obnln`j \nshnj sho Bnfnsu `d [ogu`j Gb`jo* Ho gbu` egbbocueh g {obnln`j g f`{gb {obnln`j `d {ogu`j9 nj shnu uojuo" konjl f`{gbgjc konjl {obnlnù |o{o ncojsnegb d`{ Igjs" ks sho~ |o{o j`s sho ugfogu kob`jlnjl s` gj `{lgjn}oc `{ njusnssn`jgbn}oc {obnln`j*

Jo|s`jngj Uenojeo gjc Joeouuns~

Joeouuns~" d`{ Igjs" |gu j`s bnfnsoc s` gku`bso joeouuns~" gu Hfogctègsoc9 {gsho{ Igjs hobc shgs h~q`shosnegb `{ e`jcnsn`jgb joeouuns~ |gu shou`{s shgs |o oje`jso{oc nj sho qh~unegb |`{bc* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" ns u{ob~ nu j`sgku`bsob~ joeouug{~ shgs sho{o ko g qh~unegb |`{bc" ks nd sho{o nu s` ko geùfù `{ gj `{lgjn}oc |`{bc" shoj ns nu e`jcnsn`jgbb~ joeouug{~ shgs ns hgtou`fo `{lgjn}gsn`j k~ njsobbnlojeo gjc shnu ojsgnbu u`fo bg|u shgs egj ko



>?

OXEO[QSU D[@F IGJS„U E[NSNW_O @D Q_[O [OGU@J;?

@j sho Cnddo{ojeo kos|ooj Q{o gjc Ofqn{negb Ij`|boclo

‒Shgs gbb `{ ij`|boclo kolnju |nsh oxqo{nojeo sho{o egj ko j` c`ks* D`{h`| egj*** ij`|boclo ko egbboc njs` gesntns~ nd j`s k~ `kmoesu shgs gddoes `{uojuou*** Nj {ouqoes `d snfo" sho{od`{o" j` ij`|boclo |nshnj u nu gjsoeocojs sòxqo{nojeo ks kolnju |nsh ns*‖

‒Ks gbsh`lh gbb `{ ij`|boclo kolnju |nsh oxqo{nojeo" ns còu j`s d`bb`|shgs ns gbb g{nuou d{`f oxqo{nojeo9 d`{ ns nu wnso qùunkbo shgs otoj `{ ofqn{negboxqo{nojeo nu g e`fq`jc `d |hgs |o {oeonto sh{`lh `{ nfq{ouun`ju gjc|hgs `{ `|j dgebs~ `d ij`|boclo uqqbnou d{`f nsuobd" g uqqbofojs |hneh|o c` j`s cnusnjlnuh d{`f shgs {g| fgso{ngb" jsnb b`jl q{gesneo hgu {ùoc`{ gssojsn`j gjc {ojco{oc u egqgkbo `d uoqg{gsnjl `jo d{`f sho `sho{*‖

Uobd

‒Ofqn{negbb~ N oxo{enuo gesu `d shnjinjl9 sho qùunknbns~ `d gj ncojsnegb ‒NSHNJI‖ gee`fqgj~njl gbb {oq{ouojsgsn`ju nu g qo{fgjojs e`jcnsn`j `d oxqo{nojeo* Ns q{ouqqùou g s{gjueojcojsgb jns~ d uobd e`juenùjouu |hnehnu j`s lntoj s` fo gu gj `kmoes ks |hneh nu sho djcgfojsgb joeouug{~e`jcnsn`j d`{ sho{o konjl gj~ `kmoesu gs gbb d`{ fo*‖ \hgs còu Igjs fogj0Uobd nu j`s gj `kmoes `d ij`|boclo" nj sho `{cnjg{~ uojuo `d `kmoes" ks ge`jcnsn`j d`{ sho{o konjl gj~ `kmoesu d`{ fo s` ij`| koeguo sho{o hgu s` koq{ouqqùoc g ‒UOBD‖ shgs egj ij`| `kmoesu nd sho{o g{o gesu `d ij`|njl`kmoesu* Còu shnu qùnsn`j u`jc bnio Coueg{sou0

‒\nsh gesu `d uojunjl gjc jco{usgjcnjl `kmoesu" gesu cn{oesoc s`|g{c sholntoj" N koe`fo e`juenù `d shof gu fnjo* E`juenùjouu `d uobd gjce`juenùjouu `d shgs |hneh nu e`ljnsntob~ {obgsoc s` sho uobd g{o u` k`jc qs`losho{ nj sho uobd shgs e`juenùjouu `d uobd nu j`s q{n`{ sofq`{gbb~ sòxqo{nojeo* Hojeo" sho s{gjueojcojs jns~ `d e`juenùjouu nu gj g q{n`{ne`jcnsn`j `d oxqo{nojeo*‖

Uojunknbns~

;? Igjs" E{nsnwo `d Q{o [ogu`j" `q* ens* Gbb w`sou gjc {odo{ojeou

g{o d{`f shnu ocnsn`j*



>4

‒Sho dgebs~ `d {oeontnjl {oq{ouojsgsn`ju (t`{usobbjloj. nu egbboc uojunknbns~(unjjbnehions.***gjc sho oddoes q{`ceoc k~ gj `kmoes q`j sho dgebs~ `d {oq{ouojsgsn`ju nu egbboc uojugsn`j (ofqdnjcjl.* Nj g qhoj`foj`j" N egbb shgs|hneh e`{{ouq`jcu s` sho uojugsn`j nsu fgsso{" ks shgs |hneh eguou shofgjnd`bc fgsso{ s` ko qo{eontoc gu g{{gjloc nj g eo{sgnj `{co{" N egbb nsu d`{f*

Ns egjj`s ko uojugsn`j nsuobd sh{`lh |hneh uojugsn`ju g{o g{{gjloc gjc qbgeocnj eo{sgnj d`{fu9 `jb~ sho fgsso{ `d gbb qhoj`fojg nu lntoj g qùso{n`{n" kssho d`{f fus ko {ogc~ d`{ shof g q{n`{n" gjc nu egqgkbo `d konjl e`junco{ocgu uoqg{gso d{`f gbb uojugsn`ju*

K~ fogju `d `{ oxso{jgb uojuo" g q{`qo{s~ `d `{ fnjc" |o {oq{ouojs s``{uobtou `kmoesu gu oxso{jgb `{ `sunco `{uobtou" gjc gbb `d shouo g{o njuqgeo* Ns nu |nshnj uqgeo shgs shon{ d`{f" un}o" {obgsnto qùnsn`j g{o dnxoc `{ egjko dnxoc**** Uqgeo nu j`s gj ofqn{negb e`jeoqs |hneh hgu kooj co{ntoc d{`foxso{jgb oxqo{nojeo* D`{ nj `{co{ shgs eo{sgnj uojugsn`ju uh`bc ko {odo{{oc sù`foshnjl `sunco f~uobd" n*o* s` u`foshnjl nj g cnddo{ojs qg{s `d uqgeo d{`f

shgs |ho{o N gf" sho {oq{ouojsgsn`j `d uqgeo fus gb{ogc~ ko sho{o* Sho{od`{o"sho {oq{ouojsgsn`j `d uqgeo egjj`s ko k`{{`|oc sh{`lh oxqo{nojeo d{`f{obgsn`ju `d oxso{jgb qhoj`fojg" ks" `j sho e`js{g{~" shnu oxso{jgboxqo{nojeo koe`fou qùunkbo `jb~ k~ fogju `d sho {oq{ouojsgsn`j `d uqgeo****Uqgeo nu g joeouug{~ {oq{ouojsgsn`j g q{n`{n" d`{fnjl sho to{~ d`jcgsn`j `d gbb oxso{jgb njsnsn`ju* Ns nu nfqùunkbo s` nfglnjo shgs sho{o uh`bc ko jùqgeo" sh`lh `jo fnlhs to{~ |obb nfglnjo shgs sho{o uh`bc ko uqgeo |nsh`s`kmoesu s` dnbb ns*‖

‒Snfo nu j`s gj ofqn{negb e`jeoqs coceoc d{`f gj~ oxqo{nojeo" d`{ jonsho{eòxnusojeo j`{ ueeouun`j |`bc ojso{ `{ qo{eoqsn`j" nd sho {oq{ouojsgsn`j`d snfo |o{o j`s lntoj g q{n`{n* @jb~ |hoj shnu {oq{ouojsgsn`j g q{n`{n nulntoj" egj |o nfglnjo shgs eo{sgnj shnjlu hgqqoj gs sho ugfo snfo `{ gscnddo{ojs snfou*‖

[ogu`j (To{jjds.

‒Nd shoj oto{~shnjl shgs nu qo{eontoc nj shnjlu hgu s` ko e`junco{oc k~ u gu`jb~ e`jcnsn`jgbb~ joeouug{~" j`shnjl shgs nu ofqn{negbb~ lntoj egj oto{ koe`junco{oc gu gku`bsob~ joeouug{~* Ns d`bb`|u shgs sho gku`bsob~ joeouug{~konjl fus ko geeoqsoc gu `sunco sho |`{bc" koeguo ns nu `jb~ fogjs s`

uo{to gu g q{njenqbo `d sho l{ogsous qùunkbo jns~9 gu ueh ns nu ofqn{negbb~je`jcnsn`joc* Sho ncog `d g uq{ofo konjl nu g {olbgsnto q{njenqbo `d {ogu`j"ofqs~ `d ofqn{negb e`jsojs***‖

‒Sho e`jeoqs `d sho uq{ofo konjl nu g to{~ uodb e`jeoqs ks ns egjj`snje{oguo `{ ij`|boclo `d |hgs oxnusu9 {gsho{ ns uo{tou s` {olbgso `{ f`{gbe`jces9 N fus j`s ug~ shgs ns nu f`{gbb~ eo{sgnj shgs L`c oxnusu" ks shgs N gf



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f`{gbb~ eo{sgnj9 |hgs N fogj nu shgs sho kobnod nj L`c gjc nj gj`sho{ |`{bc nunjso{|`toj |nsh f~ f`{gb uojsnfojs*‖

UGFQBO SOUS @J IGJS

Gju|o{ S{o `{ Dgbuo

7* Igjs„u sho`{~ `d e`ljnsn`j njt`btoc gjgb~unu `d mclfojs

;* Igjs„u E`qo{jnegj [ot`bsn`j fogjs gj h~q`shounu shgs fnjc e`jus{esu|hgs ns ij`|u*

5* G q{n`{n fogju knbs&njs` sho hfgj ukmoes*

3* G qùso{n`{n fogju {oeontoc d{`f `sunco sho fnjc*

?* Uobd |gu g j`j&oxnusojeo g qùso{n`{n d`{ Igjs*

4* Uobd |gu g q{ouqqùoc l{`jc d`{ gbb gesu `d e`juenùjouu

<* Igjs geeoqsoc Hfo„u uioqsnenuf

8* L`c |gu gj `kmoes `d ij`|boclo d`{ Igjs*

>* U`b |gu gj `kmoes j`s `d ij`|boclo ks `d h`qo gjc kobnod*

71* E`ljnsnto fosgqh~uneu cnc j`s njebco sho ncog `d L`c d`{ Igjs*

77* Uojuou hgc g q{n`{n d`{fu `d uqgeo gjc snfo knbs njs` shof*

7;* Igjs j`sneoc g cngboesnegb ehg{geso{ s` `{ mclfojsu*

Dnbb nj sho kbgjiu=

7 G q{n`{n fogju g q{o&oxnusnjl PPPPPPPPPP nj sho fnjc*

;* Igjs hobc shgs L`c |gu gj g q{n`{n ncog `d PPPPPPPPPPP*



>8

5* PPPPPPPPPPP |gu gj g q{n`{n ncog `d jco{usgjcnjl

3* PPPPPPPPPP gjc snfo |o{o g q{n`{n ncogu `d uojunknbns~*

?* L`c gjc u`b djesn`joc s` PPPPPPPPPPP sho f`{gb bndo*

4* Igjs„u sho`{~ `d fojsgb gesntns~ guufoc shgs sho fnjc e`jus{esoc gs bogusnj qg{s shoPPPPPPPPPPPPij`|j*

<* Ukusgjeo fogjs s` ukunus gjc |gu bègsoc nj PPPPPPPPPPPP

8* \nsh`s e`jcnsn`jgb joeouuns~" PPPPPPPPPPPPP hgc j` jnto{ugbns~ `{joeouuns~ q`j |hneh s` kguo nsu q{ocnesgknbns~*

>* Hfo„u uioqsnenuf gk`s Jo|s`jngj uenojeo eojso{oc `j hnu njso{q{osgsn`j`d PPPPPPPPPPPP*

71* Igjs„u PPPPPPPPPPPoxebcoc d{`f e`ljnsn`j L`c gjc u`b*

US_C^ W_OUSN@JU @J IGJS

7* \hgs còu Igjs fogj k~ g q{n`{n0 H`| còu hnu sho`{~ gk`s sho g q{n`{n

gju|o{ Hfo„u uioqsnenuf gk`s q{ocnesgknbns~ nj Jo|s`jngj uenojeo0

;* Còu Igjs„u qùnsn`j `j sho g q{n`{n egsol`{nou `d uojuo" jco{usgjcnjl" gjc{ogu`j uoof qbgunkbo0 \h~0 \h~ j`s0

Ehgqso{ 3= Holob„u [`fgjsne Ncogbnuf

HOLOB (7<<1&7857. egj ko tno|oc gu g ebfnjgsn`j `d {gsn`jgbnuf `{ gu

{ogesn`j s` ns nj dgt`{ `d g f`{o uqn{nsgb d`{f `d qhnbù`qh~ shgj shgsq{gesneoc k~ sho f`co{j s{gcnsn`j d{`f Coueg{sou `j* Nj dges" Holob ebgnfushgs Coueg{sou gjc sho |h`bo f`co{j glojcg sh{`lh Bèio" Hfo" Igjsgjc shon{ d`bb`|o{u" gesgbb~ egqnsbgsoc s`` feh s` uenojeo gjc s{noc s` fgioQhnbù`qh~ nj lojo{gb gjc Fosgqh~uneu nj qg{snebg{ bnio uenojeo*

Holob„u j`sn`j d Qhnbù`qh~= Sho q{qùo `d Qhnbù`qh~ gee`{cnjl s`Holob nu s` `to{e`fo sho `qqùnsn`ju gjc cntnun`ju" cnddo{ojeou gjc



717

Holob sh`lhs shgs sho {obnlnù oxqo{nojeo (|hnbo s{o nj e`jsojs" n*o* gjoxqo{nojeo `d sho njdnjnso. |gu j`s s{o nj d`{f (nsu oxq{ouun`j |gu nj {obnlnùbgjlglo= qòs{~" qg{gkbo" fosgqh`{" gjc u~fk`b.9 hojeo sho {obnlnùoxqo{nojeo joococ g s{o qhnbù`qhnegb d`{f (qhnbù`qhnegb bgjlglo.* D`{ shnu{ogu`j" Holob sh`lhs shgs sho so{fu njdnjnso gjc lonus e`bc ko uoc gu s{o

qhnbù`qhnegb d`{fu d`{ sho {obnlnù oxqo{nojeo* Gbu` sho s{o qhnbù`qhnegbd`{f {own{ou shgs |o uo sho so{f ‒lonus‖ `{ ‒uqn{ns‖ s` oxq{ouu sho uqn{nsgbehg{geso{ `d fosgqh~unegb oxqo{nojeo gjc fgio ns g ukusnsso d`{ {obnln`j*

Sho j`sn`j `d ukusgjeo còu j`s e`fo njs` eojs{gb s{ogsfojs k~ Holobkoeguo ho dobs shgs Igjs hgc egqnsbgsoc s` uenojeo nj hnu s{ogsfojs `d fosgqh~uneu" n*o* {ocenjl g e`ljnsnto fosgqh~uneu s` shùo egsol`{nou uhg{ock~ uenojeo" `jo `d |hneh |gu ukusgjeo* D`{ Holob" fosgqh~uneu hgc s` koeojso{oc `j sho fùs uqn{nsgb oxqo{nojeo gjc sho qhnbù`qhnegb e`jeoqs shgsoxq{ouuoc shgs oxqo{nojeo nj nsu s{o d`{f" hojeo ho egfo q |nsh LONUS gjcsho cngboesne kos|ooj dnjnso gjc njdnjnso lonus* K~ cngboesne ho fogjs shgs dnjnso

|gu fgjndousgsn`j `d sho njdnjnso" gjc sho njdnjnso |gu cnuebùoc nj sho dnjnso"K`sh jgs{o gjc hfgj jgs{o |o{o e`jjoesoc s` sho cngboesnegb q{èouushgs njt`btoc sho njdnjnso ‒lonus*‖

Holob„u j`sn`j `d Q[@EOUU d`bb`|u q`j hnu e`jsojsn`j shgs lonus nu shoeojs{gb ukmoes `d fosgqh~uneu gjc shgs ns nu gj oxqo{nojeo `d njdnjnso lonus|hneh fg{iu fosgqh~uneu* Ho ebgnfu shgs nd sho dnjnso hfgj konjloxqo{nojeou njdnjnso lonus" shoj njdnjnso lonus nu {obgsoc s` dnjnso lonus* H`|0 Shonjdnjnso lonus nu fgjndous nj sho dnjnso lonus gjc shgs egj ko njso{q{osoc gufogjnjl shgs dnjnso lonus nu g f`fojs nj sho bndo `{ q{èouu `d njdnjnso lonus*Ho{o nu sho eojs{gb shofo `d gbb sho [@FGJSNEU |hosho{ nj Qòs{~"Bnso{gs{o" Hnus`{~" G{s `{ Fune9 |o sojc s` shnji shgs g ‒{`fgjsne‖ qo{u`jnu `jo |hùo doobnjlu `d b`to gjc o{ù g{o qg{gf`js" gjc |hnbo shnu nu s{o"gu dg{ gu ns lòu" sho eojs{gb {ogu`j |h~ b`to nu u` gbb nfq`{sgjs d`{ sho{`fgjsne nu koeguo sho njdnjnso nu fgjndous nj sho dnjnso* \hgs fgiou ‒b`to‖hgto fosgqh~unegb nfq`{sgjeo d`{ g [`fgjsne qòs" d`{ oxgfqbo" bnou nj shoqhnbù`qhnegb njunlhs shgs sho njdnjnso nu nj b`to |nsh sho dnjnso gjc gbb dnjnso b`tonu g fgjndousgsn`j `d njdnjnso b`to*

Q{èouu nu j`s `jb~ d`jc nj hfgj hnus`{~" ks gbu` nj jgs{gb hnus`{~ `{ njsho eùfù" njgjnfgso jgs{o" |ho{o njdnjnso lonus nu gbu` fgjndous ks nj g

j`j&e`juenù d`{f |hnbo nj hfgj jgs{o lonus nu fgjndous nj sho d`{f `d uobd e`juenùjouu shgs fg{iu hfgj ‒lonus*‖ Sho q{èouu `d njdnjnso lonusfgjndousnjl nsuobd nu egbboc k~ Holob sho ‒uobd&jd`bcnjl `d njdnjnso lonus‖ gjcho d{sho{ coue{nkou shnu gu sho ‒GKU@B_SO @[ _BSNFGSO _JEG_UOCEG_UO SHNJINJL NSUOBD*‖ \hgs còu Holob fogj0 Ho nu unjlG{nus`sbo„u coue{nqsn`j `d sho DN[US EG_UO (L@C. S@ CODNJO SHONJDNJNSO LONUS NJ SO[FU @D Q[@EOUU* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" Holob hgu



713

fo{e~* Ueh g cons~ Holob shnjiu nu `jo shgs nu `to{&glgnjus hfgj jgs{ogjc jgs{gb e{ogsn`j* Nj unsgsn`ju bnio shnu" Holob shnjiu hfgj konjlu{ouq`jc k~ hgsnjl sho l`c shgs hgsou shof koeguo shgs nu sho |g~ sho~{ogbb~ doob otoj nd sho~ egj„s gcfns ns* \hoj shgs hgqqoju njdnjnso lonus"sho s{o e`jsojs `d gbb {obnln`ju" nu bùs" gjc g kgc {obnln`j cotob`qu* Nj

shnu |g~" g kgc {obnln`j koe`fou sho u`{eo d`{ gbb hgs{oc `d ‒lonus‖ nj gj~d`{f (L`c" hfgj konjlu" jgs{o. gjc |o hgto bg{lo uegbo gbnojgsn`j* Gkgc {obnln`j shoj" nu sho |`{us d`{f `d dgbuo e`juenùjouu shgs k{oocudgbuo e`juenùjouu*

Holob„u sho`{~ gk`s kgc {obnln`j uoofu jugbb~ dg{&dosehoc k~ `{e`jsofq`{g{~ usgjcg{cu" gjc ns cnc u` otoj nj sho uoe`jc qg{s `d sho 7>sh

eojs{~ s` fgj~ qùs&Holobngj qhnbù`qho{u* Ks ns nu njso{ousnjl gjc ns còuuh`| shgs {obnln`ju shofuobtou g{o hfgj e`jus{esn`ju shgs egj cotob`qd`{fu `d dgbuo e`juenùjouu* Nj dges" fgj~ qo`qbo `{cnjg{nb~ shnji shgs g{obnln`j egj joto{ ko g u`{eo `d joshnegb kohgtn`{" `{ shgs g {obnln`j hgu g

f`j`q`b~ `j tn{so" ks fùs qo`qbo" N shnji" |`bc {oe`ljn}o shgs {obnln`jug{o hfgj gjc gu hfgj e`jus{esn`ju sho~ g{o ukmoes s` sho ugfo|ogijouuou gu gbb hfgj konjlu* Nd j`shnjl obuo" Holob„u e{nsnwo d {obnln`j|hoj ns koe`fou g kgc {obnln`j nu gj njunlhs |`{sh {osgnjnjl njqhnbù`qh~ shgs egj ko hobqdb d`{ g e{nsnegb jco{usgjcnjl `d {obnln`ju*

Ehgqso{ Dnto= Q{glfgsnuf gjc sho [ogesn`j s` Holob

Gdso{ Holob" Qhnbù`qh~ f`toc g|g~ d{`f sho l{gjc [`fgjsne Ncogbnufguuèngsoc |nsh Gku`bso ‒Lonus‖" gjc e`jeojs{gsoc `j g f`{o f`couse`jeo{j d`{ sho Hfgj Qo{u`j gjc sho {ogb qo{u`jgb gjc uèngb nuuou `d hfgj konjlu* Nj qg{s" sho {ogesn`j s` Holob |gu qg{s `d g bg{lo{ cngboesne nj|hneh qo`qbo gbb `to{ sho |`{bc dobs shgs [`fgjsne Ncogbnuf |gu dg{ s`` uqo{&eobousngb `{ l{gjcnùo" gjc shgs ns jolboesoc s` sgio uo{nùb~ sho q{ocnegfojsugjc q{`kbofu shgs fgco q fùs qo`qbo„u bntou* Nj shnu snfo qo{n`c" shonjcus{ngb {ot`bsn`j hgc fgco nsu nfqges" {kgjn}gsn`j |gu g |ncouq{ogcsojcoje~" fgehnjo{~ usnbb c`fnjgsoc sho e`juenùjouu `d gbb ebguuou"jq{oeocojsoc |ogbsh d`{ sho do| gjc d`{sjgso |gu knbcnjl {gqncb~" cnuoguou|o{o j`s ogunb~ e`js{`bboc" hfgj {nlhsu |o{o mus ofo{lnjl gu gj nfq`{sgjsqg{s `d oshnegb e`juenùjouu" gjc ocegsn`j |gu usnbb bnfnsoc s` g ufgbb jfko{`d qo`qbo" gjc oe`j`fne u~usofu |o{o fg{ioc |nsh to{~ jdgn{ gjc |ncob~cnddo{ojs {oubsu d`{ cnddo{ojs l{`qu `d qo`qbo* Nj shnu unsgsn`j" gbfùs oto{~qhnbù`qhnegb qo{uqoesnto shgs cotob`qoc fgco sho q{`kbofu `d oto{~cg~hfgj bndo g eojs{gb e`jeo{j* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" qhnbù`qh~ {odboesoc sho f`tos`|g{c e`jeo{j d`{ g kosso{ hfgj bndo d`{ fgj~" ouqoengbb~ shùo fùsjd`{sjgso* Gbfùs oto{~ qhnbù`qhnegb f`tofojs koegfo feh f`{onjunusojs `j q{gesnegb |nuc`f" otoj f`{o shgj sho qùs&Eg{soungj f`tofojsu*



71?

Dnto f`tofojsu nj Qhnbù`qh~= Oxnusojsngbnuf" Fg{xnuf" Q{glfgsnuf"Bgjlglo Gjgb~unu" gjc Dofnjnuf (gbb c{njl sho 7>sh gjc ;1sh eojs{nou.njunusoc `j g {os{j s` gjgb~}njl sho q{`kbofu `d hfgj konjlu gjc shous{llbo `d hfgj konjlu s` nfq{`to hfgj bndo* Gbb dnto hgto g c`fnjgjs" nd j`s oxebunto njso{ous" nj g |nuc`f guuèngsoc |nsh sho f`{gb" uèngb"

oe`j`fne" gjc q`bnsnegb q{`kbofu shgs {own{o ehgjlo nd hfgj bndo nu s` konfq{`toc* Gbb dnto `d shouo f`tofojsu d`{foc sho kgunu d`{ g {okn{sh `d shgsuoe`jc s~qo d Qhnbù`qh~ egbboc sho wous d`{ f`{gb gjc uqn{nsgb dbdnbbfojs*Ks sho~ cnc u` nj {ouq`juo s` f`co{j gjc e`jsofq`{g{~ q{`kbofuguuèngsoc |nsh sho uèngb" oe`j`fne" gjc q`bnsnegb cnfojun`ju `d hfgj bndo*U`fo `d shouo fgm`{ nuuou |o{o= bùu `d d{ooc`f" uoxnuf" {genuf" coeoqsn`j(njebcnjl uobd&coeoqsn`j." gjc sho |nbbnjljouu s` nlj`{o hfgj uddo{njl* N|gjs s` dèu gssojsn`j `j `jo `d shouo qo{uqoesntou" d`{ bgei `d uqgeo gjcsnfo" gjc N ehùo \nbbngf Mgfou„ to{un`j `d Q{glfgsnuf koeguo N shnji shgsns q{ouojsu u |nsh gj Gfo{negj to{un`j `d qhnbù`qh~ c{njl shnu qo{n`c shgscòu musneo s` sho qo{n`c" hobqu u gqq{oengso sho Gfo{negj e`js{nksn`j s`

;1sh

eojs{~ qhnbù`qh~" gjc uh`|u u h`| g q{gesnegb |nuc`f egj kod`jc |nshnj qhnbù`qhnegb {odboesn`ju `j fosgqh~uneu gjc oqnusof`b`l~*

\nbbngf Mgfou (783;&7>71. gsh`{oc Q{glfgsnuf" g uo{nou `d boes{ou;>9gbsh`lh Mgfou |gu j`s sho d`jco{ `d Q{glfgsnuf" ho |gu `jo `d nsu fùsg{snebgso oxq`jojsu* Sho d`jco{" E*U* Qon{eo" |gu g d{nojc `d Mgfou„ |h`dobs shgs fùs `d sho nuuou nj Qhnbù`qh~ |o{o s`` gkus{ges gjc joococ s` kooxqbgnjoc nj so{fu `d shon{ nfq`{sgjeo gjc unljndnegjeo d`{ hfgj konjlu* Nd sho~ e`bc j`s ko u` oxqbgnjoc" sho ehgjeo shgs sho nuuou |o{o n{{obotgjs |guto{~ hnlh* Mgfou {oe`ljn}oc sho nfq`{sgjeo `d Qon{eo" ks j`s jsnb shofnccbo `d sho ;1sh eojs{~ |gu Qon{eo„u {`bo nj d`jcnjl Q{glfgsnuf

{oe`ljn}oc* Gj`sho{ Q{glfgsnus |gu M`hj Co|o~" |h` koegfo dgfù gdso{Mgfou d`{ unjl Q{glfgsnuf s` cotob`q g sho`{~ `d ocegsn`j d`{ _jnsocUsgsou* Nj u`fo |g~u" Co|o~ |gu otoj kosso{ ij`|j shgj Mgfou koeguo honjdbojeoc u` fgj~ sogeho{u„ ueh``bu* Nj sho ;1sh eojs{~ gdso{ Co|o~"Do~o{kojc" Hgfquhn{o" Jglob" Wnjo" Uobbg{u" [`{s~" gjc Ko{jusonj |o{oQ{glfgsnusu `d `jo d`{f `{ gj`sho{9 sho nfqges `d Q{glfgsnuf `j Gfo{negjsh`lhs |gu oj`{fù gjc shnu f`tofojs egj e`{{oesb~ ko egbboc sho jb~njcnlojù Gfo{negj Qhnbù`qh~*

B`nu Fojgjc nj hnu k`ì Sho Fosgqh~unegb Ebk" h`bcu shgs @bnto{ \ojcobb

H`bfou" \nbbngf Mgfou" Ehg{bou Ugjco{u Qon{eo" gjc M`hj Co|o~ |o{oGfo{negj shnjio{u |h` ‒ehgjloc sho |g~ Gfo{negju sh`lhs gk`s" gjce`jsnjo s` shnji gk`s" ocegsn`j" cofè{ge~" bnko{s~" musneo" gjc s`bo{gjeo*‖

;> Mgfou" \*" Q{glfgsnuf" Njcngjgq`bnu" Hgeioss" 7>8> Gbb w`sou

gjc {odo{ojeou g{o d{`f shnu ocnsn`j*



714

Shouo ehgjlou nj sh`lhs ehgjloc sho |g~ ‒Gfo{negju bntoc‖" gjc shoehgjlo nj sh`lhs gjc bndo |gu j`s eojso{oc `j g uos `d uoqg{gso ncogu9 {gsho{ns eojso{oc `j ‒gj ncog gk`s ncogu*‖51 Nj `sho{ |`{cu" nj Fojgjc„u tno|"Q{glfgsnuf |gu q{oc`fnjgjsb~ oqnusof`b`lnegb* H`| |gu ns u`0

Gbb d`{ Gfo{negju kobnotoc nj g qhnbù`qh~ shgs hobc ‒j` ncogu g{o `suncosho ‒hfgj fnjc" ks g{o s``bu ―bnio d`{iu" ijntou" gjc fne{`&ehnqu& gjc sho~djesn`j s` hobq qo`qbo e`qo |nsh sho |`{bc nj |hneh sho~ bnto*‖ \o |nbb uooshgs shnu unjlbo ncog |gu gj nfq`{sgjs oqnusof`b`lnegb uhnds" gs sho eojso{ `d Q{glfgsnuf" gjc shgs ns ojsgnboc gj ‒njus{fojsgb‖ tno| `d gbb ncogu" njebcnjlqhnbù`qhnegb ncogu* Nj Q{glfgsnuf" ncogu c` j`s hgto gj njjo{ b`lne `d shon{`|j" ks g{o coqojcojs" ‒bnio lo{fu" `j hfgj eg{{no{u gjc shoojtn{`jfojs‖․ nj uh`{s" shon{ u{tntgb ‒coqojcu j`s `j shon{ nffsgknbns~"ks `j shon{ gcgqsgknbns~‖ (q*xnn.* Q{glfgsnuf gjc Gfo{negj Q{`l{ouuntnuf|o{o guuèngsoc s`losho{ gu g unjlbo bg{lo&uegbo f`tofojs s` fgio ncoguuo{to q{gesnegb hfgj joocu* Nj shnu uojuo" Q{glfgsnuf |gu gs sho eojso{ `d g

fgm`{ uhnds nj ‒{gsn`jgbns~‖ shgs njunusoc `j sho nfq`{sgjeo `d `{cnjg{~ hfgjnjcntncgbu gjc sho q{gesnegb ehg{geso{ `d ncogu* Nd |o uoo nj shnu uhnds g f`tos`|g{c g Cg{|njngj tno| `d gcgqsgsn`j s` ojtn{`jfojs" N shnji |o hgtogee{gsob~ guuouuoc sho `{nlnj `d Q{glfgsnuf„u tno| `d ij`|njl gjc ncogu*

Q{glfgsnuf nu q{ouojsoc nj Mgfou„ dn{us boes{o" Sho Q{ouojs Cnboffg njQhnbù`qh~ gu g u`bsn`j s` sho cnboffg kos|ooj [gsn`jgbnusu (Ncogbnusu. egbboc‒sojco{ ‒ gjc Ofqn{nenusu (Fgso{ngbnusu. egbboc ‒s`lh fnjcoc‖ koeguojonsho{ l{`q ugsnudges`{nb~ dgeoc sho nuuou e`jjoesoc |nsh hfgj uddo{njl"njmusneo" qgnj" gjc jonsho{ `ddo{oc gj~ oxqbgjgsn`j `d qhnbù`qhnegb nuuou shgsuh`|oc gj~ {ogb gqq{oengsn`j d`{ sho qbnlhs `d sho `{cnjg{~ hfgj konjl*Mgfou fogjs sho s|` f`tofojsu nj Qhnbù`qh~ |o{o u` gkus{ges gjcgegcofne shgs sho~ |o{o obnsnus" gjc jgkbo s` gqq{oengso sho qbnlhs `d fùs `d hfgjns~* Sho sèhus`jo d`{ Mgfou |gu g hfgjnusne Qhnbù`qh~ shgs`ddo{oc u`fo h`qo d`{ ehgjlo" u`fo gbbotngsn`j `d sho k{coju `d njmusneo gjcuddo{njl shgs |o{o u` {gfqgjs jco{ sho {onljnjl q`bnsnegb gjc oe`j`fneu~usofu* Mgfou" bnio g jfko{ `d `sho{ q{glfgsne&`{nojsoc Gfo{negju" |guf`toc k~ sho coun{o s` {od`{f `{ ehgjlo sho uèn`&oe`j`fne njmusneouguuèngsoc |nsh g {shbouu u`{s `d egqnsgbnuf |nsh nsu to{~ cnddo{ojsngb {o|g{cud`{ sho to{~ do| gjc hg{cb~ gj~ j`sneo `d sho fgj~* E`fnjl d{`f shoQ`qbnus gjc e`jsnjnjl sh{`lh sho Q{`l{ouunto f`tofojs" Q{glfgsnuf

d`{foc g |g~ `d shnjinjl shgs uqq`{soc gjc bolnsnfgsoc k`sh f`tofojsu*

51 Fojgjc" B`nu" Sho Fosgqh~unegb Ebk" Jo| `{i" Dg{{g{"

Us{guu" Ln{`x" ;117" q* xn



71<

Mgfou bnioc s` njso{q{os Qhnbù`qh~ nj qu~eh`b`lnegb so{fu koeguoQu~eh`b`l~ |gu `jo `d Mgfou„ us{`jl ukmoesu9 nj dges" Mgfou nu g j`soc dnl{onj sho Hnus`{~ `d Qu~eh`b`l~ gu feh gu ho nu nj sho Hnus`{~ `d Qhnbù`qh~*Hojeo" sho w`so `j qglo < `d Q{glfgsnuf" ‒Qhnbù`qh~ |hneh nu u`nfq`{sgjs nj ogeh `d u nu j`s g soehjnegb fgsso{9 ns nu `{ f`{o `{ bouu cfk

uojuo `d |hgs bndo h`jousb~ gjc cooqb~ fogju*‖ Gjc glgnj `j qglo 8" hoebgnfu" ‒sho hnus`{~ `d Qhnbù`qh~ nu s` g l{ogs oxsojs shgs `d g eo{sgnj ebguh `d hfgj sofqo{gfojsu*‖ Mgfou bnioc s` uh`|" u`fo|hgs bnio Hfo" shgsdoobnjlu `d ugsnudgesn`j guuèngsoc |nsh `{ qu~eh`&kn`b`lnegb sofqo{gfojsfgco u`fo ncogu f`{o e`jlojngb shgj `sho{u" gjc shgs |o gc`qsoc" otoj njgegcofne fgsso{u" shouo ncogu `{ bogjoc s`|g{c shof f`{o shgj `sho{u* Shonjebnjgsn`ju `d `{ sofqo{gfojsu g{o gj nfq`{sgjs qg{s `d uobd ij`|njl9qu~eh`b`l~" ouqoengbb~" ks f`{gb qhnbù`qh~ { oshneu nu gbu` gnfoc gs uobd jco{usgjcnjl gjc uobd cotob`qfojs* Nj k`sh Qu~eh`b`l~ gjc nj Osneu" shoj"sofqo{gfojs nu gj nfq`{sgjs ukmoes* Mgfou„ njso{ous nj sofqo{gfojs gjgb~unu|gu qg{s `d hnu bg{lo{ qo{uqoesnto `j gbb ij`|boclo gu hfgj&eojso{oc

cotob`qfojs*

S`cg~ fùs `d u g{o dgfnbng{ |nsh sofqo{gfojs uscnou koeguo `d shoq`qbg{ns~ d qu~eh`b`lnegb q{`dnbou { q{`dnbo sousnjl* \o g{o gbb fgco q d ge`fknjgsn`j `d qo{uqoesntou shgs g{o e`&jgs{gb s` ub |o bogj s`|g{c shofgjc eg{{~ shof gu c`fnjgjs |g~u `d {obgsnjl s` sho |`{bc gjc `jo gj`sho{*U`fo g{o oxs{`to{s9 u`fo g{o njs{`to{s9 u`fo g{o f`{o `s&l`njl9 u`fo g{ownei s` {ouq`jc9 u`fo g{o ub`|o{" u`fo g{o f`{o qo{u`j `{nojsoc9 u`fo bnios` wneib~ uon}o `qq`{sjnsnou gjc uh`| shon{ e`fqosojeo9 u`fo bnio s` ko njehg{lo gjc los {oubsu9 u`fo bnio s` qboguo qo`qbo k~ dbdnbbnjl shon{ joocu* Gbb`d shouo qo{uqoesntou gjc gssnscou uoof to{~ jgs{gb9 gbb hgto l``c gjc

us{`jl q`njsu" gjc gbb hgto g ‒uhgc`|‖ `{ |ogio{ unco* Sho~ g{o" h`|oto{"fùsb~ {odboesn`ju `d `{ sofqo{gfojs*

Mgfou shnjiu shgs |o coenco |hgs ncogu gjc qo{uqoesntou s` gc`qs gu `{ `|jkoeguo |o gb{ogc~ bogj s`|g{c u`fo {gsho{ shgj `sho{u koeguo `d `{sofqo{gfojs* Ho j`sou shgs nj Qhnbù`qh~ `d hnu cg~" sho s{j `d sho ;1sh

eojs{~" sho fgnj qhnbù`qhnegb ueh``bu |o{o Ncogbnus ({gsn`jgbnus. `{ Fgso{ngbnus(ofqn{nenus." gjc shouo s|` |o{o ehùoj" Mgfou sh`lhs" koeguo sho~{odboesoc s|` c`fnjgjs sofqo{gfojs s~qou* Sho Ncogbnusu |o{o ‒sojco{&fnjcoc= |hnbo sho Fgso{ngbnusu |o{o ‒s`lh&fnjcoc*‖ Shon{ cnddo{ojs

sofqo{gfojsu" ‒sojco{‖ `{ ‒s`lh„ gb{ogc~ njebnjoc shof s` `jo `{ sho `sho{qhnbù`qhnegb |g~ `d shnjinjl* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" `{ qhnbù`qhnegb `sb`ìu `{qo{uqoesntou |o{o" s` g bg{lo oxsojs" gc`qsoc koeguo d sho sofqo{gfojs |ohgc" j`s koeguo `d `{ ‒cnuojlgloc‖ njcoqojcojs sh`lhs q{èouuou*

Sho ebguh nj Boes{o N kos|ooj sojco{&fnjcoc gjc s`lh&fnjcoc e`fouc`|j s` onlhs `qqùnso qu~eh`b`lnegb ehg{geso{nusneu |hneh fg{ioc shocnddo{ojeou kos|ooj sho s|` c`fnjgjs ‒gegcofne‖ qhnbù`qhnou shoj nj



718

t`lo* Sho ehg{geso{nusneu" Mgfou hobc" |o{o f`{o g fgsso{ `d sofqo{gfojsshgj d ‒`kmoesnto‖" ‒cosgehoc‖ njsobboesgb e`jtnesn`j*

Sho Ncogbnuf `{ [gsn`jgbnuf tu* Ofqn{nenuf `{ Fgso{ngbnuf nu=

Q{njenqbou tu* Dgesu [obnlnù tu* N{{obnlnù

Njsobboes tu* Uojuo D{oo |nbb tu* Dgsgbnus

Ncogbnus tu* Fgso{ngbnus F`jnus tu* Qb{gbnus

@qsnfnus tu* Qouunfnus C`lfg tu* Uioqsne

Sho Ncogbnusu |o{o s`` gkus{ges (`s `d sèh. gjc `qsnfnusne nj s{~njl s` dgeo

hfgj nuuou |hnbo sho fgso{ngbnusu |o{o s`` kbogi gjc njhfgj9 k`she`{{ouq`jc s` shon{ {ouqoesnto sofqo{gfojsu= sojco{ gjc s`lh* Q{glfgsnuf`ddo{u u`fo {obnlnù h`qo |nsh`s ueefknjl s` sho qsnfnusne {obnlnùehg{geso{ `d sho {gsn`jgbnusu s{joc ncogbnusu" gjc ns gt`ncu sho qouunfnuf gjcdgsgbnuf `d sho fgso{ngbnusu |nsh`s bùnjl sho b`to `d dgesu*

Jonsho{ sho sojco{ fnjcoc |nsh shon{ [gsn`jgb Ncogbnuf j`{ sho s`lh&fnjcoc |nsh shon{ Ofqn{negb Fgso{ngbnuf |o{o gkbo s` dgeo sho q{`kbof `d otnb |nsh gj~ q{gesnegb gjc oddoesnto ojo{l~9 sho~ k`sh nlj`{oc hfgjuddo{njl" dobs j` e`jeo{j gk`s sho uèngb dges`{u gddbnesnjl qo`qbo" gjc{gsn`jgbn}oc shon{ |g~ `s `d s{jnjl qhnbù`qh~ uo{nùb~ s`|g{c q{gesnegb"

oshnegb" gjc hfgj e`jeo{ju* Nj shnu uojuo" Mgfou q{`qùou Q{glfgsnuf gu g‒q{gxnu‖ |g~ `d c`njl qhnbù`qh~" `jo shgs hgu s` tno| ‒{oubsu‖ d`{ shokosso{ gu ‒`se`fou‖ s` ko gehnotoc*

Q{glfgsnuf= G Q{ùqoesnto Oqnusof`b`l~

Q{glfgsnuf `{ sho Q{glfgsne Fosh`c |gu uoc s` coso{fnjo sho fogjnjl `d g wousn`j" usgsofojs" `{ qo{uqoesnto9 ns ojsgnboc sho tno| shgs ij`|boclo gunjwn{~ b`ìu d`{ q{gesnegb {oubsu `{ e`juowojeou d`{ gj~ ncog `{ usgsofojs*Ns {omoesu Eg{soungjnuf gu g uqoesgs`{ sho`{~ `d ij`|njl" gjc gc`qsu gj ges`{

sho`{~9 ~os ns cnddo{u d{`f Igjs„u e{nsnegb gjgb~unu `d e`ljnsnto us{es{oukoeguo ns dèuou `j sho ofqn{negb {oubsu `{ e`juowojeou `d gj~ qùnsn`j `{qo{uqoesnto* Ns còu j`s b`ì s` qgus oxqbgjgsn`ju d`{ gj~shnjl ks s` ds{oe`juowojeou" {oubsu d`{ fogjnjl gjc s{sh* Q{glfgsnuf nu Q[@UQOESNTO{gsho{ shgj {os{ùqoesnto9 ns |gu j`s njso{ousoc nj qgus oxqbgjgsn`ju"|hgs hgu kooj" dn{us q{njenqbou" gkus{gesn`ju" gku`bsou" {nlnju" { ebùocu~usofu* Q{ùqoesnto fogjs {oubsu" e`juowojeou" `se`fou" ‒eguhtgbo‖ `d ncogu" njus{fojsgb ehg{geso{ `d gj~ ncog" |nbb s` oxqo{nfojs"



71>

gjc njso{ous nj sho h~q`shosnegb ehg{geso{ `d ij`|njl" ouqoengbb~ nj{olg{c s` fosgqh~unegb nuuou guuèngsoc |nsh sho knl ncogu njfosgqh~uneu= uobd" u`b" ukusgjeo" uqn{ns" L`c `{ sho _jeguoc gjcgssofqsu s` ‒q{`to‖ sho {ogbns~ `d shouo ncogu*

Bnio uenojeo" Q{glfgsnuf ug| fogjnjl gjc s{sh nj so{fu `d sho uodb"ugsnud~njl" sojsgsnto" dgbbnkbo" gjc {otnugkbo9 nj gccnsn`j" k`sh uenojeo gjcq{glfgsnuf bnio s` bnji sho q{otnùb~ hobc fogjnjlu gjc s{sh |nsh jo|b~d`jc `jou u` shgs j` uodb qo{uqoesnto egj l` jgeij`|bocloc* Nj gccnsn`j"sho njus{fojsgb sho`{~ `d fogjnjl gjc s{sh guuèngsoc |nsh Q{glfgsnuffogjs shgs sho{o nu j` fogjnjl gjc s{sh cnt`{eoc d{`f hfgj q{qùou gjchfgj l`gbu9 |hgs hfgj konjlu jooc d`{ shon{ ugsnudgesn`j nu |hgs fg{iu shnugctojs{o* Nj shnu uojuo" sho Eg{soungj uoqg{gsn`j kos|ooj ukmoes gjc kmoesnu `to{e`fo nj sho odd`{s s` q{uo gjc gssgnj tnsgb hfgj kojodnsu {gsho{ shgjtno| fogjnjl gjc s{sh gu u` `kmoesnto" ns hgu j`shnjl s` c` |nsh hfgjcoun{ou gjc l`gbu*

D`{ shnu q{ùqoesnto oqnusof`b`l~" Mgfou koegfo g to{~ q`qbg{ uqogio{gjc ns |gu j`s bùs `j fgj~ `sho{ Gfo{negju guuèngsoc |nsh sho fgm`{{od`{f f`tofojsu nj ocegsn`j" q`bnsneu" uèngb |obdg{o" oe`j`fne uèngb

musneo" gjc hfgj |obdg{o* Sh{`lh`s sho b`jl hnus`{~ `d ‒{od`{f‖ shgskolgj nj sho bgso 7>sh eojs{~ gjc hgu e`jsnjoc unjeo shoj nj Gfo{negjuènos~" Q{glfgsnuf hgu kooj sho qhnbù`qhnegb d`jcgsn`j* Nj q`qbg{ en{ebou"q{glfgsne egfo s` ko g tn{so guuèngsoc |nsh ‒ehgjlo‖ d`{ sho kosso{"|nbbnjljouu s` oxqo{nfojs couqnso sho dges shgs |o c`j„s hgto gbb nuuou dnl{oc`s ebog{b~" coun{o s` ojtnun`j g ds{o kosso{ shgj sho qgus" e`{glo s` s{~ s`fgio shnu |`{bc„u nbbu dgesu `d sho qgus" gjc g {obnlnù&bnio ncogbnuf shgs{oduoc s` lnto nj `{ lnto q `j sho d{ooc`f s` fgio shnu jdnjnuhoc |`{bckosso{ (fobn`{nuf. shgj ns |gu j`|* Q{glfgsnuf djesn`joc nj u`fo |g~ubnio g {obnlnù fnjcoc oqnusof`b`l~ shgs dèuoc `j g ds{o c{ogf shgs |oe`bc fgio `{ |`{bc kosso{*

G q{ùqoesnto oqnusof`b`l~ `j [obnln`j gjc L`c" fgco q{glfgsnuf|nbbnjl s` ojso{sgnj gj~ h~q`shounu shgs egj ko uh`|j gu kojodnengb9 L`c gugku`bsob~ qo{does gjc gku`bsob~ njdnjnso |gu j`s g kojodnengb h~q`shounukoeguo sho{o egjj`s ko mxsgqùoc g |`{bc gu nfqo{does gu `{u gesgbb~ nugjc gj gbb qo{does gjc njdnjnsob~ |nuo gjc q`|o{db L@C9 nj `sho{ |`{cu" sho

|`{bc gu ns nu hgu s`` feh gbb qo{tgunto otnb gjc s`` feh jdnjnuhoc gk`s nss` shnji ns nu g |`{bc `d g qo{does gjc njdnjnso L`c* Hojeo Mgfou e`jebcoushgs sho fùs kojodnengb h~q`shounu nu shgs L`c nu dnjnso" ~os g q`|o{db ugtn`{gjc hobqo{* Nj gccnsn`j" f~usnegb oxqo{nojeou `{ oxqo{nojeou shgs l` ko~`jc`{cnjg{~ oto{~cg~ e`juenùjouu g{o qùunkb~ hobqdb nj Q{glfgsnuf koeguons còu j`s |gjs s` ebùo nsuobd `dd s` jo| d`{fu `d qùunkbo oxqo{nojeo*Dnjgbb~" sho {oubsu d{`f k`sh g dnjnso L`c gu ugtn`{" gjc f~usnegb oxqo{nojeogu g qùunkbo d`{f `d e`juenùjouu" fogjs shgs sho {obnlnù qo{u`j |gu



771

|nbbnjl s` us{llbo s` hobq fgio sho |`{bc kosso{ shgj ns |gu koeguo shgsqo{u`j ug| sho |`{bc gu jdnjnuhoc gjc gu g e``qo{gsnto tojs{o s` ko fgcokosso{ k~ g {obnlnù&bnio guuèngsn`j |nsh l`c gjc `sho{ qo`qbo* Gu g {oubs"sho {obnlnù qo{u`j hgu u`fo h`qo shgs sho |`{bc egj koe`fo kosso{ shgj nsnu gjc sho {obnlnù qo{u`j nu gbu` gkbo s` {obgx ({ous. koeguo sho {ouq`junknbns~

d`{ oto{~shnjl còu j`s {ous `j shon{ uh`bco{u gb`jo* [gsho{ ns nu uhg{oc{ouq`junknbns~ kos|ooj g dnjnso L`c gjc `sho{ uobtou*

Mgfou" N shnji" dgt`{oc j` {obnln`j ks ho cnc shnji shgs g lojnjo {obnlnùcnfojun`j eg{{noc f`{gb ojo{l~ s` ehgjlo sho |`{bc" gjc ho |gjsocQ{glfgsnuf s` njebco shnu f`{gb ojo{l~9 ns |gu sho eojso{ `d q{gesnegb|nuc`f d`{ Uè{gsou gjc u` fgj~ qhnbù`qho{u gdso{ hnf9 gjc f`{gb |nuc`fq{gesneoc |gu sho `jb~ |g~ Q{glfgsnuf e`bc shnji `d nsuobd* Bnio shoOjbnlhsojfojs qhnbù`qho{u Hfo gjc Igjs" Mgfou uoofu s` h`bc shgs konjl{obnlnù |gu f`{o nfq`{sgjs shgj hgtnjl g {obnln`j" gjc ho ug| Q{glfgsnufgu g |g~ `d konjl {obnlnù gu ns uoc sho f`{gb ojo{l~ u`fosnfou guuèngsoc

|nsh {obnlnù ncogbnuf*

Q{ùqoesnto Oqnusof`b`l~ gjc Hfgjnuf

@kmoesntns~ nj hfgj sh`lhs gu qg{s `d sho f`co{j qhnbù`qhnegb glojcg guCoueg{sou jco{us``c ns" |gu j`s qg{s `d sho qhnbù`qhnegb tègkbg{~ njQ{glfgsnuf* Sho {ogu`j nu to{~ unfqbo9 gbb hfgj ij`|boclo nu shoe`jus{esn`j `d hfgj konjlu |h`" gu ij`|o{u" e`jus{es |hgs sho~ ij`|d`{ shon{ q{qùou gjc l`gbu* Nj shnu uojuo" Q{glfgsnuf dgt`{oc g tno| f`{obnio Igjs shgs ofqhgun}oc sho {`bo `d g ij`|o{ gesntob~ njt`btoc* Ks jbnio

Igjs" Q{glfgsnuf cnc j`s dèu `j sho ij`|njl ukmoes sho`{osnegbb~ gu fehgu `j shgs ukmoes„u {`bo nj ehgjlnjl sho |`{bc |nsh ho{ ij`|boclo* Hojeosho{o nu j` q{o" `kmoesnto" tgbo&d{oo ij`|boclo9 shnu còu j`s fogj shgsoto{~shnjl nu dgbuo" {gsho{ ns fogju shgs oto{~shnjl hgu u`fo uodb fogjnjlgjc s{sh s` ns koeguo oto{~ qùnsn`j hgu u`foshnjl `d tgbo s` ug~ gk`s|hgs hfgj konjlu hgto sh`lhs nu g uodb q{qùo `{ l`gb s` ko uo{toc*‒Sho s{gnb `d sho hfgj uo{qojs nu `to{ oto{~shnjl‖ nu Mgfou„ qh{guo s`njcnegso shgs ‒`kmoesntns~‖" q{o gjc njcoqojcojs d sho joocu gjc q{qùou`d sho hfgj njwn{o{" nu j`s g lojnjo hfgj e`ljnsnto tgbo* \o s{~ d`{gee{ge~ nj `{ ij`|boclo" ks gbb `{ ij`|boclo nu hfgj gjc hgu s` uo{tou`fo hfgj q{qùou" hfgj tgbou `{ l`gbu otoj |hoj |o s{~ s` oxq{ouu ns

gu ‒sho s{sh‖ uodb d`{ sho e`ffjns~ `d njwn{o{u s` |hneh N kob`jl*‖

Mgfou„ tno| ho{o `j sho hfgj ukmoes„u {`bo nj e`jus{esnjl ij`|bocloofqhgun}ou j`s sho g q{n`{n egsol`{nou shgs fgio sho e`jus{esn`j qùunkbo9{gsho{ hnu ofqhgunu nu `j sho q{qùou gjc l`gbu |o gbb hgto |hoj |o ebgnfs` ij`| gj~shnjl* \o c` j`s ij`| gj~shnjl j`{ c` |o ebgnf ns gu `{ij`|njl jbouu |o egj uo ns d`{ u`foshnjl |o coof |`{sh|hnbo" l``c"kojodnengb" { uodb* Shgs fogju sho hfgj ukmoes hgu s` hgto l`gbu gjc



777

q{qùou d`{ sho ugio `d |hneh ho nu ij`|njl `{ ebgnfnjl s` ij`|gj~shnjl* Ks l`gbu gjc q{qùou g{o l``cu |o coun{o `{ |gjs s` uoo {oubs"gjc sho~ egj ko ‒s{nei~‖ koeguo uqqùo sho~ g{o ‒l``cu `{ kojodnsu‖ d`{ gdo|" d`{ f~uobd gb`jo" d`{ g ebguu `d qo`qbo bnio fo" `{ uqqùo sho~ g{o to{~kojodnengb d`{ g l{`q `d qo`qbo N |`{i |nsh gjc |nbb fogj u`fo l{ogs

nje{oguo nj |ogbsh d`{ sho l{`q* Nj shouo |g~u" |o egj cosoes shgs sho l`gbugjc q{qùou d`{ |hneh ij`|boclo gjc ij`|boclo ebgnfu g{o gctgjeoc g{oj`s gu lojnjob~ kojodnengb gu sho~ fnlhs uoof" ks egj ko uobd uo{tnjl" gnfocgs uobd njso{ous gjc uobd kojodns gb`jo* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" shouo d`{fu `d ij`|boclo gjc sho l`gbu sho~ gnf s` gehnoto egj ko s`` ukmoesnto nj shouojuo shgs sho~ kojodns g ufgbb l{`q `d qo`qbo gs kous gs sho oxqojuo `d `sho{qo`qbo |h` g{o hg{foc nj u`fo |g~*

Mgfou„ Q{glfgsnuf nj qg{snebg{ d`{foc g kgunu d`{ oxgfnjnjl hfgjf`sntou" l`gbu gjc q{qùou nj f`{gb qhnbù`qh~ `{ oshneu9 nj shgsoxgfnjgsn`j" kngu" jdgn{jouu" gjc hg{f e`bc ko qùunkbo* Shnu qojoc sho

c``{ s` gj nfq`{sgjs jo| ukmoes g{og nj oqnusof`b`l~ shgs egfo s` ko egbbocuèn`b`l~ `d ij`|boclo* Gs bogus gf`jl Gfo{negj uèn`b`lnusu" Q{glfgsnufhobqoc eg{{~ njs` oxnusojeo sho usc~ `d sho uèngb l{`q `d q{gesnsn`jo{u `d gj~ ukmoes `d ij`|boclo koeguo shon{ f`sntou gjc l`gbu ojso{oc oto{~ij`|boclo ebgnf fgco" gjc u` hgc g qùunknbns~ `d kngu* N `jb~ |gjs s` uh`|`jo g{og `d usc~ s`cg~ |ho{o sho uèngb e`jus{esn`j `d ij`|boclo egjdjesn`j gu g e{nsnegb s``b* @d e`{uo" ns djesn`ju nj fgj~ g{ogu" ks N mus |gjss` lnto `jo oxgfqbo koeguo ns nu nbbus{gsnto `d u` fgj~ `sho{ g{ogu*

Dofnjnuf gjc Uenojeo

\ho{o Q{glfgsnuf g{snebgsou g sho`{~ `d hfgj ij`|njl shgs njebcou shoq{qùou" coun{ou" tgbou" gjc otoj knguou `d sho ij`|o{" N |gjs s` uh`| sho{obgsn`juhnq shgs shnu q{glfgsne sho`{~ hgu d`{ dofnjnuf gjc nsu e{nsnegb gjgb~unu`d u`fo g{ogu `d uenojsndne ij`|njl*

Q{glfgsnuf fgco g jo| Dofnjnuf qùunkbo |hnbo Dofnjnuf eg{{nocQ{glfgsnuf s` `jo `d nsu b`lnegb e`jebun`ju9 d`{ oxgfqbo" nd hfgj q{qùougjc l`gbu ojso{ njs` sho e`jus{esn`j `d |hgs |o ij`| |hojoto{ |o ij`|gj~shnjl" shoj |o egj oxqoes s` dnjc u`fo tgbou gjc q{qùou gssgehoc s`shùo e`jus{esn`ju `d ij`|boclo |hneh g{o sho q{`cesu `d foj `jb~*

E`jsofq`{g{~ dofnjnuf ebgnfu shgs uoxnus tgbou gjc uoxnus&bgcoj l`gbu egjojso{ njs` sho uèngbb~ e`jus{esoc k`cnou `d ij`|boclo shgs `sho{|nuo ebgnfs` ko `kmoesnto `{ tgbo&d{oo* D`{ oxgfqbo" nj Cotob`qfojsgb Qu~eh`b`l~ebgnfu shgs sho sh{oo fgm`{ sho`{nusu (Qnglos" O{niu`j" gjc I`hbko{l.coqojcoc bg{lob~ q`j cgsg d{`f sho usc~ `d fgbo cotob`qfojs `jb~ hgtokooj fgco* Nj gccnsn`j" sho q{gesnsn`jo{u `d sho ukmoes g{og d`bb`| shouosho`{nusu* ôs s` sho oxsojs shgs sho~ coqojcoc `j sho usc~ `d foj„ucotob`qfojs `jb~9 gjc nd shgs e`jsojsn`j nu gee{gso" kngu nj Cotob`qfojsgb



77;

Qu~eh`b`l~ |gu fgco qùunkbo* Gu g {oubs" |`foj„u cotob`qfojs uoofu s`hgto kooj jolboesoc" gjc shgs fgiou g cnddo{ojeo `j `{ jco{usgjcnjl `d hfgj cotob`qfojs9 ns |gu joeouug{~" shoj" s` c` gccnsn`jgb {ouog{eh `j shocnddo{ojeou kos|ooj foj„u gjc |`foj„u cotob`qfojs s` {ojco{Cotob`qfojsgb Qu~eh`b`l~ f`{o e`fqboso*57

Eg{`b Lnbbnlgj„u |`{i nj Cotob`qfojsgb Qu~eh`b`l~ uqog{hogcoc shnu‒uèn`b`l~ `d ij`|boclo‖ kguoc e{nsnwo `d Cotob`qfojsgb Qu~eh`b`l~* Shocnueuun`j shgs hgu ojuoc nu usnbb e`jsnjnjl s`cg~ u` feh u` shgs njCotob`qfojsgb Qu~eh`b`l~" Oshneu gjc Oshnegb Cotob`qfojs" gjc nj DofnjnusE{nsnenuf sho bnso{gs{o {odboesu sho qùunkbo ‒lojco{ kngu‖ nj sho og{bno{ij`|boclo ebgnfu*

E`jsofq`{g{~ dofnjnuf knbcu q`j f`co{j dofnjnuf (78sh gjc 7>sheojs{nou„ us{llbou d`{ owgbns~.9 sho e`jsofq`{g{~ f`tofojsu gcc g cooqo{e{nsnegb cnfojun`j s` sho us{llbo d`{ owgbns~ koeguo owgbns~ d`{ |`fojuoofoc s`` cnddnebs s` gehnoto* Ns uoofoc gu nd sho{o |o{o cooqb~ ojs{ojehoc`qqùnsn`ju s` |`foj„u owgbns~" gjc u` e`jsofq`{g{~ dofnjnus f`tofojsus{~ s` je`to{ sho {ogu`ju d`{ uoxnuf" gjc{`&eojs{nuf" gjc/`{ qgs{ng{eh~* Gssnfou" je`juenù uoxnuf egj djesn`j gu guufqsn`ju gk`s fguebnjo gjcdofnjnjo {`bou" gjc gs `sho{ snfou" gj je`juenù uos `d guufqsn`ju gk`sfoj gjc |`foj egj koe`fo u` ojs{ojehoc shgs sho~ uoof jwousn`jgkbo*

@jo to{~ jbniob~ (gs dn{us lbgjeo. g{og d`{ e{nsnegb njtousnlgsn`j |gu shoukmoes g{og d uenojeo gjc uenojsndne e`ffjnsnou d njwn{o{u9 Ugjc{gHg{cnjl hgu c`jo g uo{nou `d |`{iu `j sho oqnusof`b`l~ `d uenojeo gjc hgu

d`jc g qùunknbns~ d`{ uoxnus kngu nj sh{oo g{ogu= g*. sho usglo d ncojsndnegsn`j`d q{`kbofu nj uenojeo" k*. sho counlj `d sho {ouog{eh d`{ sho q{`kbofu" gjc e.sho njso{q{osgsn`j `d sho otncojeo d`jc*57 Hg{cnjl fogju shgs g lojco{e{nsnwo `d sho ij`|boclo d`jc nj uenojeo egj ~nobc u`fo otncojeo shgs fojgjc foj `jb~ hgto g bg{lo{ {`bo s` qbg~ nj ogeh `d sho sh{oo g{ogu* D`{oxgfqbo" nj sho 7>?1„u njnsngb odd`{s |gu qbgeoc nj hogbsh uenojeo `j sho ukmoes`d kn{sh e`js{`b* Hg{cnjl q`njsu `s shgs sho njnsngb {ouog{eh" sho q{`kbofncojsndnoc" sho {ouog{eh q{uoc" gjc sho njso{q{osgsn`j `d sho dnjcnjlu gbb |o{okguoc `j sho guufqsn`j shgs |`foj„u {oq{`cesnto u~usofu gb`jo |o{o gsusgio* \h~0 \h~ |o{o |`foj gjc |`foj„u {oq{`cesnto u~usofu guufocs` ko sho u`bo g{og `d usc~ |hoj sho nuuo `d kn{sh e`js{ b g{ùo0 Cnc foj

57 Lnbbnlgj" Eg{`b" Nj g Cnddo{ojs T`neo" Egfk{nclo" Hg{tg{c" 7>8;

57 Hg{cnjl" Ugjc{g" Sho Uenojeo Wousn`j nj Dofnjnuf" Nshgeg" J*^*"E`{jobb _jnt* Q{ouu" 7>8?" q* 8<



775

gjc foj `jb~ `{ fùsb~ foj fgio shgs guufqsn`j0 \gu ns oguno{ s` usc~|`foj gjc shon{ {oq{`cesnto u~usofu0 \h~0 \gu ns guufoc shgs |`fojk`{o f`{o {ouq`junknbns~ d`{ q{oljgje~ shgj foj0 \h~0

Shnu io~ ncog d`{ sho dofnjnus e{nsnwo `d uenojeo egfo d{`f uèn`b`l~" n*o* sho

ncog `d uèn`b`l~ `d ij`|boclo `{ sho ncog shgs g e`ffjns~ `d qo`qboe`jusnsso g e`ffjns~ `d njwn{o{u |h` fgio sho m{noc ebgnfu gee`{cnjl sùsgjcg{cu sho~ uos* G e`ffjns~ `d q{gesnsn`jo{u `d sho ij`|boclo" {oqsgkbobogco{u" fgio ebgnfu gjc usgjcg{cu d`{ ij`|boclo nj sho ukmoes g{og* Nj shnuuojuo" sho e`ffjns~ `d njwn{o{u hgto g lojco{" ebguu" gjc {geo cnfojun`jgjc sho tgbou guuèngsoc |nsh shùo cnfojun`ju egj qùunkb~ gddoes shoe`ljnsnto ebgnfu fgco* Hg{cnjl e`jsojcoc shgs |o fus usc~" uèngbb~ gjce{nsnegbb~" gj~ l{`q nd |o |gjs s` jco{usgjc sho oqnusof`b`l~ shgs g{nuou|nshnj sho ukmoes g{og* \hgs còu Hg{cnjl fogj d`{ u nj `{ gssofqs s`jco{usgjc Q{glfgsnuf„u nfqges `j oqnusof`b`l~ gjc uèn`b`l~ `d ij`|boclo0 N shnji uho fogju shgs Q{glfgsnuf hobqoc u jco{usgjc

Uèn`b`l~ d Ij`|boclo nj g e{nsnegb |g~*

D{`f sho Q{glfgsnusu" Hg{cnjl j`soc shgs g jfko{ `d e{nsnegb qo{uqoesntou`j uenojeo |o{o hobqdb s` e`jsofq`{g{~ dofnjnusu9 dn{us" ‒|o uèngbb~e`jus{es |hgs |o ij`| nj uenojeo gjc `sunco uenojeo‖ (d{`f Wnjo gjcQ`qqo{.* Uoe`jc" ‒j` ueh shnjl gu tgbo&d{oo coue{nqsn`ju `d nffocngsooxqo{nojeo egj ko fgco*‖ Shn{c" ‒b`lnegb gcowge~ egjj`s ko uoqg{gsoc d{`fofqn{negb gcowge~*‖ D`{sh" ‒sho q{`qo{ f`cob d`{ gbb jgs{gb uenojeo" j`|"hgu s` njt`bto g f`cob d{`f uèngb uenojeo koeguo g e{nsnegb gjc uobd {odboesntouèngb uenojeo njebcou g e{nsnegb gjgb~unu `d sho uèngb kobnodu gjc tgbou `d shoq{gesnsn`jo{u `d sho uenojeo" shon{ {geo" ebguu gjc lojco{*‖5;

Gu g {oubs" Q{glfgsnuf hgu hobqoc u e{nsnegbb~ oxgfnjo sho qo`qbo |h` d`{fg e`ffjns~ `d ‒{oqsgkbo‖ ij`|o{u nj gj~ c`fgnj (ukmoes g{og `d ij`|boclo.9 |o egj bolnsnfgsob~ gjgb~}o shon{ l`gbu" q{qùou" gjc njsojcoc{oubsu* Guufqsn`ju" fosh`cu" q{gesneou" fosgqh`{u uoc" gjc gssnscou g{o gbbeg{{no{u `d hfgj q{qùou9 gbb egj ojso{ sho fginjl `d ij`|boclo* @d e`{uo" Dofnjnus E{nsnenuf nu `jb~ `jo dnobc |ho{o Q{glfgsnuf hgu gddoesoc shoe{nsnegb |g~ ns djesn`ju* Hnus`{~" Q`bnsneu" [obnln`j" gjc fgj~ `sho{ ukmoesuhgto kooj d`jc s` hgto g fg{ioc ‒uoxnus‖ kngu shgs |o g{o j`| e`{{oesnjl*

Wousn`ju

5; Hg{cnjl" `q* ens*" q* 7?;



773

Sho d`bb`|njl g{o wousn`ju shgs {odboes sho qùunkbo e{nsnegb njwn{~ shgs hgukooj cotob`qoc k~ Q{glfgsnuf gjc Uèn`b`l~ `d ij`|boclo* \h` gjc |h~(f`sntou gjc l`gbu. cotob`qoc sho ij`|boclo shgs |ojs njs` coencnjl s` l` s`|g{0 Shnu ugfo wousn`j egj ko gqqbnoc s` kunjouu q{gesneou" d`{onlj q`bnenougjc cnqb`fgsne {obgsn`ju" hogbsh eg{o coenun`ju" gjc coenun`ju gk`s ocegsn`jgb

q`bnenou gjc q`bnenou gddoesnjl sho{ tg{nù |obdg{o q{`l{gfu* Nj gbb shouog{ogu sho wousn`ju gk`s |h` hobqu e`jus{es sho ij`|boclo q`j |hnehcoenun`ju g{o kguoc" gjc |h~ sho~ fgio sho coenun`ju sho~ c` g{o e{nsnegb* Nshnji ns nu otncojs s`cg~" shgs oto{~ unjlbo gegcofne cnuenqbnjo hgu j`| s{jocf`{o e{nsnegb nj shouo |g~u koeguo `d cotob`qfojsu d{`f Q{glfgsnuf*

Nj `sho{ |`{cu" gj oqnusof`b`lnegb e{nsnwo hgu j`| ojso{oc gbfùs oto{~ukmoes g{o `d ij`|boclo* Ueh g qo{uqoesnto nj oqnusof`b`l~ |`bc j`s hgtohgc gu feh qùunknbns~ gu ns cnc |nsh`s sho Q{glfgsnus e{nsnegb njunlhs shgs`{ ij`|boclo nu sho q{`ces `d hfgj tgbou" l`gbu" gjc q{qùou `d hfgjkonjlu* Kouncou Hg{cnjl„u |`{i `j Dofnjnuf gjc Uenojeo" sho Hnus`{~ gjc

Qhnbù`qh~ `d Uenojeo j`| gbu` {odboesu g e{nsnegb ‒uèn`b`l~ `d ij`|bocloqo{uqoesnto* Nj Sh`fgu Ihj„u k`ì" Sho Us{es{o `d Uenojsndne

[ot`bsn`ju" |o hgto j`| e`fo s` gqq{oengso sho uèngb" qo{u`jgb" gjc `dsoj‒juenojsndne‖ dges`{u nj uenojeo9 |o hgto e`fo s` {oe`ljn}o shgs uenojeo nu j`b`jlo{ nfqo{u`jgb" shgs ns nu ofkoccoc nj g uènos~" gjc shgs uèngb dges`{uhgto s` ko sgioj njs` gee`js nd |o g{o s` shnji gee{gsob~ gk`s uenojeo gjcnsu e`ljnsnto ebgnfu* Nj gccnsn`j" sho Hnus`{~ gjc Qhnbù`qh~ d Uenojeo unjeosho |`{i `d Ihj hgu njebcoc {oe`ljnsn`j shgs ‒tgbou‖ nj uenojeo g{ofbsndgeosoc n*o* e`ljnsnto" goushosne" gjc f`{gb koeguo shgs nu sho |g~ gbbhfgj konjlu gesgbb~ `qo{gso*

Usc~ Wousn`j `j Dofnjnuf= \hgs c` ~` shnji nu fùs tgbnc nj Lnbbnlgj„ue{nsnwo `d ij`|boclo gjc/`{ nj Hg{cnjl„u e{nsnwo `d ij`|boclo0

[os{j s` Q{glfgsnuf `d \nbbngf Mgfou

Gdso{ {oe`ljn}njl sho nfqges shgs Q{glfgsnuf„u sho`{~" gk`s sho uèngbe`jus{esn`j `d ij`|boclo k~ hfgj konjlu" hgc `j Dofnjnuf" bos„u {os{j s`Mgfou„gjgb~unu `d g q{glfgsne fosgqh~uneu* Sho d`{f `d fosgqh~unegb{gsn`jgbns~ gctègsoc k~ Mgfou cnddo{u to{~ feh d{`f q{otnù qhnbù`qho{ugjc hgu hobqoc uhgqo sho e`jsofq`{g{~ cnueuun`j gk`s sho uodbjouu `d g

cosgehoc" jojlgloc" u`&egbboc ‒`kmoesnto‖ d`{f `d {gsn`jgbns~

Nj Boes{o NNN" @j U`fo Fosgqh~unegb Q{`kbofu" Mgfou s{ogsu sh{oofosgqh~unegb ncogu9 sho dn{us nu U_KUSGJEO* Mgfou q`njsu `s shgs gbfùsoto{~ Qhnbù`qho{ cnc s{ogs ukusgjeo" gs bogus nj qg{s" d{`f g q{glfgsneqo{uqoesnto" ks shgs j` Qhnbù`qho{ |gu e`junusojsb~ q{glfgsne* D`{ Mgfou"ukusgjeo nu s{ogsoc d`{ g uoe`jc snfo nj Boes{o T @j E`ff`j Uojuo" ks



77?

ho{o" nj Boes{o 5" ho ebgnfu shgs sho q{`kbof u{{`jcnjl ukusgjeo nj shoog{b~ ;1sh eojs{~ nu shgs `d g e`js{`to{u~ `to{ |hosho{ sho{o nu g uqn{nsgbukusgjeo `{ j`s* U`fo h`bc ~ou sho{o nu g uqn{nsgb ukusgjeo nj sho |`{bc"gjc `sho{u h`bc j` shgs `jb~ fgso{ngb ukusgjeou oxnus* Ns uh`bc ko j`soc shgsj` l{`q cojnou ukusgjeo e`fqbosob~9 n*o* k`sh h`bc shgs fgso{ngb ukusgjeo

oxnusu" ks u`fo h`bc sho{o nu gbu` g uqn{nsgb ukusgjeo |hnbo `sho{u h`bc jùeh shnjl gu uqn{nsgb ukusgjeo oxnusu*

Mgfou shnjiu shgs shnu e`js{`to{u~ nu g to{~ l``c oxgfqbo `d |hgsQ{glfgsnuf egj c` |nsh nsu q{ùqoesnto gqq{`geh s` fogjnjl gjc s{sh* Hoh`bcu shgs g {os{ùqoesnto gssofqs s` q{`to `jo unco `{ sho `sho{ nj shoe`js{`to{u~ egj joto{ ~nobc g e`jebun`j koeguo ogeh unco egj g{lonjso{fnjgkb~ |nsh`s e`jtnjenjl sho `sho{ unco* Nj dges" sho g{lfojs nunjso{fnjgkbo shnu |g~ koeguo qo`qbo coenco s` fgio q shon{ fnjc `jo |g~`{ sho `sho{ nj g e`fqbosob~ cnddo{ojs |g~ shgj k~ {os{ùqoesnto g{lfojs" n*o*l`njl kgei s` `ddo{ qgus oxqbgjgsn`ju* Nd qgus oxqbgjgsn`ju gk`s sho `{nlnj `d

fgso{ngb {ogbns~ tu* uqn{nsgbns~ {ogbns~ e`bc qùunkb~ so{fnjgso nj g f`{o{ogu`jgkbo qùnsn`j nj onsho{ eguo" shoj |o e`bc oxqoes g {os{ùqoesntogjgb~unu s` ~nobc {oubsu* Ks sho otncojeo d{`f hfgj e`jto{ugsn`ju gjccngb`lo ullousu shgs |o |nbb e`jsnjo s` hgto gj njso{fnjgkbo cnueuun`j nd |o q{èooc {os{ùqoesntob~ koeguo sho{o unfqb~ nu j`s oj`lh otncojeo `jonsho{ unco s` |g{{gjs e`jebun`ju gk`s g wousn`j shgs nu d{gfoc nj so{fu `d ‒|hgs hgu kooj*‖ Sho cnusgjs qgus nu u` dg{ ko~`jc `{ fnjcu shgs gee{gsonjd`{fgsn`j nu nfqùunkbo s` los* U` Mgfou gc`qsu h~q`shounu gu g |g~ `d {ou`btnjl sho nuuo* Ns dnsu sho bgei `d qgus njd`{fgsn`j gjc gesgbb~ coenco shonuuou njt`btoc* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" qo`qbo coenco j`s `j sho kgunu `d qgusnjd`{fgsn`j" ks `j |hosho{ `{ j`s `jo unco `{ sho `sho{ ugsnudnou shof sho

fùs koeguo nsu kojodnsu g{o uodb*

G {os{ùqoesnto oqnusof`b`l~ guiu wousn`ju bnio= \hgs hgqqojoc nj shokolnjjnjl `d sho |`{bc0 \gu sho{o g uqn{nsgb ukusgjeo njt`btoc0 \gu sho{o`jb~ fgsso{ njt`btoc0 J`|" ebgnfu Mgfou" |hosho{ |o coof sho |`{bc sho|`{i `d fgsso{ `{ sho |`{i `d g cntnjo uqn{ns fgiou j` cnddo{ojeo koeguok`sh uncou g{o g{lfojsu d{`f ‒hgu kooj*‖ K`sh uncou guufo shgs sho |`{bcnu dnjnuhoc" gb{ogc~ lntoj gu u`foshnjl e`fqboso9 ks |hgs nd sho |`{bc nu j`s9|hgs nd sho |`{bc egjj`s ko jco{us``c gu e`fqbosoc `{ dnjnuhoc" ks d`{eouu s` jco{usgjc ns gu jdnjnuhoc gjc nfqo{does" egbbnjl u s` qg{snenqgso nj g

q{ùqoesnto ojcogt`{ s` fgio ns kosso{ shgj ns nu j`|0 Shoj |o gui cnddo{ojswousn`ju9 |o gui |hgs còu sho |`{bc q{`fnuo" |hgs egj |o c` s` fgio sho|`{bc kosso{0 \hoj |o gqq{`geh sho nuuo `d uqn{nsgb tu* fgso{ngb ukusgjeonj shnu |g~" |o kolnj s` los sho qo{uqoesnto `d Q{glfgsnuf* Q{glfgsnuf b`ìus` sho ds{o" gjc ns còu j`s geeoqs gj~ qùnsn`j oxeoqs gu gj h~q`shounu(qùunkbo. s` ko sousoc `s k~ {ogu`j `d nsu e`juowojeou*



77<

j`tobsnou gjc gbso{jgsntou9 coso{fnjnuf fogju dgsgbnuf" j` {ogb ehgjlou d`{ shokosso{" gjc sho qùnsn`j shgs |hgs |o shnji nu d{ooc`f nu gesgbb~ nlj`{gjeogk`s sho {ogb egugb dges`{u coso{fnjnjl `{ gesu* Nj gbb `d shouo nuuou" shoq{ùqoesnto `sb`ì" |hnbo ns còu j`s {ou`bto sho nuuo |nsh eo{sgnjs~" lntou ug ugsnud~njl gju|o{ kguoc `j qùunkbo {oubsu* Glgnj" sho io~ wousn`j nu= còu

Mgfou uoof jcb~ knguoc nj hnu uoboesn`j `d sho e`juowojeou d{`f shoh~q`shouou gs usgio0 D`{ oxgfqbo" egj ~` dnjc u`fo`jo |h` h`bcu d`{njsobbnlojs counlj |h` nu oxs{ofob~ qouunfnusne gk`s sho ds{o" `{ |h` doobushgs sho ds{o nu `jb~ l`njl s` los |`{uo0 E`bc u`fo`jo h`bc" d`{ oxgfqbo"shgs gj njsobbnlojs counljo{ qbgjjoc g ds{o shgs {oubsoc nj sho cous{esn`j `d g qg{snebg{ {geo `{ oshjne l{`q0 E`bc oshjne ebogjunjl `{ so{{`{nuf ko qg{s`d |hgs u`fo`jo sh`lhs |gu sho qbgj `d gj njsobbnlojs uqn{nsgb konjl0 Nj shoeguo `d d{ooc`f" e`bc u`fo`jo h`bc shgs d{ooc`f gesgbb~ {oubsu nj qg{gb~unud`{ fgj~ qo`qbo |h` egjj`s fgio q shon{ fnjc0 @{ e`bc d{ooc`f {oubs"nj g uènos~ |ho{o hfgj konjlu |o{o d{owojsb~ jgkbo s` q{otojs shoh`{{`{u `d e{nfo" so{{`{nuf" {gqo" gjc |g{0 Nd sho g{lfojs d{ f sho

e`juowojeou `d gj h~q`shounu nu s` h`bc" ns hgu s` ko g {oq{ouojsgsnto ugfqbo`d sho {oubsu" j`s g uoboesoc uos `d {oubsu*

Nj sho NTsh Boes{o" Mgfou sgeibou sho q{`kbof `d F@JNUF tu*QB_[GBNUF9 {ofofko{" ho s{ogsoc shouo gu `qqùnsou hobc k~ {gsn`jgbnusu(ncogbnusu. gjc ofqn{nenusu (fgso{ngbnusu.* Nj gccnsn`j" ho sh`lhs sho njebnjgsn`js`|g{c `jo `{ sho `sho{ |gu qg{s `d `{ sofqo{gfojs" `{ qu~eh`b`lnegbb~{``soc* Nu sho |`{bc `{ eùfù kous {olg{coc gu @JO { FGJ^0 CòuF@JNUF fgio f`{o uojuo `{ còu QB_[GBNUF0 Ncogbnusu" f~usneu" qòsu"{obnlnù s~qou bnio F@JNUF |hnbo sho uenojsndne" hnus`{negb&`{nojsoc" q{`kbof&u`btnjl s~qou bnio QB_[GBNUF9 u`fo nj jo{ùenojeo gjc qu~eh`b`l~ shnji

|o sojc `jo |g~ `d sho `sho{ coqojcojs `j sho c`fnjgjs k{gnj hofnuqho{o|o hgto* @sho{u shnji sho otncojeo nje`jebunto*

\hoj |o sgbi gk`s g ‒|h`bo |`{bc‖ |o g{o guufnjl f`jnuf `d u`fo u`{sgjc |hoj |o sgbi gk`s cnddo{ojeou gjc cnto{uns~ |o g{o guufnjl qb{gbnuf*\hoj |o ofqhgun}o |hgs hobqu u usg~ s`losho{ shgs nu f`jnusne |hnboofqhgun}njl fgj~ jnwo gjc cnddo{ojs nu qb{gbnusne* \hgs e`jjoesu qo`qbo nuf`jnus gjc |hgs cntncou `{ uoqg{gsou nu qb{gbnusne* S{~njl u` u`bto q{`kbofushgs cntnco qo`qbo d{`f ogeh `sho{ nu k`sh f`jnus gjc qb{gbnus9 ns `dsojcofgjcu" gu Holob ijo|" g e`jenbngsn`j `d `qqùnsou* \hoj |o h`j`{ qo`qbo„u

cnddo{ojeou" |o g{o qb{gbnus" ks |hoj |o hobq dnjc |hgs jnsou qo`qbo |o g{of`{o f`jnus* K`sh uncou g{o nfq`{sgjs gs cnddo{ojs snfou gjc nj cnddo{ojsen{efusgjeou" gjc ogeh egj ko gee{gso s` shgs oxsojs* U`" Mgfou e`jsojcushgs k`sh fgio uojuo" ks jonsho{ fgiou uojuo gu gj gku`bso gjc `jb~ |g~ s`jco{usgjc gjc s{~ s` fgio g cnddo{ojeo nj sho |`{bc* \h~0 Nd sho |`{bc nu`jb~ nfqo{does j`|" jdnjnuhoc j`|" shoj |o hgto s` |`{i |nsh k`sh uncou `d shgs jdnjnuhoc {ogbns~* U`fosnfou |o jooc s` eobok{gso cnto{uns~ gjccnddo{ojeo" gjc u`fosnfou sho {oe`jenbngsn`j gjc jn`j*



778

E@FF@J UOJUO nj Boes{o T nu Mgfou„ to{~ nfq`{sgjs s{ogsfojs `d shùo ncogu gk`s |hneh Hfo gjc Igjs" gjc Coueg{sou hgc q{`kbofu*‒Shnjl‖ `{ `kmoes" ukusgjeo" ncojsns~" ugfo" cnddo{ojs" eguo" snfo" uqogeo"{ogb" ibnjc" fn`jc" k`c~" dgjenoc `{ ncogb‖ sho obotoj egsol`{nou shgs Mgfoush`lhs |o{o nfq`{sgjs oj`lh s` s{ogs jco{ E`ff`j Uojuo* Mgfou

ebgnfoc shgs shouo egsol`{nou |o{o sho `bcous nj sho qhnbù`qhnegb tègkbg{~gjc sho~ bgusoc koeguo sho~ |nshus``c sho e{nsnwo `d eojs{nou9 ogehbgjlglo gu |obb gu ogeh lojo{gsn`j `d hfgj konjlu hgc d`jc shouoegsol`{nou oxeoqsn`jgbb~ uodb gjc ugsnud~njl gu sho~ s{noc s` fgio uojuo `d shon{ |`{bc*

_jbnio Hfo" Igjs" gjc Coueg{sou" ho geeoqsoc sho cgsg `d hfgj bgjlglogu {oq{ouojsgsnto `d fnjc9 |hoj sho cgsg `d bgjlglou gbb `to{ sho |`{bcuh`|oc jnto{ugbb~ d`jc uodb ncogu" |o e`bc ko u{o shgs hfgjgcgqsgsn`j to{ndnoc sho snbns~ {own{oc s` fgio shouo ncogu u` jnto{ugb* Sho~|o{o qo{ojjngbb~ uodb gjc joto{ dobb `s `d uo otoj |hoj f`{o

u`qhnusnegsoc bgjlglo |gu cotob`qoc s` {oqbgeo shof" ns `jb~ cnc u` |nshnj gto{~ ufgbb e`ffjns~ d njsobboesgb bgjlglo uo{u*

Sho `{cnjg{~ fogjnjl `d e`ff`j uojuo nu shgs u`fo`jo hgu sho gknbns~ sòxo{enuo l``c mclfojs koeguo sho~ uoo gbb sho en{efusgjeou gjc g{o j`sqo{eonto{u `d `jb~ qg{s `d |hgs nu gs usgio* Nj Mgfou„ tno|" sh`lh" ns usgjcud`{ shùo njsobboesgb d`{fu shgs |o{o ebguunegb" qo{ojjngb" gjc fùsuodb nj Qhnbù`qh~ nsuobd9 ho{o Mgfou e`jso{u k`sh Hfo gjc Igjs |nshg feh f`{o `{cnjg{~ gjgb~unu `d sho fosgqh~unegb ncogu `d ukusgjeo" uobd"ugfo" ncojsnd~" snfo" uqgeo" gjc eguo* Shouo kgune egsol`{nou g{ootncojs" Mgfou ebgnfu" koeguo sho~ g{o jnto{ugbb~ d`jc nj oto{~hfgj bgjlglo* Ns fgiou q{gesnegb l``c uojuo s` geeoqs shof d`{ shgs{ogu`j gb`jo" j`s koeguo `d u`fo obgk`{gso sho`{~ `d sho hfgj fnjc(Igjs. `{ u`fo qu~eh`b`lnegbb~ cotob`qoc sho`{~ `d kobnod kguoc `junfnbg{ uojuo nfq{ouun`ju (Hfo.* \h~ còu Mgfou shnji sho otncojeo `d bgjlglo gjc nsu qo{ojjngb jooc d`{ shouo egsol`{nou nu u` qo{ugunto0 N shnjiho nu to{~ e`juenù shgs sho hfgj fnjc„u jooc d`{ gjc uo `d bgjlglo{odboesu g qu~eh`&kn`b`lnegb gknbns~ s` gcgqs s` nsu ojtn{`jfojs" gjc shgsu{tntgb nu gs usgio nj shnu jooc otoj nd ns nu `jb~ sho jooc s` dnjc |hgs nu fùsuodb*

\nsh sho ncogu `d E`ff`j Uojuo Mgfou gctgjeoc gj ncog `d qhnbù`qh~ guqo{ojjngb `{ u` jgs{gb shgs ns egj joto{ ko u{qguuoc `{ {oqbgeoc9 ns nu shojnto{ugb injc `d qhnbù`qhnegb sh`lhs shgs oto{~`jo uou j` fgsso{ h`|feh `{ h`| bnssbo ocegsn`j nj qhnbù`qh~ sho~ g{o* Ns d`{fu g to{~ l``c

musnd~njl l{`jc d`{ sho `{cnjg{~ bgjlglo s~qo `d |nuc`f" sho cngb`lojoococ s`cg~ s` {ou`bto sho fgm`{ nuuou nj hfgj bndo9 |nuc`f `d s~qo dntoegj ko q{gesneoc k~ qo`qbo |h` hgto bnssbo `{ j` d`{fgb ocegsn`j nj



77>

qhnbù`qh~ koeguo sho~ egj ko e`jus{oc gu unjl |hgs Mgfou egbbu‒e`ff`j uojuo"‖ sho og{bnous gjc b`jlous |g~ `d konjl qhnbù`qhnegb*

Kouncou E`ff`j Uojuo" k`sh E{nsnegb Qhnbù`qh~ gjc Uenojeo hgtocotob`qoc nj sho F`co{j |`{bc" gjc shouo s|` hgto `dsoj e`js{gcnesoc

E`ff`j Uojuo9 ~os Mgfou ebgnfu shgs j` `jo `d sho sh{oo egj ueeouudbb~e`js{gcnes gj`sho{ koeguo ogeh hgu g cnddo{ojs q{qùo gjc j` usglo `d njsobboesgb cotob`qfojs nu s{o{ shgj sho `sho{* D`{ oxgfqbo" nj sho ;1sheojs{~ jo uenojsnus/qhnbù`qho{ ebgnfoc shgs d{`f uenojsndne sho`{~ ho{ogbn}oc shgs uk&gs`fne qg{snebo sho`{~ fgco hnf dog{ shgs sho coui gjc ehgn{nj hnu usc~ hgc f`{o ofqs~ uqgeo shgj |hgs e`ff`j uojuo s`bc hnf9 ~os|hoj ns egfo snfo s` uns nj sho ehgn{ gjc |`{i gs hnu coui ho cnc j`s qgjne d`{dog{ shgs ofqs~ uqgeo nj sho ehgn{ |`bc j`s h`bc hnu k`c~ `{ sho coui j`suqq`{s hnu e`fqso{* E`ff`j uojuo" unfqb~" |gu j`s e`js{gcnesoc9 ns fo{ob~uo{toc g cnddo{ojs uodb q{qùo*

S[_SH" nj Boes{o TN `d Q{glfgsnuf" d`{ Mgfou" |gu gl{oofojs |nsh sho{ogb `{ |hgs nu9 shnu nu g ebguunegb coue{nqsn`j" ~os Mgfou {gnuou sho io~ wousn`j|hoj ho guiu" |hgs còu sho so{f ‒gl{oo‖ fogj0 Còu ns fogj s` e`q~0Còu ns nfqb~ g egfo{g sho`{~ `d fnjc0 Mgfou h`bcu shgs gl{oo fogju fehf`{o shgj e`q~ koeguo ns hgu s` c` fgj~ injcu `d e`ljnsnto gesu shgs joocto{ndnegsn`j9 d`{ oxgfqbo" s` gjgb~}o `{ u~jshoun}o" s` e`fqg{o gjc e`js{gus{own{o feh f`{o to{ndnegsn`j shgj fo{ob~ {oq{ouojsnjl `{ qnes{njl* Njgccnsn`j" |o egj `jb~ ebgnf s{sh |hoj u`fo e`je{oso {oubsu sgio qbgeo s`|hneh |o egj q`njs gjc ug~" ‒shnu nu sho cnddo{ojeo fgco k~ konjl s{o*‖ Nd |o egjj`s to{nd~ `{ e`{{`k`{gso shoj |o hgto" s` shgs oxsojs" sho dgbuo* U` shos{o hgqqoju s` sho ncog gjc sho q{èouu `d to{nd~njl ojsgnbu ncojsnd~njl |hgsgctgjsglou {oubs `{ ugsnudgesn`ju sgio qbgeo nj u*

S{sh" sh`lh" ‒bntou d`{ sho fùs qg{s `j g e{ocns u~usof (ql*>?. bnio kgjij`sou‖ ~os u`fo|ho{o e`je{oso to{ndnegsn`j h`bcu sho |h`bo e{ocns u~usofs`losho{* E`js{gus hnu qùnsn`j ho{o |nsh shgs `d Coueg{sou* K`sh nj uenojeogjc nj oto{~cg~ bndo |o |gnto sho e`fqboso to{ndnegsn`j u~usof koeguo |o{oe`ljn}o shgs njusgjeou `d shnjlu oxnusnjl nj injcu egj ko gqqbnoc s` `sho{njusgjeou koeguo |o hgto g jnto{ugb lojo{gbn}gsn`j fgco |nsh`s hgtnjl`kuo{toc gbb njusgjeou* H`|0 Mgfou shnjiu shgs |hoj |o hgto uoto{gbnjusgjeou nj uenojeo `d njcntncgbu `d sho ugfo uqoenou o*l* (d{`lu `d sho ugfo

s~qo gjc lojco{.." gjc egj ncojsnd~ nj gbb shùo njusgjeou sho ugfo q{`qo{s~ `{`{lgj" |o hgto g l``c {ogu`j s` c{g| g jnto{ugb njdo{ojeo shgs ‒gbb d{`luhgto shgs q{`qo{s~ `{ `{lgj*‖ Nj uh`{s" g lojo{gb jnto{ugb njdo{ojeo egj kofgco otoj nd |o hgto j`s `kuo{toc ogeh gjc oto{~ d{`l nj sho |`{bc koeguo|o hgto g jnto{ugb jgs{o `{ uqoenou unljndnoc k~ g q{`qo{s~*

Nu sho{o ueh g shnjl gu gku`bso s{sh0 Qbgs` uoofoc s` shnji u`" gjc u` cncCoueg{sou" ks sho~ |o{o qhnbù`qho{u d`{ |h`f sho wous d`{ eo{sgnjs~ |gu



7;1

qg{gf`js* Mgfou shnjiu shgs gku`bso s{sh fogju s{sh shgs |nbb joto{ kogbso{oc `{ f`cndnoc" gjc ho egbbu ns ‒gj ncogb tgjnuhnjl q`njs s`|g{c |hneh`{ sofq`{g{~ gjc dgbbnkbo s{shu |nbb u`fo cg~ e`jto{lo"‖ ks d`{ j`|otoj sho fùs nje`js{`to{snkbo egj ko {otnuoc* Mgfou fogju s` ehgbbojloncogbnuf d`{ h`bcnjl shgs s{sh nu gkus{ges gjc dnxoc gu u`foshnjl `to{&glgnjus

sho hfgj qo{u`j* [gsho{" s{sh nu gb|g~u {obgsoc s` hfgj q{qùou" coun{ougjc njsojsn`ju* Nj dges" { qo{u`jgb" q{gesnegb njso{ousu" coun{ou" gjc tgbouojso{ njs` gbb fogjnjl gjc s{sh*

Boes{o TNN `j H_FGJNUF s{ogsu sho ugfo nuuo gu Mgfou s{ogsoc gs shoojc `d hnu Boes{o `j S[_SH" n*o* ‒oto{~shnjl e`fou s` u gb{ogc~ sèhock~ sho hfgj fnjc gjc nsu njso{ousu" q{qùou ose*‖ Mgfou fogju sòfqhgun}o ho{o" sh`lh" shgs sho fogjnjl `d sho |`{c ‒{ogbns~‖ nu j`su`foshnjl u` tn{lnjgb shgs ns nu jsèhoc k~ hfgj ij`|o{u9 [gsho{" {ogbns~nu |hgs gbb ij`|o{u fus geeoqs gu {ounusgjs" ~os ns nu j`s lnlgjsne nd |o fogju`foshnjl {ogc~&fgco" kmoesnto" njcoqojcojs d q{otnù fnjcu" j`s uèngbb~

e`jus{esoc* Hojeo" nj shnu fogjnjl `d sho {ogb |o g{o sgbinjl gk`s[OGBNS^ gu g to{~ ufgbb qnoeo `d |hgs nu9 fùs `d |hgs nu gjc |hgs nu{olg{coc gu |`{sh ij`|njl nu gb{ogc~ q{èouuoc k~ `sho{ fnjcu gjc koe`founjso{q{osoc u` shgs sho{u fojsgb q{qùou gjc coun{ou hgto uhgqoc |hgse`fou s` u* \hgs nu [OGB" nj shnu q{glfgsne uojuo" e`fou s` u f`cndnoc k~`sho{ fnjcu* G Bg| `d Sho{f`c~jgfneu" d`{ oxgfqbo" uoofu s` ko {obgsoc`jb~ s` |hgs nu g {ogb qhoj`foj`j `sunco sho oxqo{nojeo `{ hnu `{ ho{ fnjc*Ks sho to{~ |`{cu" ‒bg| `d sho{f`c~jgfneu‖ e`fo d{`f hfgj konjlu|h` uoc sho |`{cu s` coue{nko shon{ oxqo{nojeo gjc shon{ coun{o s` e{ogsoij`|boclo gk`s sho qhoj`fojg9 shon{ gesntns~ `d ‒qssnjl ns njs` |`{cu‖|gu g ij`|njl ‒ukmoes„u |g~‖ `d njso{q{osnjl h`| shgs ij`|boclo |gu s`

ko d`{fbgsoc* @d e`{uo" ns |gu j`s q{ob~ `{ ojsn{ob~ ukmoesnto9 ns hgc gj`kmoesnto e`&{obgsnto" ks ns |gu qguuoc sh{`lh sho q{nuf `d `sho{ fnjcukod`{o ns {ogehoc u* Nj shnu uojuo" ns |gu sho {oubs `d g ‒uèn`b`l~ `d ij`|boclo*‖

Otoj jgs{gb uenojeo nu g hfgj" uèngb e`jus{esn`j" j`s u`foshnjl `to{&glgnjus u" jq{èouuoc k~ `sho{ fnjcu* \hoj |o shnji `d jgs{gb uenojeo njshnu |g~" |o l{guq sho uèngb ehg{geso{ `d sho uenojeo" gjc jco{usgjc shoHfgjnuf njt`btoc* Nj shnu uojuo" Q{glfgsnuf |gjsu s` ebgnf shgsH_FGJNUF bnou gs sho hog{s `d gbb hfgj ij`|boclo* D`{ sho Q{glfgsnus"

shoj" Hfgjnuf nu nfq`{sgjs koeguo ns bojcu nsu |onlhs s`|g{cu sho tno| shgsg fgbbogkbo gjc {ounusgjs {ogbns~" jsèhoc k~ hfgj njso{q{osgsn`j" nu j`s gbb`d {ogbns~9 {gsho{" sho {ogb |gu nj gj `jl`njl q{èouu `d njso{gesn`j |nshhfgj konjlu" gjc nu usnbb konjl e`fqbosoc k~ hfgj konjlu |h` |`{i |nshogeh `sho{ s` {od`{f sho |`{bc gjc fgio ns kosso{ shgj ns |gu* Mgfou„ eojs{gbncog nu shgs |hgs |o ij`| gjc egbb {ogbns~ nu" d`{ sho fùs qg{s" |hgs hgugb{ogc~ kooj njso{q{osoc k~ hfgj fnjcu gjc hgjcoc `j s` u d`{ `{ {o&njso{q{osgsn`j gu fgio{u `d g kosso{ |`{bc*



7;7

Q[GLFGSNUF GJC [OBNLN@J nu sho bgus boes{o (TNNN.9 ho{o Mgfou{odboesu `jeo glgnj hnu coun{o s` gt`nc sho qnsdgbbu `d Ncogbnuf gjc Fgso{ngbnuf(sho cnboffg.* Ho |gjsu g Q{glfgsnuf `qoj s` sho tn{sou guuèngsoc |nshkonjl {obnlnù" ks còu j`s |gjs s` uk`{cnjgso hnu qhnbù`qh~ s` gjgku`bso" njdnjnso gjc gbb qo{does cons~* D`{ shnu {ogu`j" ho ebgnfu shgs sho L`c

h~q`shounu nj Q{glfgsnuf hgc s` njt`bto g dnjnso L`c" `jo shgs f`tocqo`qbo s` e``qo{gso nj fginjl sho |`{bc kosso{* Qu~eh`b`lnegbb~" gjnjdnjnso cons~ cnc j`s ojbnus hfgj odd`{s gjc cnc j`s {ogu`jgkb~ dns njs` gjjdnjnuhoc |`{bc shgs |gu u` dbg|oc shgs ns e{noc `s d`{ hfgj hobq s` fgions f`{o e`jlojngb s` hfgj bndo* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" sho h~q`shounu `d gj njdnjnsob~l``c" fo{endb" gjc gbb qo{does L`c unfqb~ cnc j`s {ogu`jgkb~ dns |nsh `{nfqo{does" jdnjnuhoc" gjc dsoj s{glne |`{bc* Gj njdnjnso konjl" gbb qo{does gjcgbb fo{endb uoofu e`js{gcnes`{~ s` g |`{bc |ho{o qo{doesn`j" musneo" gjcfo{e~ uoof u` gkuojs* ôs" sho h~q`shounu `d g dnjnso L`c fgiou {ogu`jgkbol``c uojuo* Nj Sho Tg{nosnou `d [obnlnù Oxqo{nojeo Mgfou ebgnfoc shgskonjl {obnlnù fogjs shgs |o hobc d`{ sho h~q`shounu shgs ‒gj juooj |`{bc

|gu qg{s `d {ogbns~" gjc shgs |o gcmusoc `{ bntou s` ns*‖ \hgs cnc ho fogj0

N shnji ho |gu e`jtnjeoc shgs sho qo{u`jgb cocnegsn`j s` sho {obnlnùh~q`shounu fogjs shgs {ogbns~ |gu nj qg{s tnunkbo gjc nj qg{s njtnunkbo9 shonjtnunkbo |gu {obgsoc s` sho tnunkbo gu g s{gjueojcojs" ko~`jc ofqn{negbto{ndnegsn`j ks j`s ojsn{ob~ ko~`jc hfgj oxqo{nojeo* S` gc`qs shoh~q`shounu `d gj njtnunkbo `{co{ `d konjl gjc s` gcmus `{ bntou s` ns" fogjsshgs oxqo{nojeo `d g {obnlnù u`{s e`bc djesn`j nj g q{gesnegb |g~ nj hfgjbndo* Nj `sho{ |`{cu" sho oxqo{nojeo guuèngsoc |nsh konjl {obnlnù |gu gq{gesnegb oxqo{nojeo* Ns njt`btoc g dnjnso L`c ojbnusnjl hfgj uqq`{s s`nfq{`to sho `dsoj h`{{nd~njl e`jcnsn`ju nj shnu jdnjnuhoc gjc nfqo{does

|`{bc*

Nj Q{glfgsnuf (q* 751." ho ebgnfu" ‒Uqqùo shgs sho |`{bc„u gsh`{ qs shoeguo s` ~` kod`{o e{ogsn`j" ug~njl= ‘N gf l`njl s` fgio g |`{bc j`s eo{sgnjs` ko ugtoc" g |`{bc sho qo{doesn`j `d |hneh uhgbb ko e`jcnsn`jgb fo{ob~" shoe`jcnsn`j konjl shgs ogeh uoto{gb glojs còu nsu `|j botob kous* N `ddo{ ~` gehgjeo `d sginjl qg{s nj ueh g |`{bc* Nsu ugdos~" ~` uoo" nu j|g{{gjsoc* Ns nug {ogb gctojs{o" |nsh {ogb cgjlo{" ~os ns fg~ |nj sh{`lh* Ns nu g uèngbuehofo `d e``qo{gsnto |`{i lojnjob~ s` ko c`jo* \nbb ~` m`nj shoq{èouun`j0 \nbb ~` s{us ~`{uobd gjc s{us `sho{ glojsu oj`lh s` dgeo sho

{nui0‖

Shnu tno| `d konjl {obnlnù |gu j`s egbebgsoc s` los feh uqq`{s d{`f sho`{lgjn}oc eh{ehou" ~os ns {oq{ouojsoc g qhnbù`qho{„u gssofqs s` fgio uojuo`d sho {obnlnù cnfojun`j `d bndo gjc sho {ogbns~ `d g L`c* Mgfou |gu |obbg|g{o `d Holob„u e{nsnwo `d kgc {obnln`j" gjc ho ijo| Holob sh`lhs gjnjdnjnso lonus nj qhnbù`qhnegb d`{f e`bc ukusnsso d`{ {obnln`j* Ks N shnjiMgfou |gjsoc s` {oqbgeo Holob„u to{un`j `d konjl {obnlnù |nsh hnu `|j



7;;

q{glfgsne njso{q{osgsn`j `d konjl {obnlnù koeguo ho ug| Holob„u ukusnssogu dg{ s`` nfq{gesnegb gjc jgkbo s` ojbnus hfgj ojo{l~* \h~0 Gj gku`bsocnc j`s jooc hfgj ojo{l~ s` hobq nfq{`to sho |`{bc*

Egj ~` dnjc |ogijouuou gjc us{ojlshu nj Mgfou„ tno| `d konjl {obnlnù0 Nj

qg{snebg{" egj ~` dnjc d{`f ~`{ oxqo{nojeo qo`qbo |h` hgto gc`qsoc shoL`c h~q`shounu `{ hgto g dn{f e`jtnesn`j `d L`c„u oxnusojeo gjc g{o to{~{obnlnù |h` g{o joto{shobouu to{~ cnddo{ojs shgj Mgfou coue{nkou0 Nj `sho{|`{cu" egj ~` dnjc qo`qbo |h` c` j`s uoof s` hgto gj~ `{ to{~ do| `d shoe`juowojeou shgs Mgfou ebgnfu n*o* |nbbnjljouu s` |`{i s` fgio sho |`{bckosso{" {ouq`junknbns~ d`{ nfq{`tofojs `d gj jdnjnuhoc |`{bc gjc sho gknbns~s` {obgx ij`|njl sho~ |`{i |nsh L`c gjc sho{u0 @j sho `sho{ hgjc"egjj`s qo`qbo |h` c` j`s h`bc sho L`c h~q`shounu gs gbb" |`{i mus gu hg{c|nsh mus gu feh cocnegsn`j s` nfq{`to hfgj e`jcnsn`ju0

Nj gccnsn`j" e`bc qo`qbo gbu` h`bc d`{ gj njdnjnso L`c |hùo to{~ njdnjnsofo{e~ gjc l``cjouu usgjcu d`{ g qo{doesn`j ko~`jc gj~ |o egj e`jeonto0 Njshnu h~q`shounu" còuj„s dgnsh fogj q{oenuob~ shgs ueh g L`c nuj„s bnfnsoc s` g{ogu`jgkbo hfgj e`jeoqsn`j gu Mgfou |gjsu s` ebgnf0 \h~ fus Mgfou„h~q`shounu `d g dnjnso cons~ coso{fnjo gj `sho{|nuo jcoso{fnjoc gjcjcnddo{ojsngsoc konjl ko~`jc gbb `{ fosgqh~unegb ncogu0

F`co{j |ouso{j qhnbù`qh~ |nsh Hfo" Igjs" Holob" Mgfou" gjc fgj~`sho{u |gjsoc s` njebco ‒{obnln`j‖ jco{ sho ue`qo d qhnbù`qh~9 nj sho{|`{cu" sho~ gbb hgc g Qhnbù`qh~ `d [obnln`j" gjc sho~ gbb sh`lhs ‒konjl{obnlnù‖ |gu j`s sho ugfo gu hgtnjl g {obnln`j* Nj dges" sho~ gbb

{oe`ffojcoc shgs g jgs{gb |g~ `d konjl {obnlnù |gu f`{o nfq`{sgjs s`f`co{j qo`qbo shgj hgtnjl g {obnln`j* Sho~ gbb hgc ubnlhsb~ cnddo{ojs {ogu`jud`{ shon{ njunusojeo `j konjl {obnlnù" ks gbfùs gbb `d shof {oe`ljn}oc shgssho oshnegb gjc f`{gb ehg{geso{ `d hfgj bndo |gu `jo `d" nd j`s sho fgnj{ogu`j" d`{ konjl {obnlnù* Sho `qsn`j `{ h~q`shounu `d g L`c |gu j`s g fgnj{ogu`j" j`{ |gu ns joeouug{~ d`{ konjl {obnlnù9 gu Igjs qs ns" sho `qsn`je`bc hobq hfgj f`{gb cotob`qfojs ks |gu j`s joeouug{~ d`{ f`{gb gjcuqn{nsgb dbdnbbfojs* Ns |gu nj shnu f`co{j qhnbù`qhnegb e`jsoxs shgs |o lhss` njso{q{os Mgfou„ q{glfgsne tno| `d konjl {obnlnù*

Mgfou gjc Q{`l{ouuntnuf nj _* U* Hnus`{~

Ns uh`bc ko ebog{ shgs Mgfou gjc sho `sho{ q{glfgsnusu njdbojeoc to{~ cooqb~sho bg{lo f`tofojs egbboc ‒Q{`l{ouuntnuf‖ nj Gfo{negj Hnus`{~* Gs sho ojc`d sho 7>sh eojs{~ gjc sho kolnjjnjl `d sho ;1sh eojs{~" Gfo{negj uèngb gjcq`bnsnegb bndo |gu fg{ioc k~ g bg{lo uegbo ojcogt`{ s` {od`{f uèn`&oe`j`fnee`jcnsn`ju* Feh `d shouo e`jcnsn`ju {oubsoc d{`f sho gkuojeo `d g q`bnsnegb|nbb d`{ l`to{jfojs s` ojso{ njs` sho sguiu `d fginjl eo{sgnj shgs hogbsh"



7;3

[otno| `d Qùs&Eg{soungj Qhnbù`qh~= Mo`qg{c~ Lgfo

Qbg~ shnu lgfo gu ~` |`bc qbg~ Mo`qg{c~ (Ncojsnd~ |h` nu uqoginjl.

7* N gf gj ofqn{nenus |h` h`bcu u`b nu gj ncog shgs còu j`s kob`jlnj qhnbù`qh~*

;* N h`bc shgs L`c nu gj ncog j`s nj qhnbù`qh~ ks nj {obnln`j" gjcshgs ns g{nuou koeguo `d dog{ gjc njuoe{ns~*

5* F~ fosh`c nu s` s{geo gbb ncogu s` uojuo oxqo{nojeo `{ {odboesn`j`j uojuo oxqo{nojeo*

3* N h`bc L`c nu gj g q{n`{n ncog nj {ogu`j ks nu j`j&e`ljnsnto*

?* N shnji oto{~ ncog nu g s``b d`{ hfgj uo

4* N shnji u`b nu njdo{{oc `{ uqqùoc gu l{`jc d`{ qu~ehne gesu*

<* \o sh`lhs sho |h`bo hfgj |`{bc e`bc q{`l{ouu nd ns nfnsgsocJo|s`jngj uenojeo*

8* N |gjsoc s` {oqbgeo sho ojbnlhsojfojs fosgqh`{ `d ‒foehgjnuf*‖

>* N hobc uobd |gu d`{foc d{`f k`cnb~ uojugsn`ju {ofofko{oc `to{snfo*

71* Fobn`{nuf nu sho wgbns~ N us{ouuoc nj f~ qhnbù`qh~*

77* N sh`lhs L`c |gu jq{`toj ks g dn{us qo{u`j unjlbg{e`jtnesn`j*

7;* N hobc {ogu`j f`toc d{`f cngboesnegb `qqùnsn`j s` {oe`jenbngsn`j*

75* N hobc sho fnjc |gu g ‒kbgji ubgso*‖

73* N hobc shgs fnjc |gu g e`jus{es`{" gs bogus nj qg{s" `d oto{~`kmoes `d ij`|boclo*



7;?

7?* N sh`lhs q{`l{ouunto sh`lhs gjc {od`{fu joococ uodb gjcq{gesnegb ncogu*

74* Hfo |ìo f~ q s` sgio g f`{o gesnto tno| `d fnjc*

7<* [ouofkbgjeo gjc unfnbg{ns~ gf`jl uojuo nfq{ouun`ju d`{ukusgjeo |o{o gbb N e`bc dnjc*

78* N hobc d`{ g fosgqh~uneu `d f`{gbu |ho{o d{ooc`f uqq`{soc gwous d`{ g kosso{ f`{gb bndo*

7>* N sh`lhs gbnojgsn`j g fosgqh~unegb cojngb gjc joshnegb*

;1* N sh`lhs Igjs„u g q{n`{n sho`{~ jjoeouug{~ |hoj e`fqg{oc sè`ff`j uojuo*

;7* D`{ fo" ofqn{nenuf gjc q{glfgsnuf |o{o hobqdb s` dofnjnuf„uwous s` jog{sh uoxnuf nj focnegb uenojeo*

;;* N sh`lhs ncogbnusu |o{o s`` {obnlnù*

;5* Uenojeo d`{ fo |gu q{nfg{nb~ ofqn{negb j`s fgshofgsnegb*

;3* N hobc L`c |gu gj ncog d`{foc k~ `{ oxqo{nojeou `d l``cwgbnsnou |o joococ nj hfgj bndo*

;?* N |gu ij`|j gu qg{s `d sho uioqsnegb ojbnlhsojfojs*

;4* N b`toc sho ncog `d ‒uqn{ns‖ j`s ‒fgehnjo*‖

;<* N cnc j`s bnio {obnln`ju shgs fgco L`c `s s` ko `to{&glgnjushfgj konjlu*

;8* N qbg~oc g fgm`{ {`bo nj sho d`{fgsn`j `d sho ‒uèn`b`l~ `d

ij`|boclo*‖

;>* N cnc j`s h`bc d`{ g {os{ùqoesnto `sb`ì `j ncogu*

51* N hobc shgs `{ uèngb bndo doobu f`{o e`jlojngb |hoj |o kobnoto njqo{fgjojs uobtou*



7;4

57* Gj njdnjnso l`c |gu `s `d sho wousn`j d`{ fo koeguo `jb~ gdnjnso l`c e`bc hobq qo`qbo koe`fo f`{o gesntob~ {obnlnù*

5;* N sh`lhs f~ qhnbù`qh~ |gu bnio g ‒E`qo{jnegj {ot`bsn`j*‖

55* N hobc shgs d{ooc`f |gu sho kgunu d`{ gj~ eh`neo s` kobnoto njL`c" u`b" `{ nff`{sgbns~*

53* N shnji qo`qbo ehùo shon{ qhnbù`qh~ bg{lob~ koeguo `d shon{sofqo{gfojs*

5?* N sh`lhs uobd |gu g q{ouqqùoc l{`jc d`{ gbb gesu `d e`juenùjouu*

54* N hobc shgs uenojeo |gu {otnugkbo" sojsgsnto" gjc dgbbnkbo*

5<* Mclfojs nj sho uojsojeou |o uoc qbg~oc g fgm`{ {`bo njto{nd~njl f~ h~q`shouou*

58* Sho ncog `d g uqn{nsgb ukusgjeo |gu to{~ tglo gjc `jb~geeoqsgkbo nd nsu gc`qsn`j hgc qùnsnto gjc ugsnudges`{~ {oubsu*

5>* N d`jc E`ff`j Uojuo f`{o qbgunkbo shgj Igjs" Hfo `{Coueg{sou*

31* N hobc d`{ u`fo j`j&e`ljnsnto ncogu nj g fosgqh~uneu gnfoc gsf`{gb cotob`qfojs*

UGFQBO SOUS @J Q[GLFGSNUF

Gju|o{ S{o `{ Dgbuo

7* Mgfou shnjiu {gsn`jgbnusu s`` qouunfnusne*

;* Ofqn{nenusu" d`{ Mgfou" g{o s`` c`lfgsne*

5* D{ooc`f nu cojnoc k~ ncogbnusu*

3* Coso{fnjnuf sojcu s` ko geeoqsoc k~ fgso{ngbnusu*



7;<

?* [obnlnù h`qo nu g e`js{gcnesn`j d`{ Mgfou*

4* Q{glfgsnuf |gu je`jjoesoc |nsh sho q{`l{ouunto o{g nj _*U*

<* Q{`l{ouuntou |gjsoc s` {od`{f egqnsgbnuf*

8* Mgfou d`jcoc Q{glfgsnuf gu sho `jb~ njcnlojù _*U* qhnbù`qh~*

>* Mgfou sh`lhs Q{glfgsnuf gjc uenojeo s` ko tgbo&d{oo*

71* F`jnusu hobc shgs jns~ gjc njso{e`jjoesocjouu |o{o q{nfg{~*

77* Mgfou cnubnioc q{ùqoesnto sb`ìu*

7;* [os{ùqoesnto oxqbgjgsn`ju |o{o q{odo{{oc k~ Mgfou*

75* Fogjnjl nu j`s `qoj s` q{glfgsne njso{q{osgsn`j*

73* Fogjnjl gjc s{sh g{o uoqg{gso nuuou d`{ q{glfgsnuf*

7?* K`sh fogjnjl gjc s{sh g{o ukmoes s` q{glfgsne njso{q{osgsn`j*

74* Mgfou bnioc sho jnhnbnusu otoj sh`lh sho~ `qqùoc sho ncogbnusu*

7<* Fùs Gfo{negju nj Mgfou„ snfo |o{o jnhnbnusne*

78* Uenojeo gjc Q{glfgsnuf q{odo{{oc dgbbnkbo gjc sojsgsnto s{shu*

7>* G e`juowojeo `d sho L`c h~q`shounu nu {obgxgsn`j*

;1* Hfgj njsojsn`ju gjc tgbou cnus`{soc qhnbù`qh~ d`{ Mgfou*

;7* Mgfou hobc shgs ukusgjeo |gu g q{n`{n ncog feh bnio Igjs*

;;* Mgfou |gu uioqsnegb gk`s njsobbnlojs counlj mus bnio Hfo*

;5* Mgfou sh`lhs shgs gj njsobbnlojs counljo{ lncnjl sho |`{bc |gujshnjigkbo*

;3* Gbb f~usneu |o{o f`jnusu gjc Mgfou sh`lhs shof gbb dgbuo*



7;8

;?* F~usnenuf" qòs{~" {`fgjsne qo{uqoesntou |o{o njtgbnc d`{ Mgfou*

;4* Mgfou cnugl{ooc |nsh Hfo `j ukusgjeo*

;<* Mgfou uoc e`ff`j uojuo egsol`{nou s` e`jso{ Hfo gjc Igjs*

;8* Mgfou sh`lhs Gku`bso s{sh |gu d`jc `jb~ nj Q{glfgsnuf*

;>* Fogjnjl gjc s{sh |o{o ncojsnegb d`{ Mgfou*

51 S{sh nu gb|g~u dnjgb gjc dnxoc d`{ Mgfou*

57* Mgfou„ fosh`c gjc Coueg{sou„ |o{o fg{ioc k~ unfnbg{ c`ksu*

5;* Mgfou dnjgbb~ q{`toc sho oxnusojeo `d g L`c e{ogs`{*

55* Uqn{nsgb ukusgjeo |gu g e`js{gcnesn`j |nsh`s hg{fdb {oubsu nj hfgjbndo nj Q{glfgsnuf*

53* Qb{gbnuf gjc F`jnuf |o{o gc`qsoc k~ ncogbnusu*

5?* G ebog{ gjc cnusnjes ncog `d uqn{nsgb ukusgjeo |gu geeoqsgkbo s` Mgfou*

54* L`c gu h~q`shounu |gu gku{c d`{ Mgfou*

Dnbb nj sho kbgjiu=

7* Fogjnjl gjc s{sh nj q{glfgsne fosh`cu njt`btoc g PPPPPPPPPPPPPP`sb`ì" j`s g {os{ùqoesnto `jo*

;* Loju gjc uqoenou |o{o njcnegs`{u `d PPPPPPPPPP j`s qb{gbnuf*

5* PPPPPPPPPPP ukusgjeo `ddo{oc g dg{ bouu kbogi q{ùqoes shgj fgso{ngbukusgjeo gb`jo*

3* L`c gu PPPPPPPPPPPPP b`ìoc d`{ `se`fou `{ {oubsu gu to{ndnegsn`j*

?* Uqn{nsgb ukusgjeo |gu j`s g ebog{ gjc PPPPPPPPPP ncog d`{ Mgfou ks gPPPPPPPPPP `jo*



751

;* \hgs còu Mgfou shnji gk`s sho e`js{`to{u~ `to{ ukusgjeo gjc h`|còu ho {ou`bto ns0

5* \hgs còu Q{glfgsnuf ojsgnb gu g sho`{~ `d fogjnjl gjc s{sh0

3* Oxqbgnj Mgfou„u njso{q{osgsn`j `d e`ff`j uojuo gjc h`| còu ho uo ns s`{ouq`jc s` Hfo gjc Igjs*

?* \hgs còu Mgfou fogj k~ sho f`jnus&qb{gbnus cokgso gjc h`| còu hohgjcbo sho cokgso0

4* Oxqbgnj Mgfou„ qùnsn`j `j s{sh gjc |h~ còu ho {olg{c Q{glfgsnuf gu ghfgjnuf0

<* Oxqbgnj Mgfou„ sho`{~ `d L`c gjc {obnln`j gjc h`| ns e`jjoesu |nsh g

q{`l{ouunto o{g0 \hgs g{o nsu us{ojlshu gjc |ogijouuou0

8* Còu Mgfou e`jsnjo sho ‒gxngb {ot`bsn`j‖0 Nd u`" h`|0 Nd j`s" |h~ j`s0

>* Oxqbgnj h`| ‒uèn`b`l~ d ij`|boclo‖ cotob`qoc d{`f Mgfou„q{ùqoesnto oqnusof`b`l~ gjc |h~ Dofnjnusu d`jc shnu qùnsn`j u` uodb*

[odo{ojeou

G{nus`sbo" Kgune \`{iu `d G{nus`sbo" ocns* [* FeIo`j" Jo| ^`{i" [gjc`fHùo" 7>33

Ko{jusonj" [* Ko~`jc @kmoesntnuf gjc [obgsntnuf= Uenojeo" Ho{fojosneu"gjc Q{gxnu" Qhnbgcobqhng" _jnt* `d Qojju~btgjng Q{ouu" 7>85

Ko{jusonj" [*" Qhnbù`qhnegb Q{`dnbou" 7>84" Qhnbgcobqhng" _jnt* `d Qojju~btgjng Q{ouu

Ko{jusonj" [" Sho Jo| E`jusobbgsn`j nj Qhnbù`qh~" Egfk{nclo FG" FNSQ{ouu" 7>>;

Egfqkobb" M*" E{ogsnto F~sh`b`lnou" Jo| `{i" Tninjl" 7>48

E`qbous`j" D* " G Hnus`{~ `d Qhnbù`qh~ T`b* < Qs* 7" Fgefnbbgj" Jo| `{i"7>45

Coueg{sou" [* Focnsgsn`ju `j Dn{us Qhnbù`qh~" Njcngjgq`bnu" Hgeioss" 7>8>



757

Dgeiojhonf" O* Sho [obnlnù Cnfojun`j nj Holob„u Sh`lhs" Kb``fnjls`j"_jnt* `d Njcngjg Q{ouu" 7>4<

Lnbbnlgj E*" Nj g Cnddo{ojs T`neo" Egfk{nclo FG" Hg{tg{c Q{ouu" 7>85

Hg{cnjl" U*" Sho Uenojeo Wousn`j nj Dofnjnuf" Nshgeg" J*^*" E`{jobb Q{ouu"7>8>

Hfo" C* S{ogsnuo `j Hfgj Jgs{o $ Ojwn{~ E`jeo{jnjl Hfgj_jco{usgjcnjl" oc* B* Uhobk~&Knllu" @xd`{c" 7>8<

Mgfou" \*" Q{glfgsnuf" Njcngjgq`bnu" Hgeioss" 7>8>

Igjs* N*" E{nsnwo `d Q{o [ogu`j" Njcngjgq`bnu" Hgeioss" 7><>

Igjs" N*" Q{`b`l`fojg S` Gj~ Ds{o Fosgqh~uneu" Njcngjgq`bnu" Hgeioss"7><<

I`bbo{" M* @{nojsgb Qhnbù`qhnou" ;jc ocnsn`j" Jo| ^`{i" Ue{nkjo{„u" 7>8?

Botn&Us{guu" E*" Sho Ugtglo Fnjc" _jnt* `d Ehnegl` Q{ouu" 7>48 G Hnus`{~`d Qhnbù`qh~

Bèio" M*" Ouug~ E`jeo{jnjl Hfgj _jco{usgjcnjl" ocns* G*E* D{guo{"@xd`{c" 7>?>

Fojgjc" B* Sho Fosgqh~unegb Ebk" G Us`{~ `d Ncogu nj Gfo{neg" Jo|^`{i" Dg{{g{" Us{guu" Ecgh~" ;115

Ffd`{c" Bo|nu" Sho S{gjud`{fgsn`ju `d Hfgjinjc" Jo| ^`{i" Hg{qo{"7>8<

Juukgf" F* Sho Sho{gq~ `d Coun{o" Q{njeos`j" Q{njeos`j _jnt* Q{ouu"7>>3

Qbgs`" Sho Qhgoc`" s{gju* D*M* Eh{eh" Jo| ^`{i" Fgefnbbgj" 7>?7

[gcgi{nuhjgj" U*" Soj Q{njenqgb _qgjnuhgcu" Gsbgjsne Hnlhbgjcu" HfgjnsnouQ{ouu" 7>>;

]nffo{" H*" Sho Qhnbù`qhnou d Njcng" Q{njeos`j" Q{njeos`j _jnt* Q{ouu"7>8>



75;

Philosophy Notes- DeAnza College- Prof Burke

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