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Pertemuan 20

Sistem informasi di dalam Organisasi/Perusahaan

Matakuliah : T0604-Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Tahun : 2008

Versi : 2.0/0.0

Williams, B.K, Stacy C. Sawyer (2007). Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications. Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-110768-6

Sumber: Chapter 8. Databases & Information Systems: Digital engines for today’s economy, p.407

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Learning Outcomes

Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa

akan mampu :

• menjelaskan: pengertian dari sistem informasi, sistem informasi yg umum digunakan di dalam organisasi, serta jenis-jenis sistem informasi; pengertian artificial intelligence dan area penerapannya (C2)

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Outline Materi

• Using Databases to Help Make Decisions

• Artificial Intelligence

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Using Databases to Help Make Decisions

• 6 computer-based information systems– Office information systems– Transaction processing systems– Management information systems– Decision support systems– Executive support systems– Expert systems

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Using Databases to Help Make Decisions

• Transaction Processing System (TPS)– Transactions are recorded events of routine

business activities such as bills, orders, and inventory

– TPS systems keep track of the transactions needed to conduct a business

– TPS systems are used by operational managers to track business activities

– Transactions database provides the basis for management information systems and decision support systems

Has anyone seen the movie “Office Space”? In that movie, the hero’s boss is nagging him about formatting the TPS report correctly. Now you know what TPS means!

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Using Databases to Help Make Decisions

• Management Information Systems (MIS)– Computer-based information system that uses

data recorded by a TPS as input to programs that produce routine reports as output

– Features• Inputs are processed transaction data. Outputs are

summarized structured reports• Designed for tactical managers• Draws from all departments• Produces several kinds or reports: summary,

exception, periodic, and demand

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Using Databases to Help Make Decisions

• Decision Support Systems (DSS)– Computer information system that provides a flexible

tool for analysis and helps management focus on the future

– Features• Inputs are external data and internal data such as

summarized reports and processed transaction data. Outputs are demand reports

• Mainly for tactical managers• Produces analytic models

– Developed to support the types of decisions faced by managers in specific industries

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Using Databases to Help Make Decisions

• Executive Support Systems– An easy-to-use DSS made especially for

strategic managers to support strategic decision-making

– Might allow executives to call up predefined reports

– Includes capability to browse through summarized information on all aspects of the organization and drill down for detailed data

– Allows executives to perform “what-if” scenarios

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Artificial Intelligence

• Expert System– One of the most useful applications of Artificial

Intelligence (AI)– AI is a group of related technologies used to develop

software and machines that emulate human qualities such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, and hearing

– Areas include• Expert systems• Natural language processing• Intelligent agents• Virtual reality and simulation devices• Pattern recognition• Fuzzy logic• Robotics

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Artificial Intelligence

• Three components of an expert system– Knowledge base

• An expert system’s database of knowledge about a particular subject

– Inference engine• The software that controls the search of the expert

system’s knowledge base and produces conclusions

– User interface• The display screen the user used to interact with

the expert system

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Artificial Intelligence

• Natural language processing

– Allows users to interact with a system using normal English

– The study of ways for computers to recognize and understand human language

• Intelligent agents

– A form of software with built-in intelligence that monitors work patterns, asks questions, and performs work tasks on your behalf

• Pattern recognition

– Involves a camera and software that identify recurring patterns in its vision and maps the pattern against patterns stored in a database

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Artificial Intelligence

• Fuzzy logic– A method of dealing with imprecise data and

uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one

– Has been applied in running elevators to determine optimum times for elevators to wait

• Virtual reality– A computer-generated artificial reality that projects a

person into a sensation of 3-D space– Often used with simulators to represent the behavior

of physical or abstract systems

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Artificial Intelligence

• Robotics– The development and study of machines that

can perform work that is normally done by people

– Commonly found in manufacturing plants and also in situations where people would be in danger

• Nuclear plants• Assembly lines, especially paint lines• Checking for land mines• Fighting oil-well fires

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Artificial Intelligence

• Weak vs. Strong A.I.– Weak A.I. claims computers can be programmed to

simulate human cognition– Strong A.I. claims that computers can think on a level

that is equal to or better than humans, and can also achieve consciousness

• Cyc approach to strong A.I.– A database in Austin, TX that holds 1.4 million basic truths– Plan is that Cyc will automatically make human-like

assumptions– Hope is that Cyc will learn on its own

• Cog approach to strong A.I.– MIT project that is a humanoid robot– Tries to identify and search for patterns instead of following

rules and facts

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Artificial Intelligence

• Test for Human Intelligence– In 1950, Allen Turing predicted computers would be able to

mimic human thinking– The Turing test determines whether the machine is human

• Judge is in another location and doesn’t see the computer• If the computer can fool the judge, it is said to be intelligent

– Ethics in A.I.• Prof. William Wallace from R.P.I. says that computer

software is subtly shaped by the ethical judgments of its creators

• For example, H.M.O. software used by health insurers steers doctors to cheaper procedures – but are they better?

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