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Performance of bed planting system on water productivity, soil physical properties and yield of wheat

crop

Presented byVIPIN KUMAR SAGAR

Id. No. - 2670Ph.D. (AGRONOMY)

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMYSARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF

AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P)

SEMINARon

INTRODUCTION Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the second most important cereal crop of

India. The total area of wheat in the world is around 222.6 mha. The total production 716.10 mt. The average world productivity is 32.2 q/ha. (USDA, 2014). In India it covers an wheat area of 31.2 mha. The total production of 95.90 mt. The total average productivity of 30.80 q/ha. (USDA, 2014). In India, U.P. having first rank in production (30.25 mt) and area (9.96 mha). The Punjab having first rank with 48.48 q/ha. UP fourth rank with 30.38 q/ha yield.

(Directorate of Economics and Statistics Government of India, 2014).

31.2

24.1

23.818.7113.8

9.38.836.8

5.313.22

53.85IndiaChinaRussiaUnited stateAustraliaCanadaPakistanIranfranceGermanyOther

Source: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2014.

Country wise area of wheat in the world (mha)

126

95.9

5955.238.728

26

25.6

24.5

13

151.63ChinaIndiaRussiaUnited statefranceCanadaAustraliaGermanyPakistanIranOther

Source: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2014.

Country wise production of wheat in the world(mt)

Source: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2014.

Country wise productivity of wheat in the world (q/ha)

79.5

73

52.330.830.1

29.5

27.724.819.01 18.8

GermanyfranceChinaIndiaCanadaUnited statePakistanRussiaIranAustralia

Uttar P

radesh

Mad

hya Pra

desh

Punjab

Rajasth

an

Harya

naBihar

Gujarat

Mah

arash

tra

Himac

hal Pra

desh

Uttara

khand

Other0

2

4

6

8

10

12

9.96

5.8

3.62.9

2.5 2.261.4 1.1

0.3800000000000020.35 0.3

Area (million hectares)

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES), Government of India, 2014.

States wise area of wheat in India (mha)

Uttar P

radesh

Punjab

Madhya Pra

desh

Haryana

Rajasthan

Bihar

Gujarat

Mahara

shtra

West

Ben

gal

Uttara

khandOther

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

30.3

17

13.911.8

8.9

5.13.7

1.60.9400000000000010.8400000000000011.85

Production (miilion tannes)

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES), Government of India.2013-14

States wise production of wheat in India (million tonnes)

Punjab

Haryana

Rajasthan

Uttar P

radesh

West

Ben

gal

Gujarat

Uttara

khand

Madhya Pra

deshBihar

Jharkhand

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

48.48 47.22

31.75 30.3828.02 27.03

24.25 24.05 22.5120.58

Productivity (q/ha)

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES), Government of India, 2014.

States wise productivity of wheat in India (q/ha)

Planting pattern

Grain yield (kg/ha)

Biological yield (kg/ha)

Harvest index (%)

Water productivity

(kg/m-3)

B75-2 4429 11925 37.20 1.52

B75-3 4560 11703 39.29 1.53

B90-2 4357 12026 36.27 1.63

B90-3 6180 14575 42.49 2.25

B90-4 4890 13398 36.67 1.75

Flat planting 5282 15151 35.11 1.26

CD (P=0.05)

343 917 2.43 0.11

Kumar et al., 2010 (Hisar)

Yield and water productivity of wheat as influenced by planting patterns

Comparison of yield and water use efficiency for raised bed versus flat irrigation/planting methods of wheat

Fahong et al., 2002 (China)

Variety Planting method

Irrigation water

applied (m3/ha)

Grain yield(kg/ha)

Total water available (m3/ha)

Water useefficiency(kg/m-3)

Jimai 19Bed 1500 6900 3543 1.96

Flat 1800 6415 3843 1.67

Yannong 19Bed 1500 7065 3543 1.99

Flat 1800 5799 3843 1.51

Mean - 6544 1.78

LSD (P=0.05)

- 375 0.29

Grain yield and water productivity of wheat under bed planting (FIRBS)

Planting Methods

Grain yield (q/ha) Water productivity (kg/m-3)

2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12

Conventional 41.61 47.19 5.03 2.51

Bed (FIRB) 42.33 49.33 6.30 3.05

Singh et al., 2015 (Hisar)

Effect of bed planting system on water productivity of wheat

Planting methods

Grain yield(t ha–1)

Straw yield(t ha–1)

Water productivity (kg/m-3)

2002-03 2003-04 2002-03 2003-04 2002-03 2003-04

PLRB 5.00a 5.19a 6.00a 6.23a 1.90a 2.39a

TLRB 4.60b 4.74b 5.30b 5.44b 1.38b 1.65b

PLFB 4.60b 4.78b 6.20a 6.41a 1.31b 1.56c

TLFB 4.30c 4.42c 5.50c 4.60c 0.82c 1.03d

Means with the same letters are not significantly different at P = 0.05.Jat et al., 2011 (Modipuram)

Effect of bed planting on water productivity for wheat (2000–01 to 2003–04)

Basin Raised Bed02468

101214161820

11.7

17.6

Hassan et al., 2004 (Pakistan)

WP (kg/ha/mm)

Effect of bed planting on tiller density, grain yield and water use efficiency of wheat

Treatment Emergence(m−2)

Tiller density(m−2)

Grain yield

(t ha−1)

WUE (kg

ha−1 cm−1)

Flat sowing (pre-sowing irrigation) 173 425 4.20 99

Bed sowing (pre-sowing irrigation) 156 393 3.99 97

Bed sowing (dry sown) followed by irrigation 176 474 4.52 110

Bed sowing(sown after applying irrigation to dry beds)

167 427 4.21 103

LSD (0.05) 13.3 44.1 0.32 -

Kaur, 2003 (Ludhiana)

Effects of bed planting on yield and yield -attributes wheat with different bed width

Bed width Determined rows

Grains/spike Grain weightper spike (g)

1000-grainweight (g)

Yield(kg/ha)

60 cm3 rows

Edge rows 29.62 1.74

58.17 5524Middle rows 20.37 1.22

75 cm4 rows

Edge rows 29.05 1.79

58.80 5752Middle rows 24.82 1.53

90 cm5 rows

Edge rows 30.12 1.81

58.56 5502Middle rows 21.12 1.36

Zhongming et al., 2003 (China)

Yields of wheat in bed planting system

Treatments Layout Grain yield (t ha-1)

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Mean

CTW Flat 4.78 3.75 3.78 4.10

WB fresh beds 6.12 5.61 5.87 5.86

DDWB Perm. beds 4.26 4.01 3.02 3.52

Singh, 2005 (Ludhiana)

Yield and yield-attributes of wheat as influenced by planting patterns

Planting pattern

Plant height (cm)

Ear length (cm)

No. of spikes/m2

No. of spikelets/

spike

No. of grains/spike

Grain yield

(kg/ha)

B75-2 95.63 9.83 344.5 17.11 49.62 4429

B75-3 90.85 8.71 386.3 15.25 39.67 4560

B90-2 97.66 9.04 333.2 19.55 56.71 4357

B90-3 95.44 9.72 445.7 18.66 53.20 6180

B90-4 95.44 8.83 384.7 16.29 39.92 4890Flat planting 97.18 10.04 426.1 17.92 48.40 5282

CD (P=0.05) 1.21 0.36 19.84 0.59 1.60 343

Kumar et al., 2010 (Hisar)

Effect of planting method on yield attributes of wheat

Method of planting

Plant height 90 DAS

(cm)

No. of effective tillers/m

Ear length (cm)

No. of spikelets/

spike

No. of grain/spike

1000 grain

weight (g)

FIRBS 79.5 78.5 9.9 17.1 44.2 49.9

Side sowing on ridges 72.4 69.2 9.5 15.8 41.8 42.1

Conventional 71.3 55.2 8.7 15.5 35.5 40.0

CD (P=0.05) 6.48 21.81 0.44 1.28 3.99 6.28

Idnani and Kumar, 2012 (New Delhi)

Yield attributing characters and wheat yield as influenced by planting method

Planting method

Spikes m-1

Grains spike-1

Test weight (g)

Grain yield (t/ha)

2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05

Zero till 68.10 73.36 46.78 47.07 43.30 45.01 3.29 3.53

Rota till 76.65 81.53 49.04 49.58 44.83 45.97 3.63 3.86

Bed planting 89.01 92.25 50.82 51.52 45.87 46.84 3.75 4.20

Conventional method 74.26 77.59 47.51 48.17 44.13 45.09 3.44 3.79.

CD (P=0.05) 6.69 3.47 2.61 2.44 NS NS 1.79 4.59 Maurya and Singh, 2008 (Faizabad)

Effect of Basin and Raised beds planting on yield of wheat

Hassan et al., 2004 (Pakistan)

Effect of planting system on yield of wheatPlanting system

Grain yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) Harvest index (%)

2007-08

2008-09 2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09

Conventional 41.15 43.80 57.48 58.20 41.68 42.90

FIRB 45.59 48.73 59.94 62.18 43.16 43.96

SEm± 0.668 0.548 0.800 0.546 0.248 0.289

LSD (P=0.05) 1.914 1.569 2.291 1.563 0.814 0.828

Meena et al., 2013 (New Delhi)

Effect of bed planting system on Grain yield of wheat

Planting methods

Grain yield (t/ha)

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Mean

Flat 3.30 3.45 3.08 3.28

Fresh beds 3.75 3.80 3.45 3.67

Perm. beds 3.70 3.23 2.63 3.19

Gill and Rehman, 2004 (Pakistan)

Effect of different planting methods on yield attributes and yield

Variety Plantingmethod

Spikes/ m2

Grains/ spike

1000-Grain weight

(g)

Grain yield

(kg/ha)

Yield increase

(%)

Harvest index(%)

Jimai 19 Bed 453 43.1 38.7 6195

10.0

0.40

Flat 448 39.8 36.0 5629 0.40

Yannong 19 Bed 633 36.1 36.3 6765

13.4

0.42

Flat 616 32.2 34.1 5965 0.41

LSD (P=0.05) 28 2.0 1.8 312 0.15

Fahong et al., 2002 (China)

Effect of planting method on yield and yield attributes of wheat

Method of planting Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Grain yield

(t ha-1)

Straw yield

(t ha-1)

Bed width (cm)

Rows bed-1

2002

70 2 97.3 a 13.9a 2.85a 5.44bc

70 3 97.3a 13.7a 2.82a 6.11a

80 2 96.8a 13.4ab 2.54bc 4.78d

80 3 97.0a 13.2ab 2.65b 5.41c

90 2 97.2a 12.6bc 2.26d 4.90d

90 3 97.3a 12.5bc 2.43c 5.65b

Conventional 85.1b 12.0c 5.46bc 2.35dc

Mollah et al., 2003) Cont..Different letters differ significantly at (P<0.05)

Method of planting Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Grain yield (t ha-1)

Straw yield (t ha-1)

Bed width (cm)

Rows bed-1

2003

70 2 99.9b 14.3a 3.34a 6.02b

70 3 101.2ab 14.1a 3.28a 6..44a

80 2 102.3a 13.4ab 2.78bc 5.44d

80 3 102.4a 13.3ab 2.87b 5.77c

90 2 102.2a 13.1ab 2.64c 5.20e

90 3 101.8a 12.8b 2.67bc 5.54d

Conventional 91.9c 12.3b 2.81bc 6.35a

Mollah et al., 2003 (Bangladesh)Different letters differ significantly at (P<0.05)

Yields of wheat on flats and raised beds in replicated experiments at locations across North-Western India

Location Grain yield (t ha−1) Reference

Flat Raised bed

Delhi 4.93 4.99 Kumar & Mishra (2001)

Haryana 5.67 5.50 Singh (1995)

Haryana 4.83 5.07 Yadav et al. (2002)

Punjab 5.45 5.67 Kaur (2000)

Punjab 3.48 3.68 Kumar (2002)

Punjab 4.22 4.37 Dhillon et al. (2000)

Uttaranchal 5.00 5.19 Hobbs (2001)

Ram et al., 2005 (Ludhiana)

Effect sowing methods on economics of wheat

Method of sowing

Grain yield (tonnes/ha)

Cost of cultivation

(Rs/ha)

Gross income(Rs/ha)

Net return (Rs/ha)

B:C ratio

FIRBS 4.765 10289 41875 31586 3.07

Side sowing on ridges 3.726 9693 37897 28204 2.91

Conventional 3.531 11040 35768 24728 2.24

CD (5%) 0.3427 - - 2250 0.126

Idnani and Kumar, 2012 (New Delhi)

Effect planting methods on economics of wheat

Planting method

Gross cost(Rs/ha)

Gross income(Rs/ha)

Net income (Rs/ha) B:C Ratio

FIRB 17045 49537 32492 1.90

Conventional 18134 40425 22291 1.22

Hassan et al., 2004 (Pakistan)

Effect of bed planting on wheat, water use efficiency and soil physical properties

Treatment Grain yield (q/ha)

Total water applied

(cm)

WUE (kg/ha-

cm)Bulk density

(g/cm3)

Zero tillage 41.60 30.80 135.06 1.49

Bed planting 46.30 26.00 178.07 1.40

Conventional tillage 42.40 32.40 130.86 1.41

CD at 5% 0.68

Goel and Verma, 2005 (Karnal)

Effect of planting method on soil properties, grain yield, water use and water use efficiency of wheat

Plantingmethod

Bulk density(0–10 cm)(mg m−3)

Infiltration rate

(cm h−1)

Grain yield

(t ha−1)

Water applied

(cm)

WUE(kg ha−1

cm−1)

Raised bed 3 rows/bed 1.35 0.83 5.31 21.4 186

Conventionalsowing 1.42 0.62 5.09 24.9 157

LSD (0.05) 0.05 NS 0.37 - 27

Aggarwal and Goswami, 2003 (New Delhi)

Cont..

Planting system

Soil moisture (mg/m3)

Infiltration rate (cm/hr)

Penetration resistance (MPa)

At sowing

At harvest

At sowing At harvest At sowing At harvest

Bed planting 1.35 1.50 2.1 0.83 0.08 0.36

Conventional planting 1.42 1.53 1.6 0.62 0.14 0.38

CD (P=0.05) 0.05 NS 0.6 NS 0.03 NS

Infiltration rate and penetration resistance of sandy-loam soil at sowing and harvest of wheat planted on beds and

conventionally

Agarwal and Goswami, 2003 (New Delhi)

Physical properties and wheat yield under various bed planting techniques

Treatments Bulk density

(Mg/m-3)

Water stable

aggregates>0.25 mm

(%)

AggregatePorosity

(%)

Grain yield (t/ha)

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

PLWB 1.44 82.8 43.2 5.15 5.20 5.35

TLWB 1.46 79.0 40.8 4.70 4.72 4.80

PLNB 1.45 81.9 42.7 4.95 5.00 5.15

TLNB 1.48 72.9 40.2 4.65 4.68 4.70

PLFB 1.49 80.3 41.3 4.75 4.77 4.85

TLFB 1.50 66.7 39.6 4.45 4.42 4.45

CD (P=0.05) 0.09 5.3 1.74 0.24 0.2 0.31Naresh et al., 2014 (Meerut)

Effect of sowing method on yield and soil physical properties of wheat

Method of sowing

Grain yield (tonnes/ha)

Straw yield (tonnes/ha)

Harvest index(%)

Bulk density(g/cm-3)

Cumulative infiltration

(cm/hr)

FIRBS 4.765 11.030 0.432 1.44 8.07

Side sowing on ridges 3.726 9.00 0.414 1.50 7.75

Conventional 3.531 8.827 0.400 1.47 7.89

CD (5%) 0.3427 1.4219 0.0241 0.02 0.15

Idnani and Kumar, 2012 (New Delhi)

Hassan et al., 2004 (Pakistan)

Cumulative infiltration at wheat harvest

Geometric mean saturated hydraulic conductivity data for PRBs and a normal seedbed.

Hamilton et al., 2005 (Australia)

Planting pattern

Bulk density at harvest (g cm-3) Cumulative infiltration

rate at harvest

(cm)

0-15 cm

15-30 cm

30-60 cm

ZT 1.57 1.61 1.56 18.50

CT 1.49 1.63 1.54 16.26

BT 1.48 1.63 1.58 16.79

Effect of different planting pattern on bulk density at different depth and cumulative infiltration rate at harvest of wheat

Singh et al., 2010 (Ludhiana)

Effect of bed planting system on water productivity and yield of wheat

In this method wheat is sown on Raised beds accommodating 2-6 rows of wheat.

Savings of about 40% irrigation water.Less water requirement by 30-40%.Enhance of water productivity.Decrease seed rate up to 40%.Save the 15-25% of total irrigation time with same

or enhance productivity.Increase yield up to 10%.

Naresh et al., 2011

Effect of bed planting systemon soil physical properties

Reduce field compaction. Reduce soil erosion.Reduce of the salt concentration.Reduction of soil crusting on the top of the bed. The improvement of soil aggregation aggregate

stability.Reduction the soil bulk density and increase

porosity of soil.Increase rate of infiltration.Improvement hydraulic conductivity of the soil.

Egball et al., 1996; Fahong et al., 2004

CONCLUSION Bed planting system for getting higher productivity on a sustained

basis in wheat crop.

Bed planting technique in wheat is superior over flat sowing in respect of productivity, input use efficiency and economic returns.

Bed planting system improve saving of water, and superior water productivity then conventional planting of wheat crop.

Bed planting system for getting higher infiltration rate, aggregate suability and aggregate porosity, hydraulic conductivity and low bulk density of the soil.

ThankYou