Permafrost and Active Layer Monitoring and Permafrost and Active Layer Monitoring and

Modelling in Livingston and Deception Modelling in Livingston and Deception

Islands (South Shetlands, Antarctic) Islands (South Shetlands, Antarctic)

PERMAMODELPERMAMODEL

Miguel Ramos (1), Gonçalo Vieira (2), José Agustín García (3), Martin Hoelzle (4), Stephan

Gruber (4), Ramón Órtiz (5), José Manuel Marrero (4) and Carla Mora (2)

(1) Department of Physics, University of Alcalá, Spain.

(2) Centre for Geographical Research / Department of Geography, University of Lisbon, Portugal.

(3) Department of Physics, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.

(4) Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland.

(5) Department of Volcanology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Spain.

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

Livingston Island (62º39’S, 60º23’W)

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

Deception Island (62º58’S, 60º41W)

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

RESEARCH TOPICS IN PREVIOUS PROJECTS (1989-2004)

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Geomorphological mapping

GIS analysis of the factors controlling the geoforms

STUDY OF THE FREEZING PERIOD BY MEANS OF PHYSICAL MODELLING

N-Factor at different sites to evaluate the influence of snow-cover and ground characteristics

Enthalpy losses and ground heat fluxes during the freezing periods of different years

RADIATION AND ENERGY BALANCES

Meteorological monitoring during the summer (Ice-free ground and Glacier)

GIS modelling of radiation balance during the summer campaigns

GROUND TEMPERATURE MONITORING

Study of the active layer during the freezing period (shallow boreholes - 0.6 m)

Active layer and permafrost temperature monitoring at 2 boreholes (1.1 and 2.3 m)

Geothermal anomalies in Deception Island

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

Summer meteorological stations in Livingston and Deception Islands

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

Shallow boreholes in Livingston and Deception Islands

Livingston Island - Monthly Average Air Temperatures

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

Jan-

00

Mar

-00

Mai

-00

Jul-0

0

Set

-00

Nov

-00

Jan-

01

Mar

-01

Mai

-01

Jul-0

1

Set

-01

Nov

-01

Jan-

02

Mar

-02

Mai

-02

Jul-0

2

Set

-02

Nov

-02

Jan-

03

Mar

-03

Mai

-03

Jul-0

3

Set

-03

Nov

-03

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

Air Reina Sofia (272 m asl)

Air Incinerador (30 m asl)

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

Average air temperature during the freezing season (1995) vs Altitude

Air temp = -0.0113alt - 3.8029

R2 = 0.9913

-8.0

-7.5

-7.0

-6.5

-6.0

-5.5

-5.0

-4.5

-4.0

-3.5

-3.0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Air

te

mp

era

ture

(º

C)

Altitude (m asl)

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

Livingston Island - Reina Sofia (272 m asl)

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

Jan-

00

Mar

-00

Mai

-00

Jul-0

0

Set

-00

Nov

-00

Jan-

01

Mar

-01

Mai

-01

Jul-0

1

Set

-01

Nov

-01

Jan-

02

Mar

-02

Mai

-02

Jul-0

2

Set

-02

Nov

-02

Jan-

03

Mar

-03

Mai

-03

Jul-0

3

Set

-03

Nov

-03

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

Air

-10 cm

-15 cm

-25 cm

-50 cm

-75 cm

-90 cm

-110 cm

Livingston Island - Incinerador (30 m asl)

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Jan-

00

Mar

-00

Mai

-00

Jul-0

0

Set

-00

Nov

-00

Jan-

01

Mar

-01

Mai

-01

Jul-0

1

Set

-01

Nov

-01

Jan-

02

Mar

-02

Mai

-02

Jul-0

2

Set

-02

Nov

-02

Jan-

03

Mar

-03

Mai

-03

Jul-0

3

Set

-03

Nov

-03

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

Air

-15 cm

-25 cm

-40 cm

-50 cm

-90 cm

-100 cm

-190 cm

-230 cm

Bedrock

Diamicton

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

seasonFreezig

dtTaTfIa/

)(

seasonFreezing

dtTsTfIs/

)(

Ia

IsN

Obtained by direct monitoring of soil surface temperatures

Obtained by regression with air temperature from Mountain Hut

n-Factor indexes for the freezing period (2000)

y = 0.7865x

R2 = 0.9907

y = 0.9743x

R2 = 0.9973

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Ia

Is

Reina Sofia Hill Radio Col Linear (Reina Sofia Hill) Linear (Radio Col)

n-Factor indexes for the freezing period (2000)

y = 0.5496x

R2 = 0.9826

y = 0.8267x

R2 = 0.9945

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Ia

Is

SAS Snow patch SAS Beach Linear (SAS Snow patch) Linear (SAS Beach)

Bedrock

Diamton

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

Site 5

Site 6

Site 7

Reina Sofia

Mountain hut 1

Mountain hut 2

SAS snowpatch

SAS beach

Col near Radio Hill

Hurd glacier

Patt. ground (gravel)

Bedrock

Bedrock

Silty-sandy deposit

Cobbles

Frost shatt. gravel

Snow/Ice

Type of surfaceLocation

274

165

140

25

15

115

332

Alt. (m)

30

0

0

40

0

0

160

Snow-depth (cm)*

* - in the moment of recovery of the dataloggers (10/12/95).

** - Modelled with the regression based in the data from 2000.

260

250

250

180

220

260

Depth FF (cm)

1267

1147

1163

585

900

1217

Is (ºC)

0.79

0.84

0.92

0.55

0.83

0.97

n-Factor

0.551068 -

1507

1291

1245

1053

1037

1201

Ia (ºC)**

1631

Monitoring sites and synthesis of the temperature data (March-October 1995)

16 23 31 38 45 52 60 66 74 818895 1021091170 1100 2200 3300 m

MJ/m2

DECEPTION ISLAND

NET RADIATION BALANCE (MJ/m2)

(20-26/12/998)

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF PERMAMODEL

LONG-TERM MONITORING OF PERMAFROST AND ACTIVE LAYER TEMPERATURESIN LIVINGSTON AND DECEPTION ISLANDS

INVESTIGATION OF THE FACTORS CONTROLLING GROUND TEMPERATURES

TRANSIENT MODELLING OF GROUND TEMPERATURES AND PERMAFROST FROM CLIMATE DATA

INVERSE MODELLING OF CLIMATE SIGNALS FROM GROUND TEMPERATURE DATA

SPATIAL MODELLING OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF PERMAFROST

Workshop on Antarctic Permafrost and Soils, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 15-19 November 2004

TENTATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF THE FIELD ACTIVITIES

2005/06

INSTALLATION OF GROUND SURFACE TEMPERATURE DATALOGGERS (BTS)

INSTALLATION OF DATA LOGGERS FOR SHALLOW ROCK TEMPERATURE MONITORING

COLLECTION OF DATA FROM THE SHALLOW BOREHOLES

2006/07

DRILLING

INSTALLATION OF DEVICES FOR MONITORING SNOWCOVER AND SNOW THICKNESS

COLLECTION OF DATA FROM THE SHALLOW BOREHOLES

2007/08/09

FIELD DATA COLLECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE EQUIPMENT