Kelembagaan Pertanian

Kelembagaan

• Kelompok• Organisasi• Lembaga/Pranata

GroupCentral Feature Definition

Categorization A group is “two or more individuals . . . [who] perceive themselves to be members of the same social category” ( J. C. Turner, 1982, p. 15).

Communication “We mean by a group a number of persons who communicate with one another, often over a span of time, and who are few enough so that each person is able to communicate with all the others, not at second hand, through other people, but face-to-face” (Homans,1950, p. 1).

Central Feature Definition

Influence Two or more persons who are interacting with one another in such a manner that each person influences and is influenced by each other person” (M. E. Shaw, 1981, p. 454).

Interaction “A group is a social system involving regular interaction among members and a common group identity. This means that groups have a sense of ‘weness’ that enables members to identify themselves as belonging to a distinct entity” (A. G. Johnson, 1995, p. 125).


Interdependence “A group is a collection of individuals who have relations to one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree”(Cartwright & Zander, 1968, p. 46).

Interrelation “A group is an aggregation of two or more people who are to some degree in dynamic interrelation with one another” (McGrath, 1984,p. 8).

Psychological Significance

“A psychological group is any number of people who interact with each other, are psychologically aware of each other, and perceive themselves to be in a group” (D. C. Pennington, 2002, p. 3).


Shared Identification “A group . . . is two or more people possessing a common social identification and whose existence as a group is recognized by a third party” (R. Brown, 2000, p. 19).

Shared Tasks and Goals “A group is defined as three or more people who work together interdependently on an agreed-upon activity or goal” (Keyton, 2002,p. 5).


Structure “A group is a social unit which consists of a number of individuals who stand in (more or less) definite status and role relationships to one another and which possesses a set of values or norms of its own regulating the behavior of individual members, at least in matters of consequence to the group” (Sherif & Sherif, 1956, p. 144).

Systems ““Groups are open and complex systems . . . a complex, adaptive, dynamic, coordinated, and bounded set of patterned relations among members, tasks, and tools” (Arrow, McGrath, & Berdahl, 2000, p. 34).

Type of GroupsType of Groups Defiinition

Primary groups Small, long-term groups characterized Families, close friends, tightbyface-to-face interaction and high knit peer groups, gangs, elite levels of cohesiveness, solidarity, and military squadsmember identification

Secondary groups Larger, less intimate, more goal-focused Congregations, work groups typical of more complex groups, unions, professional societies associations


Planned groups Deliberately formed by the members themselves or by an external authority,usually for some specific purpose orpurposes

Concocted Planned by individuals or authorities Production lines, military, outside the group units, task forces, crews,professional sports teams

Founded Planned by one or more individuals.Study groups, small businesses,who remain within the group expeditions, clubs, associations


Emergent group Groups that form spontaneously as individuals find themselves repeatedly interacting with the same subset ofindividuals over time and settings

Circumstantial Emergent, unplanned groups that arise Waiting lines (queues), crowds, when external, situational forces set mobs, audiences, by standersthe stage for people to join together,often only temporarily, in a unifiedgroup


Self-Organizing Emerge when interacting individuals Study groups, friendship cliques gradually align their activities in a in a workplace, regular patrons cooperative system of interdependence at a barIntimacy groups Small groups of moderate duration and Families, romantic couples, closepermeability characterized by friends, street gangssubstantial levels of interaction amongthe members, who value membershipin the group

Task Groups Work groups in employment settings Teams, neighborhood associations and goal-focused groups in a varietyof non employment situations

Lembaga (Institutions)

• Norman T. Uphoff, Lembaga merupakan serangkaian norma dan perilaku yang sudah digunakan dalam kurun waktu tertentu secara terus menerus untuk mencapai tujuan bersama atau maksud lain yang bersifat sosial.

• MacMilllan, lembaga merupakan seperangkat hubungan norma-norma, keyakinan dan nilai-nilai yang nyata, yang terpusat pada kebutuhan sosial dan serangkaian tindakan penting dan berulang

• Lembaga setidaknya mencakup tiga tingkatan:– Tingkatan nilai kultural yang menjadi acuan bagi

kelompok di bawahnya– Mencakup aturan yang mengkhususkan pada aturan

main – Mencakup pengaturan yang berfungsi untuk membentuk

suatu hubungan timbal-balik yang harmonis• Lembaga ada untuk memenuhi kebutuhan

kebutuhan satu kelompok manusia bukan perorangan

Kelembagaan Pertanian

• Terdiri atas kelompok-kelompok yang aktivitasnya berbasis pada usahatani. Hasil penelitian Wahyuni 2003 menyebutkan ada 17 macam lembaga dalam sistem usatani.

• Kelembagaan Pertanian menata dan mengatur fungsi kelompok usahatani untuk meningkatkan produksi usahatani oleh petani, nilai kehidupan petani, dan nilai ekonomi petani.

Lembaga dalam SUT

• Kelompok Tani• Kelompok Wanita Tani• Perkumpulan Petani

Pemakai Air• Kontak Tani Nelayan

Andalan• Gapoktan• Penyuluh Pertanian

Lapangan

• Koperasi Tani• Kelompok Arisan• Kelompok Simpan Pinjam• Kios Saprodi• Pengepul/Tengkulak• Pasar• Jasa Angkutan• Alsintan• Lumbung Padi• LSM

Sejarah Pembentukan KT

• Tahun 1948, pembentukan KT berawal saat kebijakan pemerintah membentuk BPMD (Balai Pendidikan Masyarakat Desa)

• Program BIMAS dimulai Tahun 1968,

• Dilanjutkan INSUS 1979• SUPRA INSUS 1987/1988• KT dibentuk untuk

mensukseskan swasembada Beras

• KT harus berbasis Padi-Padi Palawija

Farmer Groups

Jakart

a

West

Java

Centra

l Java

Yogy

akart

a

East

Java

Banten

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Development of Farmer Group in Java

201120122013

Beginner Pre-Intermediate Intermediate Advanced0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Percentage of Farmer Group Classification on 2001

FG in Indonesia FG in Java FG in Yogyakarta

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Farmer Groups

Beginner Pre-Intermediate Intermediate Advanced

2001 1.45795365790158 41.3954699297058 48.1385055975007 9.00807081489195

2012 19.3577363575118 46.6202560071862 30.765775881428 3.25623175387379

2.50

7.50

12.50

17.50

22.50

27.50

32.50

37.50

42.50

47.50

Percentage of Farmer Group Classification in Yogyakarta on 2001&2012

Perc

enta

ge

Year Beginner Pre-Intermediate Intermediate Advanced2001 56 1590 1849 3462012 862 2076 1370 145

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Permasalahan Kelompok Tani

• Orientasi teknis pada kegiatan pemerintah

• Partisipasi dan Keaktifan Rendah

• Pengelolaan kegiatan produktif bersifat individu

• Pembentukan dan penguatan kelembagaan tidak berdasarkan kemandirian lokal

• Pembentukan KT berdasarkan Top-down dengan blue-print approach

• Pendekatan Top-down menghambat kemandirian petani

Bagan Kelembagaan Petani

Para Petani Kelompok Tani GAPOKTAN

Unit Produksi

Wahana Belajar

Wahana Bersosiali-

sasi

Unit Penyedia

Input

Processing Unit

Unit Pemasaran

Unit Jasa Keuangan

Asosiasi

Koperasi

Agro Entreprise

After 2003

Fertilizer Distributor

Village cooperative unit

Farmers

Government

FG makes a proposal of fertilizer necessity

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Village authorized input shop

Individual Farmers

Government


Bugel FG


Village authorized input shop

Garongan FG

Government


Individual Farmers

Kelembagaan Saprodi (Pupuk Bersubsidi)

Kelembagaan Pemasaran Cabe

Whole sale traders

Assembler traders outside

Assembler Trader inside

Intermediate traders

Sub-intermediate traders inside

Retailer or Local

Consumer Market

Yogyakarta

Garongan chili farmers

Whole sale traders Java & Sumatera

Assembler traders outside

Assembler Trader inside

Intermediate traders

Sub-intermediate traders inside

Collective Marketing (Auction)

Garongan chili farmers

Before collective marketing began After collective marketing began

Source: Field Survey, 2012

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Kelembagaan Pertanian

Documents

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