PGE 361 Lecture 11 Fluid Saturation 2 Lab Measurements [Compatibility Mode]
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Transcript of PGE 361 Lecture 11 Fluid Saturation 2 Lab Measurements [Compatibility Mode]
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8/19/2019 PGE 361 Lecture 11 Fluid Saturation 2 Lab Measurements [Compatibility Mode]
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Laboratory DeterminationLaboratory Determination
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Conventional Core AnalysisConventional Core Analysis
Two common methods will be discussed Retort Distillation
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Using this technique, the water and oil saturation can be measured directly.
Retort Distillation Apparatus
Retort Distillation ApparatusRetort Distillation Apparatus
CoresampleHeating
Water vaporizes first at lower temperature(212ºF), The sample temperature remains at
º
Cooling
e ement
1000-1100 F
.
After Water is vaporized, the retorttemperature increases to 1000-1100 º Fva orizin oil.
Coolingwater out
Condenser Both water and oil are condensed into a graduatedcylinder
Record volumes of water and oil vs time Correct volume of oil for coking and crackingeffectsDetermine volume of water from pores (notcounting water of crystallization from clays)Determine saturations volumetrically
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Advantages Advantages Rapid (less than one hour)
volumes recovered
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DisadvantagesDisadvantages High temperatures (1,000 - 1,100 °F):
destroys core sample
water of crystallization in clays may vaporize –and must be accounted for
cracking and coking of oil
cracking is breaking of long chain hydrocarbons intosma er c a n y rocar ons, w c may no erecondensed
coke is im ure carbon residue formed from oil
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Determining Water of CrystallizationDetermining Water of Crystallization
Water from pores is recovered first apparent then estimating waterrecovered from pore space can beinaccurate
Later, water of crystallization isrecovere at ig er temperatures
This destroys the core sample
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Effects of Coking and Cracking of OilEffects of Coking and Cracking of Oil
Coking and cracking tend to
Retort Distillation: Scaling Factor for Recovered Oil
cause only part of oil frompores to be recovered
We must scale up thevolume of recovered oil tore ec e vo ume o ooriginally in the pores
Scaling factor depends on API gravity of oil
core sample
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Retort Distillation CalculationsRetort Distillation Calculations
measuredw
w
V
S = ( ) sourceanother from b p VV φ = p
( )measuredocorrectiono VFV = ooV
S =
owg −−=
correction = o ume correct on actor,
dimensionless
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Using this technique the water content is measured directlyand oil content is measured indirectly from the change in
weight
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Solvent Extraction ApparatusSolvent Extraction Apparatus
Weigh fresh core sample.
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Condenser
core vaporizes, then condenses inthe condenser and falls into the trapwhere water volume is measured.
Boiling point of solvent must behigher than the boiling point of
Graduate tube
Heating rate must be highenough to ensure that
condensation of water occurs in
Thimble and core
Solvent
t e con enser, so t at waterfalls into the trap.
Electric Heater
the pore space and oil remainsdissolved in the solvent.
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Advantages Advantages accurate determination of water saturation
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determination of water saturation by solventextraction can be made art of the core sam lecleaning process for small incremental cost
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DisadvantagesDisadvantages slow (can take several days)
oil remains in solvent
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Solvent Extraction CalculationsSolvent Extraction Calculations
wwdryi
o
ρVWWV
−−=
ww
VS =
p
ooVS = Wi = Initial core weight, gm
Wdry = Core weight after leaching, gm
Vw = Volume of water collected, cm3
Vo = Volume of oil, cm3
Vp = Pore volume, cm3
ρw = Density of water, gm/cm3
= 3owg SS1S −−=
o ,
ρg = Density of gas is assumed negligible
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measurementsmeasurements
Mud FiltrateMud Filtrate
Hydrostatic Pressure (gas Expansion)Hydrostatic Pressure (gas Expansion)
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measurementsmeasurements
Mud FiltrateMud Filtrate
Hydrostatic Pressure (gas Expansion)Hydrostatic Pressure (gas Expansion)
Oil base mudOil base mudWater base mudWater base mud
SaturationSaturation
WaterWater GasGasOilOil WaterWater GasGasOilOil
SaturationSaturation
CoringCoring
r p o ur acer p o ur ace
At surface At surface ??
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REFERENCES:
- Ahmed, Tarek : “Reservoir Engineering Handbook-Ch.4:” , ,Professional Publishing, 2001.
- Amyx, James : “Petroleum Reservoir Engineering-Ch.2:Fundamental Properties of Fluid Permeated Rocks”, 1960