Petroleum By Duncan Hayes and Greg Oberschelp. Introduction Petroleum products are used in...
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Transcript of Petroleum By Duncan Hayes and Greg Oberschelp. Introduction Petroleum products are used in...
![Page 1: Petroleum By Duncan Hayes and Greg Oberschelp. Introduction Petroleum products are used in transportation, manufacturing, agriculture, and almost every.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b477f8b9ab0599a3c8a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Petroleum
By Duncan Hayes and Greg Oberschelp
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Introduction
• Petroleum products are used in transportation, manufacturing, agriculture, and almost every other area of the economy
• Upside: interconnectedness, industrialization, makes the modern world possible
• Downside: massive environmental damage, finite resource, reliance on foreign sources
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Questions
• How did society become so reliant on petroleum, and how can we fix that?
• How much is left?• What are the environmental effects?
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Brief History
• First oil well in US: Edwin Drake in Titusville, Pennsylvania August 27, 1859
• Used modified version of Chinese percussion drilling
• Drake was looking for sources of kerosene• John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in
1870
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Brief History (cont’d)
• Demand for kerosene eliminated by Thomas Edison’s invention of light bulb in 1878
• Rockefeller’s Standard Oil controlled 90% of refining market, industry stagnated
• Henry Ford popularized cars in early 20th century, leading to demand for petroleum in the form of gasoline
• Gasoline went from useless kerosene byproduct to useful fuel
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Brief History (cont’d)
• Standard Oil broken up with anti-trust laws in 1911
• World War I: game changer for petroleum• Widespread adoption of ships, tanks, planes
with internal combustion engines• British armed forces: under 1,000 vehicles at
start of war, over 90,000 by the end• Petroleum becomes a strategic resource
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Brief History (cont’d)
• After the war, American oil companies began exploring around the world, including the Middle East and Saudi Arabia in particular
• US still dominated production with over 65% of the market until 1940s
• New petroleum-based products: invention of Nylon in 1935-first fully synthetic fiber
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Brief History (cont’d)
• World War II: proved importance of access to petroleum
• One of the major reasons Japan attacked Pearl Harbor was Roosevelt’s decision to cut off petroleum shipments
• Allied forces had better access to petroleum, allowed them to out produce Axis over time
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Brief History (cont’d)
• First hint of problems with petroleum: 1973 oil embargo
• West was heavily dependent on Mid East oil, price quadrupled during crisis
• Another supply shock in 1979 after Iranian Revolution
• Price spike encouraged move toward alternatives, but price collapsed in 1980s
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Technological Aspects
• Petroleum is a finite, non-renewable resource• Peak Oil: idea that total production has some
hard maximum limit, will hit the limit then decrease
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/US_Crude_Oil_Production_versus_Hubbert_Curve.png
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Technological Aspects (cont’d)
• Unconventional sources of oil have disrupted the peak oil theory somewhat
http://ceoworld.biz/ceo/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/US-oil-output.jpg
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Technological Aspects (cont’d)
• Global Proven Reserves: about 1.3 trillion barrels from conventional sources
• Technically Recoverable: over 2 trillion barrels from unconventional sources (fracking, oil sands, etc.)
• Price has a huge impact on what is considered reserves/resources
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Technological Aspects (cont’d)
• 72% of petroleum in US goes directly to gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel
• Efficiency: average automobile: 15-25%, diesel engine up to 40-50%, jet engines 20-40%
• When considering efficiency of production as well, total efficiency is quite low
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Social Aspects
• “End our reliance on foreign oil” –Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush, Clinton, Bush, Obama
• As of 2009, about 66% of petroleum was from foreign sources
• Due to fracking and other technological advances, it is possible that the US can eliminate a significant amount of its oil imports over the next couple decades
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Social Aspects (cont’d)
• Petroleum industry has a lot of political influence
• Industry receives about $4 billion a year in various subsidies and tax breaks
• This must change if we want to decrease use of petroleum
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Concept Map