PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system....
Transcript of PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system....
![Page 1: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Peripheral
Nervous System
![Page 2: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Four Basic Types of Tissues in
the Body
-----------------------------------------------
Epithelium (90% of tumors) Connective Tissue
Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue
![Page 3: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Objectives
Overview of the central and characteristics of the peripheral nervous system
Characteristics of neurons and support cells
Organization of peripheral nerves
![Page 4: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Nerve is
like
Epithelium
Origin of nerve is
ectoderm
like epidermis
(epithelium) of skin
![Page 6: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nervous Tissue
Functions: specialized for
the transmission, reception,
and integration of
electrical impulses
Distinguishing features: Neurons – very large excitable cells with long
processes called axons and dendrites. The axons make contact with other neurons or muscle cells at a specialization called a synapse where the impulses are either electrically or chemically transmitted to other neurons or various target cells (e.g., muscle). Others secrete hormones.
![Page 7: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Glial cells – the supporting cells of nervous
tissue.
Nerves – collections of neuronal processes
bound together by connective tissue. Axons
may be coated by a myelin sheath
(“myelinated”) or simply protected by being
cradled in an indentation of a glial cell
(“unmyelinated”).
Nervous tissue
![Page 8: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Nervous tissue
Distribution: comprise the
central nervous system.
Individual peripheral nerves
are found throughout the
body. Individual neurons
and clusters of neurons
(called ganglia) are found in
most organs.
![Page 9: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Function of the Nervous System is
Communication
Dependent upon special signaling
properties of neurons
Long processes of neurons (e.g., 1 meter
motor neuraxon)
![Page 10: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Function of the Nervous System is
Communication
Characteristics of neurons
Irritability - protoplasm capable to react to various physical and chemical agents
Conductivity - ability to transmit the resulting excitation from one locality to another
![Page 11: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Types of Nerves
![Page 12: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Nervous System
Central nervous system (CNS)
– Brain and spinal cord
– Neurons and support neuroglia
![Page 13: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Nervous System Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
All nervous tissue (neurons, support cells, and axons)
outside the brain and spinal cord
![Page 14: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Activity of the Nervous System
Information
• Receive: receptors afferent pathway
• Process: CNS (centralization is
paramount)
• Transmit: efferent pathways effect
Voluntary (conscious ) = somatic
Involuntary = autonomic
• Sympathetic - fight or flight
• Parasympathetic - vegetative
![Page 15: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cells and Functions of the
Nervous System
CNS PNS Function
astrocytes (BBB) satellite cells ion exchange
oligodendrocytes Schwann cells myelin
production
microglia --- phagocytosis
![Page 16: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes Microglia
![Page 17: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Schwann cells - Myelin
![Page 18: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cells of the Nervous System
![Page 19: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Neuronal Structure / Function
Structure
• Perikaryon (soma, cell body)
• Axon hillock - site of beginning of axon
• Dendrites - reception
• Axon (nerve) - transmission
![Page 20: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Neuronal Structure / Function
![Page 21: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Neuronal
Structure
/ Function
![Page 22: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgIaAs
_ONG4
![Page 23: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Neuronal Structure / Function
![Page 24: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
NEURONAL STRUCTURE / FUNCTION
Axonal transport
Anterograde - toward terminal - kinesin
Retrograde - toward cell body - dynein
• Tetanus toxin
• Neurotropic viruses (herpes and rabies) use path to get to cell
body in CNS
![Page 25: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Neuronal Structure / Function
![Page 26: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Neuronal Structure/Function
![Page 27: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Function of Myelin
Increase speed of condition
– 1 meter/sec TO 120 meters/sec
High-resistance low capacitance
– Insulator
Protection of axon
Possible nutritional role
Direct regenerating axons
![Page 28: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Schwann Cell
Structure /
Function
Most peripheral nerves are
myelinated
1 Schwann cell/1 axon for
location
Formation of myelin sheath
• Nodes of Ranvier
• Schmidt-Lantermann clefts
• Neurokeratin network
![Page 29: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Schwann Cell Structure / Function
![Page 30: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Node of Ranvier
![Page 31: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Node of Ranvier
![Page 32: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Myelination and
Schwann Cells
![Page 33: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifD1YG07fB8&feature=related
![Page 34: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Organization of Peripheral
Nerves
Ganglia - collections of nerve cell bodies
Smooth muscle Smooth muscle
![Page 35: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Remember Connective Tissue
Layers of Skeletal Muscle
Epimysium, Perimysium, and Endomysium
![Page 36: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Organization of Peripheral Nerves
Nerve fibers - axons invested by connective tissue
Epineurum - surrounding entire nerve
Perineurum - surrounding fascicles –
constitutes the PNS blood barrier via tight
junctions between fibroblasts
Endoneurum - between individual nerve axons
![Page 37: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Organization of Peripheral Nerves
![Page 38: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
PERINEURUM
![Page 40: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Organization of Peripheral Nerves
PERINEURUM
![Page 41: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic
- Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic
- Vegetative
![Page 42: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Nerve Endings – Synapses
(Efferent Pathways)
Types
– Electrical: gap junctions, slow ion exchange
between cells, not common in mammals
– Chemical: rapid plus or negative response
Characteristics
– Synaptic vesicles (neurotransmitters)
– Synaptic cleft
Motor End Plate
![Page 43: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Synapses
Motor
End Plate
![Page 44: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Nerve Endings – Synapses (Efferent
Pathways)
![Page 45: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Nerve Endings –
Synapses
![Page 46: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Synapses
![Page 47: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Synapses
![Page 48: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Synapses
![Page 49: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Neuroactive Substance
Neurotransmitters - Acetylcholine
Neuromodulators - Receptor Coupled and Second Messenger
Neurohormone - Serotonin, GABA slow but widespread effect
![Page 50: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Innervation of Muscle
![Page 51: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Ne
uro
tra
ns
mit
ter
Ve
sic
les
![Page 52: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Physiological Events at the
Synapse
Arrival of Action Potential
Opening of
Voltage-Gated ion channels for Ca++ to enter terminal
Influx of Ca++
![Page 53: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Physiological Events at the
Synapse
Influx of Ca++ triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitters from docked vesicles
Transmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft
![Page 54: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Physiological Events at the
Synapse
Transmitter binds to
receptors on post-
synaptic membrane
Receptor binding causes
ion channels to open to
Na+ and causes
depolarization
![Page 55: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Physiological Events at the
Synapse
Depolarization (equal Na+ inside and outside)
Depolarization – Stimulation
Hyperpolarization – Inhibition
Removal of transmitter
![Page 56: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Summary of the Physiological Events at
the Synapse
• Arrival of action potential
at axon terminal
• Opening Ca++ channels
• Influx of Ca++ into axon
terminal
• Exocytosis of neurotransmitter
• Diffusion of neurotransmitter across synaptic cleft
• Binding of neurotransmitter to receptors on target cell
• Opening of Na+ channels causing depolarization of target
cell
• Removal of neurotransmitter
![Page 57: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Vesicle Membrane is Recycled
![Page 59: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Cycling of the Membrane
![Page 60: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Cycling of the Membrane
![Page 61: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Cycling of the Membrane
![Page 62: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Synapses
![Page 64: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Types of Synapses
![Page 65: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Anodendritic Synapses
![Page 66: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70DyJwwFnkU&NR=1
![Page 67: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Receptors
Receptors (Afferent Pathways)
• Neuromuscular Spindles
• Pacinian Corpuscles
• Meissner’s Corpuscles
![Page 68: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Receptors
Receptors (Afferent Pathways)
Neuromuscular Spindles
![Page 69: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Receptors
Pacinian Corpuscles
![Page 70: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Receptors Meissner’s Corpuscles
![Page 71: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Receptors Meissner’s Corpuscles
and other important corpuscles
![Page 72: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Inner Ear
![Page 73: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
OLFACTORY
![Page 74: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Receptors
Su
mm
ary
![Page 75: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Nerve Endings - Synapses
(Efferent Pathways) Summary
![Page 76: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Regeneration of Axons
![Page 77: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM · Nervous tissue Distribution: comprise the central nervous system. Individual peripheral nerves are found throughout the body. Individual neurons and clusters](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071415/610f3cd9acb39051e23f1d7f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)