Cognitive processes

Cognition

What is Cognition?Literally thinkingThe brains representations of information in the world around usThe way the mind processes this informationSensation Perception Cognition

Cognitive processesCognitive processes is about knowledge and the way people use their knowledge.The mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired, including perception and reasoning.Cognitive processes are the mental processes used by an individual to learn and retain information.

CognitionThe mental processes that are involved in perception, attention, memory, problem solving, reasoning, attitude and making decisions

Learning & Teachingabout ConceptsPerception and AttentionComplex CognitiveProcesses ProblemSolvingMemoryCreativity and attitude

PerceptionThe process by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of his environment

AttitudeA state of mind with a tendency to feel and behave in a particular way towards objects, people or events.

Memory is a constructive process through which we actively organize and shape information. Thinking and memory are flexible and capable of constant changethis can lead to errors.

Memory is our ability to encode, store, retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain. It can be thought of in general terms as the use of past experience to affect or influence current behaviour.

WE DONT SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.

If everyone perceived everything the same way, things would be a lot simpler-Moorhead & Griffin

PERCEPTION

*

WHAT IS PERCEPTION?

YOUR interpretation of reality after information/stimuli is Filtered out Selected Organized Defined .using YOUR existing

CONT..Knowledge Needs BeliefsValues Assumptions Attitudes.

DEFINITIONSSTEPHEN ROBBINS Perception is a process by which individuals organise and interpret the sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

FRED LUTHANSPerception is an important mediating cognitive process through which persons make interpretations of the stimulus or situation they are forced with.

PerceptionWhat Is Perception?The process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Why Is It Important?Because peoples behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important.

Why We Study PerceptionsTo better understand how people make attributions about events.We dont see reality. We interpret what we see and call it reality. The attribution process guides our behaviour, regardless of the truth of the attribution.

Perception You can see a white vase as figure against a black background, or two black faces in profile on a white background

What do you see?Now what do you see?

Perceptions vary from person to person.

Different people perceive different things about the same situation.

it basically refers to the manner in which a person experiences the world.

*

The key point is that perception can vary widely among individuals exposed to the same reality. One person might perceive a fast-talking salesperson an aggressive and insincere another, as intelligent and helpful. Each will respond differently to the salesperson.*

Sensation and PerceptionSensation is the immediate response of our sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and fingers) to basic stimuli (light, color, sound, odor, and texture).Perception is the process by which sensations are selected, organized, and interpreted.2-*

Difference between perception and sensationPerception is a complex mental process while sensation is simple process.Mind is less active in sensation as compared to perception.Memory too effects perception but not sensation.Perception is the next step to sensation.

*

The Perceptual ProcessSensationAn individuals ability to detect stimuli in the immediate environment.SelectionThe process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that have been sensed and to retain others for further processing.OrganizationThe process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for storage.TranslationThe stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted and given meaning.Organizational Behavior / Perception*

Organizational Behavior / Perception*Receiving Stimuli(External & Internal)Selecting StimuliExternal factors : Nature,Location,Size,contrast,Movement,repetition,similarityInternal factors : Learning,needs,age,Interest,Organizing Figure Background ,Perceptual Grouping( similarity, proximity,closure, continuity)ResponseCovert: Attitudes ,Motivation,FeelingOvert: BehaviorPerceptual ProcessInterpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping,Halo Effect, Projection

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

Perception is a three-stage process that translates raw stimuli into meaning.

Perceptual inputs

Stimuli

Perceptual throughputs

Receiving->Selecting->Organising->InterpretingPerceptual Outputs

Actions

Data selection is the first stage of the perception process.

This stage is more of an awareness process.

It consists five of our senses:

Perceptual selection is driven by internal and externalfactors.Internal factors include:Personality - Personality traits influence how a person selects perceptions. For instance, conscientious people tend to select details and external stimuli to a greater degree.Motivation - People will select perceptions according to what they need in the moment. They will favor selections that they think will help them with their current needs, and be more likely to ignore what is irrelevant to their needs.Experience - The patterns of occurrences or associations one has learned in the past affect current perceptions. The person will select perceptions in a way that fits with what they found in the past.

External factors include:Size - A larger size makes it more likely an object will be selected.Intensity - Greater intensity, in brightness, for example, also increases perceptual selection.Contrast - When a perception stands clearly out against a background, there is a greater likelihood of selection.Motion - A moving perception is more likely to be selected.Repetition - Repetition increases perceptual selection.Novelty and familiarity - Both of these increase selection. When a perception is new, it stands out in a person's experience. When it is familiar, it is likely to be selected because of this familiarity.

Perceptual organization

It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects.

Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the human brain. These are

Figure groundPerceptual groupingOrganizational Behavior / Perception*

Organization is followed after the data has been selected.

Organizing information and data, that have meaningful and understandable patterns, allows us to make sense in what we observe.

In other words we all perceive information that stand out over other information. No person can have the same sorting process.

PERCEPTUAL GROUPING

Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern.

It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn.

Some factors underlying grouping are-continuity-closure-proximity-similarity

Organizational Behavior / Perception*

The following factors are those that determine perceptual organization:Figure-ground - Once perceived, objects stand out against their background. This can mean, for instance, that perceptions of something as new can stand out against the background of everything of the same type that is old.Perceptual grouping - Grouping is when perceptions are brought together into a pattern.Closure - This is the tendency to try to create wholes out of perceived parts. Sometimes this can result in error, though, when the perceiver fills in unperceived information to complete the whole.Proximity - Perceptions that are physically close to each other are easier to organize into a pattern or whole.Similarity - Similarity between perceptions promotes a tendency to group them together.Perceptual Constancy - This means that if an object is perceived always to be or act a certain way, the person will tend to infer that it actually is always that way.

For some people this image may be represented as a side view of a dogs face.

Or it may be just a mountain.

Not everyone will organize their data in the same order.

Can you spot the face engraved in this mountain?

Lastly, we view the final perception process as the interpretation of perception.

Through our previous experiences we give meaning to the information that was sorted and organized.

From our memory we will take in new information, mix it with old and come up with new ideas through quick deductions.

Head of a Man

Horse Head

Factors That Influence PerceptionCharacteristics of the PerceiverValues and attitudesMotivesInterestsExperienceExpectations Characteristics of the TargetStructural beautyNovelty and FamiliarityMotion and ChangeRepetitionIntensitySoundsSizeContrast and BackgroundProximity Perceptual contextTimeWork settingSocial settingPerception

FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTIONPerception is influenced by a variety of individuals and situational factors. Any perceptual event has three components viz. a perceiver, the person perceived and the situational context in which the perception is occurring. Lets explore each of these under following headings :

1.Attributes of the person perceived2.Attributes of the perceiver and 3.Attributes of the situation.

ATTRIBUTES OF THE PERSON PERCEIVED

The first major influence on perception is of the target, that is the person perceived. In particular, the following attributes of target can be identified:

i)Physical appearanceii)Verbal and non verbal communicationiii)Statusiv)Occupationv)Personal characteristics

ATTRIBUTES OF THE PERCEIVERSeveral attributes unique to our personalities can affect how we see others. These include the following :i)Self conceptii)Cognitive structureiii)Attitude , interestiv)Previous experiencesV) Motives as well as expectations

ATTRIBUTES OF THE SITUATIONElements in the surrounding environment also influence perception process. Some of these are as follows :i)Social context ii)Location of event

*****22*Like computers we undergo stages of information processing in which we input and store stimuli. We receive external stimuli or sensory inputs on a number of channels. The inputs our five senses detect are the raw data that begin in the perceptional process.