Personality theories
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this pdf consists of personality types and traits with examples
Transcript of Personality theories
Personality
What is OB
• The study of human behavior, attitudes, and
performance in organizations.
• Behavior = F (Person x environment)
Influencing each other
Foundations of Behaviour • Environmental Factors
• Economic, Social norms, Political
• Organizational system • Physical facilities
• Leadership
• Reward system
• Psychological factors • Personality
• Perception
• Attitudes
• Values
• Learning
• Biographical/Personal Factors – Age/sex/education/abilities/marital status/no of dependance/creativity
Chapter 2 5
Biographical
Characteristics
Age
Chapter 2 6
Biographical
Characteristics
Marital Status
Chapter 2 7
Biographical
Characteristics
Marital Status
Chapter 2 8
Intellectual Abilities
• Number aptitude
• Verbal comprehension
• Perceptual speed
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• Spatial visualization
• Memory ability
What is Personality?
People differ from
each other in
meaningful ways
People seem to show
some consistency in
behavior
Personality is defined as distinctive
and relatively enduring ways of
thinking, feeling, and acting
Personality
Determinants
• Heredity
• Environment
• Situation
Definition of personality
A relatively stable characteristics that lead to
consistent pattern of behavior
Personality is a dynamic organization within an
individual o those psychophysical systems that
determines his or her characteristic behavior and
thought - Gorden W Allport Link
Personality
• Personality refers to a person’s unique and
relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings,
and actions
• Personality is an interaction between biology
and environment
– Genetic studies suggest heritability of personality
– Other studies suggest learned components of
personality
Four Theories of
Personality 1. Trait
2. Psychoanalytic
3. Humanistic
4. Socio-Cognitive
The First Trait Theory
• Two Factor Trait
Theory of Personality
UNSTABLE
STABLE
choleric melancholic
phlegmatic sanguine
INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED
Moody
Anxious
Rigid
Sober
Pessimistic
Reserved
Unsociable
Quiet
Sociable
Outgoing
Talkative
Responsive
Easygoing
Lively Carefree
Leadership
Passive
Careful
Thoughtful
Peaceful
Controlled
Reliable
Even-tempered
Calm
Touchy
Restless
Aggressive
Excitable
Changeable
Impulsive
Optimistic
Active
Personality Traits
• Traits are relatively stable and consistent personal
characteristics
• Trait personality theories suggest that a person can be
described on the basis of some number of personality
traits
– Allport identified some 4,500 traits
– Cattel used factor analysis to identify 30-35 basic traits
– Eysenck argued there are 3 distinct traits in personality
• Extraversion/introversion
• Neuroticism
• Psychotocism
Allport
Raymond Cattell: from Devon, England, believed that there
were two basic categories of traits:
• Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas
of personality
• Source Traits: Underlying characteristics of a
personality
Cattell also constructed the 16PF, a personality test identifying
16 personality factors (source traits).
Cattell: Source & Surface Traits
The Sixteen Personality Factors
Overview of the Big “5”
Assessing Traits: An
Example • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI)
– the most widely researched and clinically used of
all personality tests
– developed to identify emotional disorders
Authoritarianism
• Developed by Adorno during world war II
• Strong belief in the legitimacy of
established mechanism, formal authority
• Negative philosophy of people, traditional
• Opposes subjective feelings
Eg: Hitler ? Are U
• It is characterized by highly
authoritative and
maintaining central power.
• Usually this personality will
be mostly seen in politicians
who are anti-democratic.
What motivates them?
Centralized power, achievement
and the leadership motivates
them.
These people take high risks,
competent and they are very
responsible.
Locus of Control
A set of beliefs about whether one’s behaviour is
controlled mainly by internal or external factors. Or
extent to which individuals believe that they can control
events that effect them.
Internals believe that the opportunity to control their own
behaviour resides within themselves.
Externals believe that external forces determine their
behaviour.
20
Question
Which type makes for a better employee (internals
or externals)?
21
Machivellianism (Mach)
• Derived from –Nicholo Machiavelli
• Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains
emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify
means.
• Refers to individuals propensity to manipulate people
• Greater interest in org. politics
• Do Machiavellians make good employees?
Machiavellianism • It is a personality used to describe a
person’s tendency to deceive and manipulate other people for their personal gain.
• High Machs and Low Machs are two types.
• Motivation for Machs
• When compared to low machs, High machs give much priority to money, power and competition when compared to community building, self love and family concerns.
• High machs focus on unmitigated achievement and winning at any cost.
Narcissism
A Narcissistic Person
excessive admiration
•Has a sense of entitlement
•Is arrogant
•Tends to be rated as less effective
Narcissism is a word used to describe some kind of problem in
a person or group’s relationships with self and others.
Egoism, selfishness, vanity and conceit are their qualities.
They see themselves perfect.
Motivation for Narcissist • Mirror is the biggest
motivation for the
narcissists.
• They want themselves to be
praised by all and they love
themselves so much and
they want others to accept
that.
Self-Monitoring
The extent to which people observe and regulate how they
appear and behave in social settings and relationships.
High self-monitors take great care to observe and control the
images that they project.
High self-monitors are more involved in their jobs, perform
better, and are more likely to emerge as leaders.
Downside: Dealing with unfamiliar cultures might provoke
stress.
26
Introversion & Extroversion
Introvert Extrovert
What Motivates them?
Personality Types Type A’s
1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;
3. strive to think or do two or more things at once;
4. cannot cope with leisure time;
5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of
how many or how much of everything they acquire.
Type B’s
1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying
impatience;
2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or
accomplishments;
3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their
superiority at any cost;
1. can relax without guilt.
TYPE A TYPE B
Type –A personalities are driven by personal achievement and recognition, always pushing themselves to come out on top in any kind of competition.
Type B personalities are driven by care , co-workers spending time with them and asking them to take responsibility of administering events. Social acceptance is extremely important.
Psychoanalytic Theory • Psychoanalytic theory, as devised by Freud,
attempts to explain personality on the basis of
unconscious mental forces
– Levels of consciousness: We are unaware of some
aspects of our mental states
– Freud argued that personality is made up of
multiple structures, some of which are unconscious
– Freud argued that as we have impulses that cause us
anxiety; our personality develops defense
mechanisms to protect against anxiety
Sigmund Freud 1856-1939
Id: Innate biological instincts and urges; self-serving &
irrational
• Totally unconscious
• Works on Pleasure Principle: Wishes to have its desires
(pleasurable) satisfied NOW, without waiting and regardless
of the consequences
The Id, Ego, and Superego
Ego: Executive; directs id energies
• Partially conscious and partially unconscious
• Works on Reality Principle: Delays action until it is practical
and/or appropriate
Superego: Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the
ego
• Superego comes from our parents or caregivers; guilt
comes from the superego
• Two parts
- Conscience: Reflects actions for which a person has
been punished (e.g., what we shouldn’t do or be)
- Ego Ideal: Second part of the superego; reflects
behavior one’s parents approved of or rewarded (e.g.,
what we should do or be)
The Id, Ego, and Superego,
continued
Conscious: Everything you are aware of at a given moment
Preconscious: Material that can easily be brought into
awareness
Unconscious: Holds repressed memories and emotions and
the id’s instinctual drives
Levels of Awareness
Freudian Theory
Levels of Awareness
– Conscious
• What we’re aware of
– Preconscious
• Memories etc. that can be recalled
– Unconscious
• Wishes, feelings, impulses that lies beyond awareness
Structures of Personality
– Id -The Demanding Child
• Operates according to the “pleasure principle”
– Ego - The Traffic Cop
• Operates according to the “reality” principle
– Superego- The Judge
• Ruled by moral principle
The Structure of Personality
• THE ID — The Demanding Child
– Ruled by the pleasure principle
• THE EGO — The Traffic Cop
– Ruled by the reality principle
• THE SUPEREGO — The Judge
– Ruled by the moral principle
Psychoanalysis The Psychodynamics of Personality
• Unconscious
sexual and
aggressive urges
find acceptable
forms of
expression.
Psychoanalytic Approach
Conscious
Unconscious
Superego Preconscious
Id
Ego
Information which can
easily be made
conscious
Thoughts, feelings,
urges, and other information
that is difficult to bring to conscious
awareness
Information in your
immediate awareness
Rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality
Moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality
Irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality
Freudian Theory
Anxiety occurs when:
– Impulses from the id threaten to get out of
control
– The ego perceives danger from the environment
The ego deals with the problem through:
– coping strategies
– defense mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
• Defense mechanisms refer to unconscious mental
processes that protect the conscious person from
developing anxiety
– Sublimation: person channels energy from unacceptable
impulses to create socially acceptable accomplishments
– Denial: person refuses to recognize reality
– Projection: person attributes their own unacceptable
impulses to others
– Repression: anxiety-evoking thoughts are pushed into the
unconscious
Assessing the Unconscious
• Projective Tests
– used to assess personality (e.g., Rorschach or
TAT tests)
– How? provides ambiguous stimuli and subject
projects his or her motives into the ambiguous
stimuli
Assessing the Unconscious --
Rorschach
• Rorschach Inkblot Test
– the most widely used
projective test
– a set of 10 inkblots designed
by Hermann Rorschach
Rorschach
Assessing the Unconscious--
Rorschach
used to identify
people’s inner
feelings by
analyzing their
interpretations
of the blots
Assessing the
Unconscious--TAT Thematic
Apperception
Test (TAT)
• people express
their inner
motives through
the stories they
make up about
ambiguous
scenes
Contributions of Freud
• First personality & psychotherapy theory
• Emphasis on sexuality as influence
• Importance of early childhood experience
• Concept of unconscious
• Scientific approach to mental health on continuum
from physical health
Limitations of Freud’s Work
• Pessimistic and deterministic approach to personality
• Pathology based theory
• Hydraulic model of psychic energy exaggerated
• No controlled studies-poor research
• Overemphasis on differences between men and women
• Unconcerned with interpersonal relations, individual identity and adaptation over one’s lifetime
Psychoanalytic
Neo-Freudian
Alfred Adler
– Humans are motivated by social interest
– Takes social context into account
– First Born
• Privileged until Dethroned
– Second Born
• In shadow of 1st Born inferiority, restlessness
– Youngest
• Pampered, dependent
– Only Child
• Higher intellect, timid, passive, & withdrawn
Psychoanalytic
Neo-Freudian
Carl Jung – Proposed the idea of a Collective Unconscious
• A kind of memory bank that stores images and ideas that humans have accumulated over the course of evolution
Carl Jung
• Ego: conscious level; carries out daily activities; like Freud’s Conscious
• Personal Unconscious: individual’s thoughts, memories, wishes, impulses; like Freud’s Preconscious + Unconscious
• Collective Unconscious: storehouse of memories inherited from the common ancestors of the whole human race; no counterpart in Freud’s theory
3 Levels of Consciousness:
A collective unconscious is represented by universal
archetypes
Archetypes cause us to respond in certain ways to
common human experiences
Additional Archetypes
• Persona: your public personality, aspects of
yourself that you reveal to others.
• Shadow: prehistoric fear of wild animals,
represents animal side of human nature.
• Anima: feminine archetype in men.
• Animus: masculine archetype in women.
• Others: God, Hero, Nurturing Mother, Wise Old
Man, Wicked Witch, Devil, Powerful Father.
Humanistic Theory
• Humanistic personality theories reject psychoanalytic notions
– Humanistic theories view each person as basically good and that people are striving for self-fulfillment
– Humanistic theory argues that people carry a perception of themselves and of the world
– The goal for a humanist is to develop/promote a positive self-concept
The Humanistic Approach
Carl Rogers
The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers
The Humanistic Approach
Rogers’ Theory
• Unconditional Positive Regard
– The acceptance and love one receives from
significant others is unqualified
• Conditional Positive Regard
– The acceptance and love one receives from
significant others is contingent upon one’s behavior
Inconsistency evokes anxiety and threat
People with low self-esteem generally have poor congruence
between their self-concepts and life experiences.
▲Abraham Maslow
emphasized the basic
goodness of human nature
and a natural tendency
toward self-actualization.
Humanistic Perspectives
Social/Cognitive Perspective
• Proposed that each person has a unique
personality because of our personal histories and
interpretations shape our personalities
▲Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive approach
focuses on self-efficacy and reciprocal
determinism.
▲Julian Rotter’s locus of control theory emphasizes
a person’s internal or external focus as a major
determinant of personality.
Self-system: the set of cognitive processes by which a person
observes, evaluates, and regulates his/her behavior. Bandura
proposed that what we think of as personality is a product of this
self-system.
Children observe behavior of models (such as parents) in their
social environment. Particularly if they are reinforced, children
will imitate these behaviors, incorporating them into personality.
Bandura also proposed that people observe their own behavior
and judge its effectiveness. Self-efficacy: a judgment of one’s
effectiveness in dealing with particular situations.
Bandura’s Theory
Social Learning Theory
Learn by observing others and through direct experiences
Models have influence when the following processes occur:
Get rewarded Reinforcement
Motor Reproduction
Retention
Attentional Reconize
Remember
Do
