Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key...

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Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms Laurynas Biveinis Alexey Stroganov Percona fi[email protected]

Transcript of Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key...

Page 1: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key

Performance AlgorithmsLaurynas Biveinis Alexey Stroganov

Percona [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]
Page 2: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms

• Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite buffer

• Talk assumes familiarity, but feel free to interrupt

• What we learned

• What we did

• How we did it

Page 3: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

InnoDB buffer pool• Memory cache of disk data pages, sized by innodb_buffer_pool_size

• In-memory data pages accessible through several data structures

• 1) Page hash for lookup

(space_id; page_id) ?

Hash array Data page lists

Fold

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InnoDB buffer pool• 2) flush list for dirty page management. Dirtying:

Clean page

INSERT INTO foo VALUES(bar)

Dirty page, LSN = 42

Dirty page, LSN = 25 Dirty page, LSN = 32 Dirty page, LSN = 42Flush list tail:

Page 5: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

InnoDB buffer pool• 2) flush list for dirty page management. Flushing:

Dirty page, LSN = 5 Dirty page, LSN = 7 Dirty page, LSN = 12Flush list head:

Flush up to LSN 10

Clean page

Clean pageDirty page, LSN = 12

Flush list head:

Page 6: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

InnoDB buffer pool• 3) LRU list for deciding which pages to evict

• Preventing eviction for recently-used pages (making them young)

• innodb_old_blocks_pct, innodb_old_blocks_time

Dirty pageClean page Dirty page Clean page Clean page

Page access

Dirty pageClean page Dirty page Clean pageClean page

old young

Page 7: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

InnoDB buffer pool• 4) free list for having free space in the buffer pool

to read currently non-present pages. Reading:

Free page Free page Free page Free page Free page

Page read

Free page Free page Free page Free page

Clean page

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InnoDB buffer pool• 3/4) Evicting/flushing pages from the LRU list and putting

them on the free list (up to innodb_max_lru_scan_depth)

Dirty pageClean page Dirty page Clean page Clean page

Free page Free page Free page Free page

Dirty page Dirty page Clean page Clean page

Free page Free page Free page Free page Free page

LRU

free

LRU

free

Page 9: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

The doublewrite buffer

• innodb_doublewrite

• Protects again data loss in case of a crash in the middle of a page write

• Implemented by writing data pages twice

Page 10: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

The doublewrite bufferData page

Doublewrite buffer in disk

Data file

Doublewrite buffer in memory

Add

Flush

Write

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Page 11: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Buffer pool concurrency

flush list

LRU list

free listpage hash

misc.

buffer pool mutexflush list mutexpage hash latch

Page 12: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Buffer pool instancesflush list LRU list

free list

page hash

misc.

buffer pool mutexflush list mutexpage hash latch

buffer pool instance 0

flush list LRU list

free list

page hash

misc.

buffer pool mutexflush list mutexpage hash latch

buffer pool instance 1

Page 13: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Buffer pool instances• innodb_buffer_pool_instances

• Problem: some instances are cold and some are hot

• “First the accesses to the buffer pools is in no way evenly spread out.”

• http://bit.ly/bpsplit

• Six year-old quote, still relevant the same today

http://bit.ly/bpsplit
Page 14: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Concurrency in XtraDB

flush listpage hash

flush list mutexpage hash latch

LRU list

LRU list mutex

free list

free list mutex

misc

misc mutex / atomics

Patch contributed to MySQL, and merged in 8.0.0 http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=75534

http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=75534
Page 15: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

The concurrency solutions are compatible

flush listpage hash

flush list mutexpage hash latch

LRU list

LRU list mutex

free list

free list mutex

misc

misc mutex / atomics

buffer pool instance 0

buffer pool instance 1

flush listpage hash

flush list mutexpage hash latch

LRU list

LRU list mutex

free list

free list mutex

misc

misc mutex / atomics

Page 16: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Buffer pool mutexes are so 5.5

Improvement by the buffer pool mutex

split

Improvement by adaptive

flushing

Page 17: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

5.6+ changed things• In 5.5 and earlier: reduce mutex contention by X%,

observe TPS increase by ~X%

• Changing flushing heuristics is driven by performance stability, not necessarily by peak performance

• Pre-release Percona Server 5.6: reduce mutex contention by X%, observe TPS increase by ~0%

• What happened? InnoDB cleaner thread happened

Page 18: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Buffer pool / flushing concurrency in 5.5

Time Master thread Query thread 1 Query thread 2

flush list flush

flush list flush

flush list flush

access page

access page

LRU list flush

access page

LRU list flush

access page

Page 19: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Buffer pool / flushing concurrency in 5.6+

Time Cleaner thread Query thread 1 Query thread 2

flush list flush

flush list flush

flush list flush

access page

access page

LRU list flush

access page

LRU list flush

access page

LRU list flush

Page 20: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Buffer pool / flushing concurrency in 5.6+

• In 5.6+, code-level changes to reduce locking granularity are still relevant, but

• Increasing thread specialization means that…

• …flushing - including LRU - heuristics are very important now

Page 21: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

MySQL 5.7 multi-threaded flushing

LRU instance #0 flush list instance #0

LRU instance #1 flush list instance #1

LRU instance #2 flush list instance #2

coordinator thread

worker thread #0

worker thread #1

time0 s 1 s

LRU…

LRU…

LRU…

innodb_page_cleaners

Page 22: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

MySQL 5.7.11 OLTP_RW

Page 23: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

PFS data is incomplete

Page 24: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

MySQL 5.7.11 OLTP_RW

660 pthread_cond_wait,enter (ib0mutex.h:850), buf_dblwr_write_single_page (ib0mutex.h:850),buf_flush_write_block_low(buf0flu.cc:1096),buf_flush_page (buf0flu.cc1096),buf_flush_single_page_from_LRU (buf0flu.cc:2217), buf_LRU_get_free_block(buf0lru.cc:1401),...

631 pthread_cond_wait,buf_dblwr_write_single_page (buf0dblwr.cc:1213), buf_flush_write_block_low(buf0flu.cc:1096),buf_flush_page (buf0flu.cc:1096), buf_flush_single_page_from_LRU (buf0flu.cc:2217), buf_LRU_get_free_block(buf0lru.cc:1401),...

337 pthread_cond_wait,PolicyMutex<TTASEventMutex<GenericPolicy> (ut0mutex.ic:89),get_next_redo_rseg (trx0trx.cc:1185), trx_assign_rseg_low(trx0trx.cc:1278),trx_set_rw_mode (trx0trx.cc:1278), lock_table(lock0lock.cc:4076),...

http://buf0flu.cc
http://buf0flu.cc
http://buf0dblwr.cc
http://buf0flu.cc
http://buf0flu.cc
http://buf0flu.cc
http://trx0trx.cc
http://trx0trx.cc
http://trx0trx.cc
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631 pthread_cond_wait,buf_dblwr_write_single_page

Page 26: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Single-page flushing

Is free

page available?

Single-page flush

Take a free page from the free list

Query thread needs a free page

Yes No

Single-page doublewrite

Query thread has a free page

Page 27: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server innodb_empty_free_list_algorithm=backoff

Is free

page available?

Wait

Take a free page from the free list

Query thread needs a free page

Yes No

Single-page doublewrite

Query thread has a free page

Single-page flush

Page 28: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

MySQL 5.7 multi-threaded flushing

LRU instance #0 flush list instance #0

LRU instance #1 flush list instance #1

LRU instance #2 flush list instance #2

coordinator thread

worker thread #0

worker thread #1

time0 s 1 s

LRU…

LRU…

LRU…

free pages

Single page

flushes!

free pages

Page 29: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server 5.7 multi-threaded flushing

LRU flusher #0

LRU flusher #1

LRU instance #0 LRU instance #0 LRU…

free pages

LRU instance #1 LRU…

free pages

flush list instance #0

flush list instance #1

coordinator

worker #0

time0 s 1 s

flush…

flush…

Page 30: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server 5.7.10-3 OLTP_RW

Page 31: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server 5.7.10-3 OLTP_RW

2678 nanosleep (libpthread.so.0), … ,buf_LRU_get_free_block (buf0lru.cc:1435), ...

867 pthread_cond_wait,...,log_write_up_to(log0log.cc:1293),...

396 pthread_cond_wait,…, mtr_t::s_lock(sync0rw.ic:433), btr_cur_search_to_nth_level(btr0cur.cc:1022),...

337 libaio::??(libaio.so.1),LinuxAIOHandler::collect (os0file.cc:2325), ...

240 poll(libc.so.6),...,Protocol_classic::read_packet(protocol_classic.cc:810),...

http://buf0lru.cc
http://os0file.cc
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2678 nanosleep, …, buf_LRU_get_free_block

Page 33: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server 5.7.10-3 OLTP_RW flushers only

Page 34: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server 5.7.10-3 OLTP_RW flushers only

139 libaio::??(libaio.so.1),LinuxAIOHandler::collect (os0file.cc:2448), LinuxAIOHandler::poll(os0file.cc:2594),...

56 pthread_cond_wait,…,buf_dblwr_add_to_batch (buf0dblwr.cc:1111),…,buf_flush_LRU_list_batch(buf0flu.cc:1555), ...,buf_lru_manager(buf0flu.cc:2334),...

25 pthread_cond_wait,…,os_event_wait_low(os0event.cc:534),buf_flush_page_cleaner_worker(buf0flu.cc:3482),...

21 pthread_cond_wait, …, PolicyMutex<TTASEventMutex<GenericPolicy> (ut0mutex.ic:89),buf_page_io_complete (buf0buf.cc:5966), fil_aio_wait(fil0fil.cc:5754),io_handler_thread(srv0start.cc:330),...

8 pthread_cond_timedwait,…,buf_flush_page_cleaner_coordinator (buf0flu.cc:2726),...

http://os0file.cc
http://buf0dblwr.cc
http://buf0flu.cc
http://buf0buf.cc
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56 pthread_cond_wait, …, buf_dblwr_add_to_batch

Page 36: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Legacy doublewrite buffer: adding pages

Page 37: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Legacy doublewrite buffer: flushing buffer

Page 38: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Parallel doublewrite buffer: adding pages

Page 39: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Parallel doublewrite buffer: flushing buffers

Page 40: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server 5.7.11-4 OLTP_RW flushers only

Page 41: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server 5.7.11-4 OLTP_RW flushers only

112 libaio::??(libaio.so.1),LinuxAIOHandler::collect(os0file.cc:2455),...,io_handler_thread(srv0start.cc:330),...

54 pthread_cond_wait,…,buf_dblwr_flush_buffered_writes(buf0dblwr.cc:1287),…,buf_flush_LRU_list(buf0flu.cc:2341),buf_lru_manager(buf0flu.cc:2341),...

35 pthread_cond_wait, …, PolicyMutex<TTASEventMutex<GenericPolicy> (ut0mutex.ic:89), buf_page_io_complete(buf0buf.cc:5986), …, io_handler_thread(srv0start.cc:330),...

27 pthread_cond_wait,...,buf_flush_page_cleaner_worker(buf0flu.cc:3489),...

10 pthread_cond_wait,…,enter(ib0mutex.h:845), buf_LRU_block_free_non_file_page(ib0mutex.h:845), buf_LRU_block_free_hashed_page(buf0lru.cc:2567), …,buf_page_io_complete(buf0buf.cc:6070), …,io_handler_thread(srv0start.cc:330),...

http://buf0dblwr.cc
http://buf0buf.cc
http://buf0lru.cc
http://buf0buf.cc
Page 42: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server 5.7 OLTP_RW

Page 43: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Percona Server 5.7 OLTP_RW

Page 44: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

Summary: the 5.7 story• I/O-bound workloads: high demand for free pages,

provided by LRU batch flushing or single-page flushing

• Single-page flushes are bad, w/ and w/o doublewrite

• Removed it

• Made batch LRU flusher truly parallel

• Doublewrite buffer negates parallel flushing gains

• Made it parallel too

Page 45: Percona Server for MySQL 5.7: Key Performance Algorithms · Percona Server for MySQL 5.7 Key Performance Algorithms • Focus on the InnoDB: buffer pool, flushing, the doublewrite

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