PERCEPTION

NAME ROLL NO.

ANIL PANDAV 22

ANURAG AGARWAL 23

SHRUTI PODDAR 24

PRESENTED BY:-

“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE

ARE.”

MEANING OF PERCEPTION

The process by which people select, organize, interpret, retrieve, and respond to information.

Perceptions differ from person to person. Each individual perceives the same situation

differently. Individuals organize and interpret things based on their

past experiences and the important values they consider important.

Employees tend to behave and act on certain things on the basis of their perception.

DEFINITIONS

STEPHEN ROBBINS“ Perception is a process by which individual’s organize and interpret the sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.”

FRED LUTHANS“Perception is an important mediating cognitive process through which persons make interpretations of the stimulus or situation they are forced with.”

In general, it can be defined as “ a process that involves seeing, receiving, selecting, organizing, interpreting and giving meaning to the environment”.

Cntd…….

NATURE OF PERCEPTION

1. Perception is the process by which an individual gives

meaning to the environment.

2. It is a cognitive and psychological process.

3. People’s action, emotions, thoughts and feelings are

triggered by their perceptions.

4. Since perception refers to the acquisition of specific

knowledge about objects or events at any particular

moment, it occurs whenever stimuli activate the sense

organs.

5. Though perception has been defined in a variety of ways,

it basically refers to the manner in which a person

experiences the world.

6. Perception is an almost automatic process and works in

much the same way within each individual, yet typically

yields different perceptions.

7. A stimulus that is not perceived has no effect on behavior.

8. Perception is a process that operates constantly between

us and reality.

9. Since perception is subjective process, different people

may perceive the same environment differently. So

perception is like beauty, that lies in the eyes of the

beholder.

10. Perception involves the creation of gestalts.

11. Perception is a unique interpretation of the situation, not

an exact recording of the situation.

12. Perception is more complex and much broader than

sensation.

IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION Perception plays a very important role in shaping the

personality of an individual.

Perception is central in interpreting the world around us.

Perception affects the outcome of our behavior because we

act on the basis of what we see.

Managers should be able to distinguish between a perceived

world and the reality.

An understanding of perception is important to understand

and control the human behavior .

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

Characteristics of the perceiver.

Characteristics of the setting.

Characteristics of the perceived.

Characteristics of the perceiver.The perceptual process is influenced by the perceiver’s:• Past experiences.• Needs or motives.• Personality.• Values and attitudes.Characteristics of the setting.

The perceptual process is influenced by the

setting’s:

• Physical context.

• Social context.

• Organizational context.

Characteristics of the perceived.The perceptual process is influenced by characteristics of the perceived person, object, or event, such as:• Contrast.• Intensity.• Figure-ground separation.• Size.• Motion.• Repetition or novelty.

FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION

Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations

Perception

Factors in the perceived Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity

Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

Perceptual throughputs

Receiving->Selecting->Organizing->Interpreting

Perceptual Outputs

Actions

Perceptual

inputs

Stimuli

Simplified process of perception

Perceptual inputs – Objects, Events and people.

All those things in the setting where events occur or

contribute to the occurrence of events can be termed as

Perceptual inputs.

Perceptual Mechanism -involves three elements viz. selection

of stimuli, organization of stimuli and interpretation of

stimuli.

Perceptual outputs –Attitudes, Opinions, Feelings & Values.

The result is the “ BEHAVIOUR”

WHAT ARE COMMONPERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS?

Or PERCEPTUAL ERRORS

Stereotypes or prototypes.

Halo effects.

Selective perception.

Projection.

Contrast effects.

Self-fulfilling prophecy.

Stereotypes or prototypes. Combines information based on the category or class to

which a person, situation, or object belongs.

Cntd…….

Halo effects.

Occur when one attribute of a person or situation is

used to develop an overall impression of the individual

or situation.

Selective perception.

The tendency to single out those aspects of a

situation, person, or object that are consistent with

one’s needs, values, or attitudes.

Cntd……..

Projection.

The assignment of one’s personal attributes to other

individuals.

Projection can be controlled through a high degree of

self-awareness and empathy.

Contrast effects.

Occur when an individual is compared to other people

on the same characteristics on which the others rank

higher or lower.

Self-fulfilling prophecy.

The tendency to create or find in another situation or

individual that which one expected to find.

Managers should adopt positive and optimistic

approaches to people at work.

Cntd…….

HOW CAN THE PERCEPTUALPROCESS BE MANAGED?

Impression management.

A person’s systematic attempt to behave in

ways that create and maintain desired

impressions in others’ eyes.

Successful managers:

Use impression management to enhance

their own images.

Are sensitive to other people’s use of

impression management.

Distortion management.

Managers should:

Balance automatic and controlled

information processing at the attention and

selection stage.

Broaden their schemas at the organizing

stage.

Be attuned to attributions at the

interpretation stage.

Cntd…….