1PRT 2008

PERTANIAN & MANUSIA(AGRICULTURE & MAN)

PROF. MADYA DR. KAMARUZAMAN SIJAM

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture

Tel: 03-89474846

E-mail: kama@upm.edu.my

25. AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

OF MALAYSIA

3

Historical development of

Malaysian agriculture

Pre Independence British

Rubber- Dunlop, Guthrie, Harrison and Crossfield

Tea Boh tea

Indigenous Malays rice, fruits and other food crops

After Independence (1957-1970) Govt set up

FELDA (Federal Land Development Authority)

FELCRA (Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority)

123,000 ha of oil palm compared to 1,315,000 ha of

rubber 4

1970-1984 (NEP:New Economic Policy)

expand FELDA and FELCRA

Others: LPN (Lembaga Padi dan Beras Negara)

RISDA (Rubber Industry Smallholdings Development Authority)

1984-1991(NAP1: National Agric. Policy 1)

1992-1998 (NAP2: National Agric. Policy 2)

1998-2010 (NAP3)

End 2004: 6.4 million ha in Agriculture (60.6% oil palm, 20% rubber)

5

6Land Use in Malaysia

Item Area (000 ha) Percentage (%)

Total land area 32,855

Agriculture area 7,870 23.95

Arable land (rice, vegetables, root crops) 1,800 5.48

Permanent crops (oil palm, rubber, coconut,

cocoa, fruits)

5,785 17.61

Permanent meadows and pastures 285 0.87

Forest area 20,630 62.79

7Characteristics of Malaysian

agriculture

Estate subsector - Larger than 40.5 haIndustrial crops:

Oil palm, rubber, cocoa, tea,

coconut

Smallholders subsector average farm size 1.45 ha

Operated by 1,033,065 farmers

Industrial crops, rice, fruits, vegetables

8Industrial Crops39% of worlds palm oil production

44% of world export

Originated from Sierra Leone Africa

First planted at Tenamarran Estate 1917

60% large plantation companies

40% smallholders, etc

Economic life 20 yrs

100 kg fruit bunch = 22 kg palm oil & 1.6 kg palm kernel oil

Oil Palm(Elaeis guianeensis)

9Industrial Crops

First major plantation crop introduced in 1877 from Brazil

Was the dominant crop up to 1989

Fourth most important crop in terms of hectarage after oil palm, rubber, rice

A new value added product - VCO

Rubber(Hevea brasiliensis)

Coconut

(Cocos nucifera)

Rubber Planted Hectarage

Year

Estate Smallholding Total Area

1990 348.70 1,487.96 1,836.66

2000 123.78 1,306.90 1,530.68

2005 57.37 1,213.93 1,271.30

2006 54.15 1,209.40 1.263.55

2007 53.40 1,194.70 1,248.10

2008 61.10 1.185.90 1,247.00

2009 61.10 960.44 1,021.54

Planted hectarage (000 ha)

11

Malaysia fifth largest cocoa processor in the world

Cocoa used to be a major industrial crop with estates growing up to more than 400,000 ha.

Peak in 1992, then declined to the current hectarage of 45,000 ha. because of pest problems (especially cocoa pod borer)

Cocoa

Theobroma cacao

Other industrial crops

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Hectarage and Production of Minor Industrial Crops in Malaysia

Crop Hectarage planted

(ha)

Production

(tonnes)

Value (RM 000)

Coffee 3,160 20,591 12,355

Sugar cane 4,400 274,620 21,697

Tea 1,900 9,120 22,800

13

Crop

Hectares (000)

2000 2005 2010

Oil palm 3,377 4,049 4,555

Rubber 1,431 1,250 1,179

Padi 478 452 450

Fruits 304 330 375

Coconuts 159 180 180

Cocoa 76 33 45

Vegetables 40 64 86

Tobacco 15 11 7

Pepper 13 13 14

TOTAL 5,893 6,383 6,891

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industries and Ministry of Plantation

Industries and Commodities

Rice (Oryza sativa)

About 300,500 ha of rice are planted in Peninsula Malaysia

and 190,000 ha in Sabah and Sarawak.

Kuala Muda area in Kedah/Perlis (MADA)

Alluvial plains of Kemubu area, Kelantan (KADA)

Seberang Perai, Penang

Kerian/Sg Manik, Perak

South west (Barat Laut) Selangor

Kemasin Semarak- plains of Kemasin River, Bachok/

Kota Bahru

Besut, Terengganu (KETARA)

Seberang Perak

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15

Distribution of rice land among the states of

Malaysia State Harvested area (%of total harvested

area)

Kedah 31.05

Sarawak 19.41

Perak 11.81

Kelantan 11.38

Perlis 6.45

Sabah 5.74

Selangor 5.52

Pulau Pinang 3.83

Terengganu 3.28

Pahang 0.63

Melaka 0.39

Johor 0.26

Negri Sembilan 0.25

16

Fruits: Hectarage Planted and Value of

Products of Major Fruits 2010

Fruit Hectarage Value ('000 RM)

Durian 104,655 1,392,077

Bananas 29,790 476,255

Rambutan 25,460 171,685

Dokong 16,130 97,260

Duku Langsat 12,715 45,420

Watermelon 11,750 309,465

Cempedak 11,158 130,251

Mango 9,760 83,545

Mangosteen 7,685 79,703

Langsat 6,925 69,282

Duku 5,775 65,047

Jackfruit 3,962 63,155

Limau Manis 3,915 49,969

Papaya 3,403 68,419

Dragon Fruit 2,510 39,160

Guava 1,525 50,598

Starfruit 1,276 31,618

Salak 1,190 15,824

Sapodilla 1,115 18,149

17

Malaysia: Food Balance Sheet for Vegetables and

Fruits 2006

PARTICULAR VEGETABLES FRUIT

Supply (SS) (tonnes)

- Local 642,796 1,873,092

- Import 265,808 47,973

- Total Supply 908,604 1,921,065

Demand (DD)(tonnes)

Local 1,007,979 1,524,770

Export 76,094 209,583

Total Demand 1,084,073 1,734,353

Shortage/Surplus (SS-DD) -175,469 186,712

No of farmers for selected 31,911 107,827

commodity

Total no. of farmers 40,920 162,463

18

Floriculture in Malaysia: Area planted and

Production

State Hectarage Production (000 cuttings) Johor 1361 225,367

Kedah 30 686

Kelantan 33 4,318

Melaka 31 588

Negeri Sembilan 20 3,193

Pahang 369 131,119

Perak 135 32,435

Perlis 3 353

Pulau Pinang 4 85

Selangor 292 60,323

Terengganu 10 231

W.P. Kuala Lumpur 7 899

Peninsular Malaysia 2,295 459,599

Sabah 52 7,335

Sarawak 66 1,111

W.P. Labuan 7 103

MALAYSIA 2,421 468,168

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Livestock production

20

21

Beef Production Based on System

Systems 2000 2005 2010

% tonnes % tonnes % tonnes

Integration 15 2652.2 23 6,564.2 37 16,650

Feedlot 20 3500.2 30 8,562.0 26 11,700

Traditional 65 11,365.6 47 13,413.8 37 16,650

Total 100 17,500.0 100 28.540.0 100 45,000

Source: Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia

Aquacultutre

22

23

Production of Marine Fish and Aquaculture

Item 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Number of

Fishermen and

aquaculturists 110,547 110,960 111,344 118,047 120,905 126,950

Marine fish 000 tonnes 1,283.26 1,331.65 1,209.60 1,379.77 1,381.27 1,450.44

Aquaculture 000 tonnes 196.87 202.22 207.22 212.03 268.51 281.94

Marine fish value

(RM million) 4013,61 4,241.45 4,017.52 4,939.32 5,053.51 5,308.91

Aquaculture value

(RM million) 1,172.31 1158.46 1,196.01 1,291.75 1,341.33 1,408.39

New Sources of Growth for Malaysian

Agriculture

Herbs & Spices, Pharmaceuticals, Natural Products

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25

Species of medicinal herbs commonly planted in Malaysia

Common Name Botanical name Uses

Tongkat Ali Eurycoma longifolia antimalarial, aphrodisiac, anti-diabetic,

antimicrobial and antipyretic

Hempedu Bumi Andrographis paniculata treatment of gastro-intestinal tract and upper

respiratory infections, fever, herpes, sore throat,and

a variety of other chronic and infectious

diseases

Kacip Fatimah Labisia pumila facilitate childbirth, post-partum medication,

treatment of dysentery, rheumatism and gonorrhoea

Misai kucing Orthosiphon stamineus used as an analgesic, diuretic, astringent and

antiemetic; used to treat conditions like bronchitis,

small pox, diarrhoea and as a brain tonic

Dukung anak Phyllantus niruri Used to treat kidney stone, malaria, asthma

and liver related diseases. Also used as a diuretic

and to increase appetite. In Malaysia it is used to

treat diabetes, hypertension, diarrhoea, itchiness,

jaundice and as antidote for insect bites.

Pegaga Centellia asiatica It is used to heal wounds, improve mental clarity,

and treat skin. It can also boost mental activity and

treat high blood pressure, rheumatism, fever, and

nervous disorders

Mas Cotek Ficus deltoidea used to help womb contraction and as aphrodisiac

for men and women, reduce cholesterol and blood

sugar level.

Agricultural marketing

Export crop sector

oil palm producers:

independent smallholders,

producers in land development schemes

private estates

The Food Sector

characterized by

small farm size with

minimal involvement

of the private or

corporate sectors

Rice:

farmers is 1.06 ha

Estates about 4000 ha (eg. Run by FELCRA)

26

The New Supply Chain for Agri-food

pushed by external

and domestic

drivers

In 2005, there were

81 hypermarkets in

Malaysia where 83%

of them are foreign-

owned

Among them are Giant

(Hong Kong), Jusco

(Aeon Group, Japan),

Carrefour (France) and

Tesco (UK).

Local retail chains include

Parkson, Ocean, The

Store and Mydin.

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28

Federal Agricultural

Marketing Authority (FAMA)

Set up as a statutory body

in 1965, FAMA is

responsible in the

supervision, coordination,

regulation and improvement

of the marketing of

agricultural products, which

include fruits and

vegetables, for domestic,

export and import markets.

FAMA targets to have 1,000

farmers' markets with about

60,000 farm produce

entrepreneurs by the end of

the 10th Malaysia Plan

(2011-2015) period

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