Penology and Eschatology in Plato's Myths (New Edition with Greek Annotation)

7/21/2019 Penology and Eschatology in Plato's Myths (New Edition with Greek Annotation)

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UFOJIJDP KOL F]MAK\JIJDP@O

UIK\J]CP\A]

(Ofw Fl`t`jo w`ta Drffb Koojtkt`jo)

ny

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Hjrfwjrl =

Urfhkmf 8Kmbojwifldfcfots 1

@.

(k)

TAK\ @] K CP\A:

Uiktj's ktt`tulf tjwkrls taf trkl`t`joki cytas 0

(n) \af prjnifc w`ta Uiktj's usf jh cyta ;=k-6>4f)

(k) ]yojps`s >>

(n) \af tr`kis kol tr`nuikt jos jh taf lfkl (6>=k-6>4f) >=

@@@. MJCCFO\K^P JO \AF UAKFLJ CP\A (;54m-;;6k)

(k) ]yojps`s 61

(n) \af gjurofy otj Aklfs (;54m-;51m) 60(m) Mjscjdrkpay kol aylrjdrkpay (;51m-;;=l) 80

(l) Guldfcfot kol pur`h mkt`jo (;;=l-;;6k) ;55

@X. MJCCFO\K^P JO \AF ^FUVNI@M CP\A (8;;l)

(k) ]yojps`s ;51

(n) Fr's gjurofy tj taf cfkljw (8;5(l) \af sp`olif jh Ofmfss ty (8;8l-8;4l) ;=;l) ;


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X@ .

(k)

MJCCFO\K^P JO \AF \@CKFV] CP\A (n-l, 05f-0>m)

]yojps`s ;05

(n) \af rfturo tj taf stkrs (n-l) ;05(m) \af okturf kol mkusf jh trkosc`drkt`jo (0;k-0>m). ;00

X@@. MJCCFO\K^P JO \AF IKT] (05=n-056l)

(k) ]yojps`s >50(n) \af trkoshjrckt`jo prjmfss hjr sjuis (05=n-056l) >50

X@@@. ]VCCK^P KOL @CUI@MK\@JO] JH \AF

MJCCFO\K^@F] >>8

@Q. UFOJIJDP KOL F]MAK\JIJDP @O \AF FKÎP UF^@JL

(k) \af fssfot`ki tafcfs jh taf Djrd`ks l`kijduf >==4

(m) ^ftr`nut`jo vfrsus rfhjrc ò taf Djrd`ks cyta >6;(l) âftjr`m kol `ts rfikt`jo tj taf Djrd`ks cyta >8;

Q. GV]\@MF KOL LF]@^@OD \AF DJJL @O \AF C@LLIF

UF^@JL

(k) Lfkta, lfs`rf kol pjst-cjrtfc puo`sacfot ò taf Uakflj >4;

(n) Gust`mf ò taf m`ty kol taf khtfri hf ò taf ^fpuni`m >108

Q@. ]@DO@H@MKO\ LFXFIJUCFO\] @O \AF IK\F UF^@JL

(k) Dfofs`s, sfoskt`jo kol trkosc`drkt`jo ò taf \`ckfus =;6

(n) ^fòmkrokt`jo kol rfn`rta ò taf \`ckfus kol Ikws =>8(m) Fsmaktjijdy kol pfojijdy o taf Ikws ==;

Q@@. ]VCCK^P KOL @CUI@MK\@JO] JH \AF UA@IJ]JUA@MKI

F]]KP] =


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=

HJ^FTJ^L

Cy mjomfro ò wr`tòd ta`s wjrb aks nffo tj jhhfr taf spfm`ki`st k usfhui

sjurmf njjb jo Uiktj's fsmaktjijd`mki cytas. @o ljòd ta`s, @ akvf huihìifl twj

mjomfros. H`rst, @ akvf jhhfrfl k paìjijd`mki òtfrprftkt`jo2 `.f. ko fxfdfs`s jo taf

ikodukdf, styif kol kutafot`m`ty jh taf cytas. ]fmjol, @ akvf jhhfrfl k

paìjsjpa mki òtfrprftkt jo2 `.f. k mr t`mki rfhifmt`jo jo taf mjotfot jh taf cytas.

Njta krf ofmfsskry tj lftfrcòf taf "prjnifcs jh mjos`stfomy", kol @ sakii kttfcpt

tj kllrfss tafsf prjnifcs usòd k afrcfofut`m cftajljijdy.;

@ òtfol tj lftfrcòf k oucnfr jh taòds. H`rst, ajw hkr Uiktj wks

òlfntfl tj jtafr sjurmfs, njta trkl`t`joki kol paìjsjpa`mki, kol ajw hkr af

òvfotfl mjscjijd`mki, n`jijd`mki, kol rfi`d`jus nfi`fhs tj su`t a`s jwo purpjsfs.

\j ta`s fol, @ wìi jhhfr k mjccfotkry styif rfklòd jo fkma jh taf fsmaktjijd`mkicytas. \af fxtfot jh taf`r jr`dòki`ty mko tafo nf kssfssfl2 tafrfny fokniòd k

l`stòmt`jo tj nf cklf nftwffo Uiktj's cytas, kol taf trkl`t`joki bòl jh wa`ma

af wks sj mr`t`mki. Cy sfmjol mjomfro, w`ta taf "prjnifcs jh mjos`stfomy", wìi

nf tj hjmus jo waftafr taf cytas miksa w`ta taf l`kijduf ò wa`ma tafy kppfkr, jr

; @ v`fw taf afrcfofut`m cftajl ks ko `c`tkt`jo jh taf l`kifmt`m prjmflurf jh taf

Uakflrus. ]uhh`mf `t tj sky, ò pkrkparksòd H. Kst, Fifcfots jh Drkcckr,

Afrcfofut`ms kol Mr`t`m`sc, jof mkoojt uolfrstkol k tfxt uoifss jof kokiysfs tafpkrts, kol tafsf mkoojt nf uolfrstjjl uoifss jof kokiysfs taf wajif. \af rfm`prjm`ty jhwajif kol pkrts suppjrts taf twj krcfl cftajl jh taf Uakflrus, ks ljfs taf m`rmuikr`ty

tafcf. K tafcf @ a`dai`dat ò taf ckò tfxt jh ta`s wjrb, kol k hfkturf @ mjos`lfr

fxpikòs taf mrfkt`vf prjmfss jh taf paìjsjpafrs cyta-ckbòd. \af drkcckt`mki kolpsymajijd`mki tafcfs ofmfsskry hjr ta`s kokiys s krf kisj fxpi`m t ò taf Uakflrus

cftajljijdy2 òkscuma ks l`kifmt`m lfkis w`ta lfhò`t`jos, kol wkrrkots ko kmmjuot jh

vkr`jus hfkturfs jh sjui.


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8=n, >86m->88m). Kljptòd ta`s cftajljijdy c`dat hkmì`tktf k nfttfr

uolfrstkolòd jh Uiktjs mrfkt`vf folfkvjur. @t c`dat kisj ìiucòktf cjrf mifkriy

wakt a`s purpjsf wks ò prjlumòd tafsf cytas. @o ljòd ta`s, @ sakii nf jni`dfl tj

h`rst jhhfr ko kmmjuot jh taf okturf jh sjui (>4;k). @ sakii tafo kttfcpt tj l`smfro `ts

kmt`jos, kol tafo lftfrcòf taf djki tj wa`ma `t sajuil nf l`rfmtfl (>4;n). Hòkiiy,

@ sakii sffb tj kokiysf taf fhhfmt kol utì`ty jh taf cytas (>4;n).

Dfofrki mjomfros kr`sf wafo jof pursufs ta`s pkrt`muikr cftajl, wa`maòv`tf spfmuikt`vf aypjtafsfs. Hjr fxkcpif, `ssufs kr`sf mjomfroòd waftafr Uiktj's

cytas wfrf s`cpiy wr`ttfo ks pfrsjoki krt`mifs jh hk`ta2 kisj, waftafr tafy sajuil

nf rfkl jo k i tfrki, kiifdjr mki, jr trjpjijd`mki ifvfi. Lj taf tfxts suddfst koy

kokdjd`mki, jr cyst`mki `cpi`mkt`jos, kol ajw lj suma tafcfs kol nfi`fhs

suppifcfot taf fta`m hjr i`vòd taf paìjsjpa`m i`hf: @o jtafr wjrls, tj wakt fxtfot

lj taf cytas sfrvf k pflkdjd`m utì`ty:

Dfofrkiiy spfkbòd, taf Djrd`ks, Uakflj, kol ^fpuni`m jhhfr cyta`mki

hòkifs tj l`kijdufs mjomfrofl w`ta i`vòd taf djjl i`hf. Juts`lf taf cyta`mki

mjotfxt, ]jmrktfs usfs a`s paìjsjpa`mki cftajl tj mr`t`mkiiy fvkiuktf vkr`jus

lfhò`t`jos jh djjl kol fvì. @lfkiiy, ta`s pfrsuklfs taf òl`v`luki tj rfkssfss wakt

tafy tajudat wks ò taf`r nfst òtfrfsts. @h taf cytas lj òlffl suppifcfot taf


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ckò cjrki krducfot jh k l`kijduf, tj wakt fxtfot lj tafy fohjrmf taf krducfots,

kol wakt krf taf spfm`h`ms jh ta`s: Lj tafy sfrvf tj njistfr paìjsjpay w`ta k

pr`ckrìy fcjt joki, jr k rkt joki kppfki, kol ajw ljfs ta`s kllrfss taf

òl`v`luki's ijod tfrc òtfrfsts:

\j nfdò taf kokiys`s, `t wìi nf ofmfsskry tj lfki w`ta Uiktj's sffcòdiy

kcn`vkifot ktt`tulf tj cytas, kol tj hijkt taf prfc`sf takt a`s jwo cytas sajuil nf

l`stòdu`safl hrjc taf trkl`t`joki bòl. Uiktj's mr`t`m`scs jh taf trkl`t`joki pjfts lj

ojt kppfkr tj lftfr a`c hrjc usòd taf cflùc kt strktfd`m pjòts luròd a`s jwo

wjrb. Takt `s `t, tafrfhjrf, wa`ma prfm`sfiy l`stòdu`safs Uiktj's cytas hrjc jtafr

cytas kol, tafrfhjrf, rfmjccfols tafc hjr usf: @o lfkiòd w`ta ta`s `ssuf, @ sakii

nf jni`dfl tj mr t`mkiiy kokiysf taf spfm h`ms jh fkma cyta ò lftkì. \a`s wìi nf ò

jrlfr tj kssfss taf l`hhfrfomfs kol s`cìkr`t`fs nftwffo trkl`t`joki kol Uiktjo`m

cytas, nfhjrf l`smussòd taf`r mjcpkt`nì`ty, jr jtafrw`sf, w`ta a`s v`fws ks tafy

krf mjotkòfl w`taò taf l`kijduf hjrc.


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U^FHKMF

]òmf taf n`rta jh paìjsjpay ò mikss`mki Drffmf, taf l`v`s`jo nftwffo

rfksjo kol taf pkss`jos aks ruo tarjuda taf a`stjry jh Tfstfro tajudat i`bf k

dfjijd`mki hkuit iòf. Pft pjpuikr kmmjuots jh ta`s l`v`s`jo, ò wa`ma taf 'twj

muiturfs' jh taf cjlfro sm`fomfs kol krts krf jhtfo kttkmafl tj taf twj pjifs,

usukiiy hkìs tj rfmjdo`sf taf fxtfot tj wa`ma jur murrfot kii tjj fksy kssjm`kt`jo jh

rfksjo w`ta òstrucfotki cfksurfcfot kol mkimuikt`jo `s k rfmfot mrfkt`jo. @h jof

rfturos tj Uiktj's wjrb, ajwfvfr, jof sjjo l`smfros taf mjcpifx`ty jh taf

òtfrkmt`jo nftwffo taf twj hkmuit`fs ò a`s drjuolnrfkbòd tajudat, ks wfii ks

nfòd prfsfotfl w`ta taf spfmtkmif jh k drfkt òtfiifmt njta makiifodòd kol

lfpijyòd taf rfsjurmfs jh k muiturf takt wks stìi prfljcòkotiy cyta`mkiiy

jr`fotktfl, kol wa`ma akl ojt lfvfijpfl taf huii oftwjrb jh luki`scs wa`ma wf

cjlfros akvf ks jur cfotki huro`turf. @t `s ljunthui `h koy krfk lfcjostrktfs ta`s ks

lrkckt mkiiy jr òtr`duòdiy ks Uiktj's akoliòd jh cyta, kol ò ta`s wjrb ].U. Tkrl

prjlumfs k a`daiy smajikriy kokiys s jh taf rjif jh cyta ò Uiktj, fxkcòòd taf

tfos jos òvjivfl ò Uiktj's tajudat ò a`s stktus ks njta mr`t m kol ckbfr jh

fsmaktjijd`mki cyta. @t `s tj Tkrl's drfkt jvfrkii mrfl`t takt lfsp`tf taf `ccfosf

wf`dat jh smajikrsa`p jo Uiktj, af ckokdfs tj nròd hjrwkrl dfouòfiy jr`dòki

mjos`lfrkt`jos ò njta taf a`stjr`mki kol systfckt`m ljckòs, lfpijyòd tjwkrls

taf fol ko òtfii`dfotiy syomrft`m kpprjkma tj pikmf a`csfih kcjodst Uiktj's mr`t`mki

hr`fols.

]trumturkiiy taf wjrb hkiis qu`tf ofktiy òtj twj akivfs. \af h`rst akih,

wa`ma hjmusfs jo òtfrprftkt`vf succkry jh taf cytas, jhhfrs pkòstkbòd kttfot`jo

tj fxpjs tjry lftkì, kol tafrf `s pifoty ò Tkrl's rfklòd afrf tj fodkdf taf

lfvjtfl Uiktj spfm`ki`st. D`vfo taf mfotrki`ty jh taf mjomfpts jh truta kol gust`mf ò


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taf stktf hjr Uiktj, kol fspfm`kiiy taf tfos`jos òvjivfl nftwffo truta kol

cytackbòd, sjcf cky nf surpr`sfl takt cjrf kttfot`jo wks ojt d`vfo tj taf

eojnif i`f' òvjivfl ò Uiktj's hjuolòd cyta jh taf ^fpuni`m, hjr waìst Tkrl

jvfrtiy w`safs tj mjomfotrktf jo fsmaktjijdy, jof c`dat akvf tajudat takt

mjos`lfrkt`jos jh pjst-cjrtfc gust`mf cust ijd`mkiiy prfsuppjsf taf `ssuf jh wakt

gust`mf ò taf `lfki rfpuni m kmtukiiy mjos sts ò kol taf `ssuf jh Uiktj's

(ò)mjos`stfomy afrf. ]uma nrjkl pjòts ks`lf, hjr ta`s rfklfr kol prjnkniy hjr jtafr

paìjsjpafrs kmrjss k w`lfr spfmtruc, `t `s w`ta taf mkrfhui kokiys`s jh taf sfmjol

akih takt taf wjrb rfkiiy dkòs k lyokc`m òtfiifmtuki l`rfmt`jo. \af kutajr `s kt a`s

nfst ò taf tajudathui kokiys s iòbòd taf cytas kol psymajijdy jh taf Uakflrus

kol^fpuni`m, waìst ò taf mkrfhui trfktcfot jh Uiktj's pfojijdy af sycpktaft`mkiiy

rfmjdo`sfs kol kttfcpts tj mr`t`mkiiy akrcjo`sf taf tfos`jos nftwffo Uiktj's

rftr`nut`vf kol rfhjrckt`vf kspfmts. \af òstòmts jh Uiktj taf drfkt paìjsjpa`m

systfc nuìlfr krf hjr l`kifmt`mkiiy lftfrcòfl truta kol taf rfhjrc jh taf aucko

sp`r`t, nut Uiktj taf cjrki`st`m jppjofot jh krn`trkròfss kol pjwfr knusf rfqu`rfs

rftr`nut`jo hjr taf pfrs`stfotiy rfmkim`trkot, kol k pur`h`fl cytajijdy tj òstì v`rtuf

ò taf ks yft uoakrcjo`jus sjui. Tkrl nròds tafsf l`hhfròd mjomfros ks mijsf tj

akrcjoy ks pjss`nif, waìst ojt ijsòd taf mr`t`mki l`stkomf offlfl tj rfmjdo`sf

taf`r òmjos`stfom`fs, kol a`s wjrb `s mjostrumt`vf kol ojtfwjrtay tj takt fhhfmt.Lr. U.A.D. ]tfpafos.


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KMBOJTIFLDFCFO\]

@ hkvjurfl taf Ijfn trkosikt`jos jh pr`ckry sjurmfs hjr wjrbs jtafr tako

Uiktj's. Mjomfroòd Uiktj spfm`h`mkiiy, @ òvkr`kniy mjosuitfl k oucnfr jh

trkosikt`jos, jr jhhfrfl cy jwo rfol`t`jo wafo k pkrt`muikr pksskdf jr wjrl mkusfl

prjnifcs. @ akvf prfsfotfl taf Djrd ks ks ko fkriy pfr jl wjrb, taf Uakflj,

^fpuni`m kol Uakflrus ks c`llif pfr`jl wjrbs, kol taf \`ckfus kol Ikws ks

nfijodòd tj taf iktf pfr`jl. \af Uakflrus aks nffo pikmfl khtfr taf ^fpuni`m luf

tj taf mursjry trfktcfot jh taf tr`pkrt`tf okturf jh taf sjui kol taf maj`mf jh i`vfs.

Ks tafsf `ssuf wfrf lfkit w`ta ò lfpta ò taf ^fpuni`m (


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MAKU\F^ @

TAK\ @] K CP\A:

(k)Uiktj's ktt`tulf tjwkrls taf trkl`t`joki cytas

Takt `s ko fsmaktjijd`mki cyta: K dfofrki lfhò`t`jo jh fsmaktjijdy mjuil

pfrakps nf jhhfrfl ks7 k ljmtr of jh lfkta, mjomfrofl w`ta taf guldfcfot jh sjuis,

kol `ts rfwkrls kol puo`sacfots ò njta afkvfo kol afii. \af wjrl jr`dòktfs

hrjc taf Drffb cfkoòd "ikst". \afrfhjrf, i`tfrkiiy, `t lfojtfs tajsfljmtròfs mjomfrofl w`ta taf ikst taòds. K dfofrki lfhò`t`jo jh `s akrlfr tj

jhhfr, ks `t `s prfdokot w`ta cfkoòd, nut `t c`dat nf lfhòfl ks "koytaòd wa`ma `s

lfi`vfrfl ny wjrl jh cjuta" (I]G). @ts jrki mjoojtkt`jos krf hurtafr kppkrfot `h `t `s

trkosiktfl ks "uttfrkomf", jr "sjcftaòd jof skys", pfrakps ks k spffma ò taf

puni m kssfcniy (I]G). \a`s lfvfijpfl iktfr òtj sjcftaòd sk`l w`taò taf mjotfxt

jh k stjry. \afrfhjrf, k prjv`s`joki lfhò`t`jo jh ko fsmaktjijd`mki cyta c`dat nf7

ko jrki kmmjuot, jr tkif, mjomfroòd tajsf ckttfrs rfikt od tj taf khtfri`hf.

K nr`fh dikomf kt wjrbs tarjudajut taf fkriy, c`llif kol iktf pfr`jl

l`kijdufs, suddfsts cytas wfrf uo`cpjrtkot hjr Uiktj. @o taf A`pp`ks Ckgjr

(>18k), Mrktyius (m), ]tktfscko (>81f, =5=n),

Uaìfnus (;


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fxtrkmt rkt`joki cfkoòd. \af rfksjo d`vfo `s takt `cprfss`joknif sjuis krf uoknif

tj l`stòdu`sa nftwffo wakt `s kol wakt `s ojt kiifdjr`mki (). @t `s jh

`cpjrtkomf, tafrfhjrf, takt `cprfss`joknif sjuis krf fxpjsfl tj taf hk`rfst stjr`fs ò

jrlfr tj òstì v`rtuf (=41f). Uiktj's rfckrbs fcpaks`sf afrf taf `cpjrtkomf jh

cytas ò flumktòd taf yjuod, kol taf `cpjrtkomf jh flumktòd tafc ò taf mjrrfmt

wky. @t afips a`c tj òtrjlumf taf v`fw takt taf mjotfot jh cytas sajuil ojt hjstfr

frrjofjus suppjs`t`jos mjomfroòd taf okturf jh taòds l`vòf7 f.d. takt k djjl Djl

`s rfspjos`nif hjr fvì kmts, jr takt aucko mr`cfs mko nf fxmusfl luf tj ta`s (=15n-

m). Uiktj rfksjos takt Djl `s djjl, kol mko joiy nf taf mkusf jh djjl taòds ò taf

wjril (=40m-l). Tf sajuil ojt, tafrfhjrf, kmmfpt taf trkl`t`joki v`fw takt Wfus

krn`trkrìy l`spfosfs njta "djjl kol fvì tj cjrtkis" (=40f). Ojr sajuil wf kmmfpt

taf v`fw jh Kfsmayius, hjr fxkcpif, takt puo`sacfots òhi`mtfl ny Djl krf

koytaòd jtafr tako r`datfjus kol djjl (=15k), jr òhi`mtfl ò koy wky jtafr tako

hjr jur nfofh`t (=15n). @olffl, l`vòf puo`sacfot `s k pjs`t`vf nfofh`t (=15n),

nfmkusf Djl s taf mkusf jh kii takt `s djjl kol ojt fvì (=15n).

Uiktj fcpaks`sfs takt taf trkl`t`joki pjfts sajuil ojt mik`c tj nf fxpfrts

knjut ckttfrs tafy ljo't rfkiiy uolfrstkol2 af prjv`lfs taf fxkcpif jh cfl`mòf, jr

lr`vòd k makr`jt ò taf @jo (6=4k hh.) ò suppjrt jh ta`s. Af pjrtrkys ]jmrktfs ks

krduòd takt fkma nrkoma jh taf krts `s l`hhfrfot, kol sj tj spfkb w`ta kutajr`tyknjut k pkrt`muikr krt rfqu`rfs spfm`ki`sfl bojwifldf (6=4m-f). K mkrpfotfr mkoojt

truiy uolfrstkol cfl`mòf tarjuda taf krt jh ckbòd huro`turf, ojr k ljmtjr

uolfrstkol huro`turf-ckbòd tarjuda prkmt`sòd cfl`mòf (6=4m-6=1n). \a`s `s

fqukiiy truf jh taf pjft's krt, wa`ma `s l`hhfrfot hrjc taf krt jh cfl`mòf kol

mkrpfotry (6=1n-l). \afrfhjrf, ikmbòd taf spfm`ki`sfl bojwifldf rfqu`rfl, taf pjft

mkoojt bojw taf truta mjomfroòd krts jtafr tako a`s jwo (6


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sbìis ks taf mrkhtscfo lj (85;k). I`bfw`sf, nfmkusf tafy ikmb taf bojwifldf

rfqu`rfl, pkrt`muikriy mjomfroòd ajw tj i`vf taf djjl i`hf, jr taf rfqu`rfcfots hjr

k djjl stktf, tafy krf uoknif tj prjlumf nfofh`m`ki rfsuits hjr taf m`t`zfos kol

djvfrocfots (600l). Afrf tafy krf guldfl ny wakt tafy prjlumf7 `.f. nfmkusf tafy

ikmb paìjsjpa`mki kmucfo, tafy krf pr`ckrìy cjt`vktfl ny k lfs`rf tj pifksf taf

cuit`tulf, kol wò pjpuikr`ty kol prfst`df (855l-f). \afy kma`fvf ta`s tarjuda taf

cus`m jh taf`r wjrls (85;n), kitajuda wafo tafsf wjrls krf kokiysfl, taf`r parksfs

krf prjvfo tj ikmb mrfl`nì`ty (85;n).

Kmmjrlòd tj taf fkri`fr Kpjijdy (>>m-l), taf pjft `s òsp`rfl tj

mjcpjsf, kol ta`s fotaus`ksc `s luf tj taf fhhfmt jh taf Cusf. Vohjrtuoktfiy, taf

pjft ljfs ojt bojw taf cfkoòd jh wakt aks nffo sk`l. \af @jo (6=


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òhiufomf jo pfjpif's makrkmtfrs. \rkd`m kol fp`m pjftry pjrtrky pfjpif ò stktfs jh

a`da fxm`tfcfot. \af rakpsjl`sts fxprfss taf`r fcjt`jos v`jifotiy, kol tafy lj sj

ò suma k wky ks tj fxm`tf taf kul`fomf's fcjt`jos. @o taf ^fpuni`m (856n),

ajwfvfr, suma tkifs fomjurkdf tajsf fifcfots ò taf pfrsjoki`ty takt c`dat

uolfrcòf rfksjo. Ujftry `s, tafrfhjrf, kijod w`ta jtafr suma krt`st`m cflùcs, ko

uowajifsjcf st`cuikt`jo jh taf pkss`jos. \afsf pkss`jos offl tj nf sungudktfl.

\af sungudkt`jo jh taf pkss`jos `s ofmfsskry sj takt taf òl`v`luki c`dat i`vf k

djjl kol akppy i`hf (858l). @t `s truf takt lrkckt`m pjftry `s fotfrtkòòd, nut

sfos`nif pfjpif sajuil rfojuomf taf`r ijvf hjr `t, ks `t mjuil nf psymajijd`mkiiy

lkckdòd (854k).

Uiktj's mr`t`m`scs jh cyta`mki kmmjuots, ò taf ikttfr pkrt jh taf ^fpuni`m

(855k hh.), lj ojt tkiiy w`ta a`s fkri`fr stktfcfots2 wafrf mfrtkò wjrbs jh krt krf

pfrc`ss nif, pkrt`muikriy h taf mjotfot s jh k mfrtk o sjrt (=0>k-k-=01f), `t mko nf sffo takt

ckoy cyta`mki kmmjuots krf kisj sk`l tj fxfrt k lkodfrjus òhiufomf jo taf cjrki

makrkmtfr. \a`s kisj òhiufomfs taf nfakv`jur2 ks taf `ccjrki rfprfsfotkt`jo jh

djls kol afrjfs c`dat tfcpt sjuis òtj taf `c`tkt`jo jh v`mf. \kbòd pkrt ò

rfm`tkt`jos c`dat kisj fxfrt k lkodfrjus òhiufomf, ks taf `ccjrki makrkmtfrs

(wa`ma òl`v`lukis c`dat akvf tj piky) c`dat nf akn`t-hjrcòd. Uiktj d`vfs

oucfrjus fxkcpifs jh taf bòl jh makrkmtfrs tj nf kvj`lfl. Af d`vfs fxkcpifs

suma ks sikvfs, òskof jr njksthui wjcfo, kol cfo nfakvòd w`ta mjwkrl`mf2waìst fvfo taf `c`tkt`jo jh ko`ckis, jr taf oj`sf jh r`vfrs `s tj nf l`smjurkdfl

(=06f-=08m). K su`tknif rfcfly `s, ajwfvfr, taf fxpjsòd jh sjuis tj lrkck takt

rfprfsfots makrkmtfrs pfrhjrcòd klc`rknif wjrbs7 makrkmtfrs suma ks afrjfs kol

djls2 hjr tafsf nfakvf ks cjrki fxfcpikrs (=08m,


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nf spfm kiiy mjcc ss jofl, nut taf pjfts waj rfhusf tj wr tf tafc cust nf lfkit

w`ta kmmjrlòdiy. H`rst, tafy cust nf trfktfl w`ta rfvfrfomf, nfòd kojòtfl w`ta

cyrra kol mrjwofl w`ta "hìifts jh wjji". \afy krf tafo tj nf fsmjrtfl tj taf

njrlfrs, kol khtfr nfòd takobfl drkm jusiy, tafy krf tj nf prjcptiy nko safl hrjc

taf m`ty (=01k-n, m, 405f-40;k). \af

psymajijd`mki fhhfmts krf lftk ifl fkri fr ò taf ^fpuni m, wafrf taf k`c `s tj

rflumf taf tr`pkrt`tf sjui tj k akrcjoy (=4


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A`s v`fws c`dat nf mjos`lfrfl

cjrf hkvjurkniy, ajwfvfr, ò taf i`dat jh taf uolfrstkolòd takt a`s pr`cf mjomfro

wks w`ta taf òhiufomf jh krt hjrcs jo taf `cprfss`joknif sjuis jh taf yjuod. @o taf

^fpuni`m, maìlrfo krf pkrt`muikriy sfos`t`vf tj `ckdfs jh v`rtuf kol v`mf, sj tafy

sajuil nf fxpjsfl joiy tj su`tkniy mrkhtfl `ckdfs jh v`rtuf (=41f). Fxpjsurf tj

uov`rtujus `ckdfs c`dat ifkl tj taf fcuikt`jojh tafc, kol tafrfhjrf fomjurkdf

uov`rtujus nfakv`jur (=06m-l). Afrf, `t `s mifkr Uiktj's strjod jngfmt`jos tj fx`stòd

cytas krf nksfl jo k mjomfro wa`ma hjmusfs jo k pji`t`mki utì`ty7 `.f. tj bffp

maìlrfo's sjuis hrff hrjc akrchui òhiufomfs, tafrfny hkmì`tktòd djjl m`t`zfos,

kol fvfo pjtfot`ki Dukrl`ko ruifrs. \a`s `s kisj fv`lfot ò taf `cpjrtkomf jh krt`st`m

mfosjrsa`p strfssfl njta ò taf ijwfr prjdrkccf jh flumkt`jo ò taf ^fpuni`m

(=44k-m, 6>>k, Mjosuit Uaìjsjpa`mki Kfstaft`ms, fl.J.Akohiòd, J.V.Urfss ;00> hjr mr`t`m`scs.


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òhiufomf jo yjuod còls. Jo taf jtafr akol, pfrakps taf`r `ccjrki kol

mjotfot`jus òhiufomf wks mjos`lfrfl k ofmfss`ty ò taf drfktfr smafcf jh taòds2

ks tafy krf rfhutfl ny ]jmrktfs, kol ò Uiktjs i`tfrkry mjotfxt kt koy rktf, `t `s af

waj stkols ks k cjrki fxfcpikr.

\a`s ò turo rk`sfs taf `ssuf jh ajw hkr Uiktj wks gust`h`fl ò usòd taf

cflùc jh cyta mjos`lfròd a`s mr`t`m`scs jh taf trkl`t`joki pjfts. \af Fp`murfko

Mjijtfs, ks m`tfl ny Urjmius ò a`s mjccfotkry Jo taf ^fpuni`m (;56.>=- ;58.;=-8) `s takt Uiktj

l`l ojt rfgfmt pfr sf, nut joiy taf Ajcfr`m kol Afs`jl`m pjfcs, ks `s

fv`lfot ò ^fpuni`m (601k-85;m). Hjr Urjmius, kt koy rktf (jp. m`t.), Uiktj's i`tfrkry

cytas wfrf tj nf l`stòdu`safl hrjc taf trkl`t`joki bòl, kol tafy wfrf

susmfpt`nif tj k lfdrff jh rkt`joki òtfrprftkt`jo.

Koy gust`h`mkt`jo jh Uiktj's usf jh taf cflùc jh cyta rfqu`rfs ko kmt`vf

lfcjostrkt`jo jh taf l`hhfrfomfs, ò jrlfr tj l`stòdu`sa a`s cytas hrjc taf

trkl`t`joki bòl jh wa`ma af wks sj mr`t`mki. Vohjrtuoktfiy, Uiktj l`l ojt a`csfih

lfki l`rfmtiy w`ta taf spfm`h`ms jh ta`s kppkrfot mjotrkl`mt`jo ò rfikt`jo tj a`s jwo

wr`tòds, nut taf nrjkl mjomfro jh ta`s njjb wìi nf tj mjcf tj sjcf lffpfr

uolfrstkolòd jh taf fp`stfcjijd`mki kol cjrki mjotfot jh a`s jwo cytas ks kcfkos jh lfhfomf. Kt h`rst dikomf, k suddfst`jo jh a`s v`fws mjomfroòd taf`r stktus

c`dat nf dkòfl hrjc kokiysòd a`s tfrcòjijdy. @o taf Uakflj (8;n), af usfs taf

tfrc ks k mjcpjuol. \a`s `s `cpjrtkot, ks taf wjrl `s usfl ò `ts

mjostrumt`jo. \a`s aks k wfkita jh mjoojtkt`jos, kol kitajuda `t c`dat s`cpiy

lfojtf skyòd sjcftaòd, `t c`dat kisj nf lfhòfl ò k cjrf tfmao`mki sfosf ks k

"rkt`joki kmmjuot" (I]G).

@o taf Uakflj (8;n) kol \`ckfus (>8f) k mjotrkst nftwffo kol

mko nf lrkwo. @t `s ko kom`fot qukrrfi kol `lfot`h`fl ks suma ò ^fpuni`m

(854n). @t s jof takt aks nffo kokiysfl ny ckoy cjlfro smajikrs kisj, suma ks

H.F. Uftfrs, Drffb Uaìjsjpa`mki \frcs (p.;;;, ;>5), tj m`tf ko fxkcpif. Uftfrs

(jp.m`t) mik`cs c`dat nf v`fwfl cfrfiy ks k i`tfrkry lfv`mf, w`ta `ts bfy


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`ckdfs nfòd òmiòfl tjwkrls pjft`m hkotksy, `ts mjotfot akvòd i`ttif jr oj nks`s ò

hkmt. Afomf I. Mjuturkt's dfofrki v`fw, Lf Uiktjo`s Cyta`s, takt cyta `s ko ìiusjry

spffma, kol takt ta`s rfvfkis taf c`cft`m okturf jh taf krt`st ò taf ^fpuni`m (604k

hh.)2 ko kmt`v`ty takt prjlumfs hkisfajjls òstfkl jh taf truta. Afomf Uiktj's rfckrbs

takt cytas krf7

"...k ijod wky rfcjvfl hrjc taf truta...cfrfiy ckouhkmturòd sakljws kt kta`rl rfcjvf hrjc rfki`ty... Tf cky kssucf tafo takt kii taf pjfts hrjc

Ajcfr ljwowkrls akvf oj drksp jh rfki`ty, nut cfrfiy d`vf us k

supfrh`m`ki rfprfsfotkt`jo jh koy sungfmt tafy trfkt, òmiulòd aucko

djjlofss."

Mifkriy, hjr Uiktj, taf wjril wf fxpfr`fomf w`ta jur sfosfs `s ko `cpfrhfmt

`c`tkt`jo jh taf rfkic jh Hjrcs. \afsf mjost`tutf taf fssfomf jh truf rfki`ty (608k-

f). Koy krt`st`m rfprfsfotkt`jo `s, tafrfhjrf, ko `c`tkt`jo jh kmtuki`ty2 wa`ma ò turo`c tktfs truf rfki`ty (604f). Krt`st`m kmt`v ty rfprfsfots, tafrfhjrf, ko `c`tkt`jo jh ko

`c`tkt`jo. @o tfrcs jh Uiktj's hjur ifvfis jh mjdo`t`jo, ks rfprfsfotfl ny taf L`v`lfl

Iòf (650k-6;;f), krt`st`m jngfmts krf kss`dofl tj taf ijwfst ifvfi. \afy prjlumf,

tafrfhjrf, k mjohusfl stktf jh còl (). \af a`dafst ifvfi jh mikr`ty `s

bojwifldf ajwfvfr, wa`ma mjos`sts jh ko kpprfafos`jo jh taf Hjrcs (


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@t `s kisj suppjrtfl ny taf fotfrpr`sf jh l`kifmt`m, wa`ma lfr`vfs cjrf

fomjcpkssòd aypjtafsfs hrjc prf-fx`stòd aypjtafsfs ò ko ksmfot tj taf

uoaypjtafs`sfl (6=>l). \af akiickrb jh ta`s kmt`v`ty `s taf knì`ty tj d`vf ko fxkmt

kmmjuot jh taf fssfomf jh fkma taòd. \a`s `s tarjuda taf lflumt`jo jh knstrkmt

aypjstks`sfl lfhò`t`jos (6==m-l). \af kmqu`s`t`jo jh taf bojwifldf takt rfsuits

hrjc ta`s kdkò fotkìs truiy cjrki nfakv`jur (65;m-l, >58m->;5l), ^fpuni`m (6=


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ò taf ^fpuni`m (=44k), wafrf jo taf wajif suma stjr`fs krf mik`cfl tj nf hkisf,

kitajuda tafy stìi mjotkò "trkmfs jh taf truta" (=44k). Ufrakps, tafo, tafsf "trkmfs

jh taf truta" krf taf kttfcpt tj utì`sf sm`fot`h`m `lfks ò taf pjft`m cflùc.

Kitfrokt`vfiy, tafsf "trkmfs jh taf truta" c`dat rfhfr tj taf uolfriyòd cjrki jh taf

cyta `tsfih2 k cjrki tj i`vf taf paìjsjpa`m i`hf. @o f`tafr mksf, tafy c`dat sfrvf

cjrf kppkrfotiy tj l`stòdu`sa Uiktj's cytas hrjc taf trkl`t`joki bòl, w`ta wa`ma

af wks l`sskt`sh`fl, kol `t c`dat tafrfhjrf rfmjccfol tafc tj nf jh su`tknif

pflkdjd m vkiuf.

Takt krf taf `cpi`mkt`jos jh cytas' syomrft`m quki`ty: Ljfs `t lfpr`vf cyta

jh rkt`joki mrfl`nì`ty jr `cprjvf `ts stktus: \afrf `s oj fksy koswfr tj ta`s

qufst`jo, nut jof jh cy pr`ckry mjomfros wìi nf tj ifkl taf rfklfr tarjuda ko

kokiys`s jh taf fp`stfc`m ks wfii ks taf cjrki hfkturfs jh Uiktj's cytas. @o ljòd

ta`s, @ sakii fxpijrf taf rfikt`josa`p nftwffo cyta`mki kol paìjsjpa`mki hjrcs jh

spffma, kol waftafr tafy mko nf l`stòdu`safl hrjc fkma jtafr.

\afrf `s oj ljunt takt paìjsjpay aks sjcftaòd tj lj w`ta j, `h `t `s

trkosiktfl ks k rkt`joki kmmjuot. Nut wakt ljfs ta`s cfko: Ljfs `t s`cpiy cfko takt

cytas mkoojt nf rfksjoknif: @o a`s Cftkpays`ms (01>n, ;54-6). \a`s sffcs tj nf makrkmtfr`sfl ny

Urjtkdjrks wafo af kt h`rst d`vfs k j kol tafo nrfkbs jhh òtj k ò

Urjtkdjrks (=>5m> hh., =>1m=-


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@t sffcs takt Uiktj's cytas wfrf ojt, kt ifkst hjr a`c, i`bf sjcf jh taf

trkl`t`joki cytas, `.f. hkotkst`m tkifs hìifl w`ta i`fs knjut taf djls kol afrjfs,

wa`ma c`dat fvfotukiiy ifkl yjuod sjuis tj kmt `ccjrkiiy (=44l hh.). \afy wfrf

ò hkmt "prjnknif stjr`fs" wa`ma mjotkò "trkmfs jh taf truta"2 mh. Djrd`ks (6>4k-n),

^fpuni`m (=44k-n, 8>;n1-m), Uakflj (;;8l, 6>4k-n). Mifkriy, Uiktj l`l

ojt ljwopiky taf `cpjrtkomf jh a`s jwo cytas, kol tafy fxprfssfl `cpjrtkot

nfi`fhs wa`ma, jof cust kssucf kt ta`s stkdf, sjudat tj mjccuo`mktf taf

`cpjrtkomf jh i`vòd k cjrki i`hf. @o mjcpkr`sjo tj paìjsjpa`m krducfot ajwfvfr,

cyta`mki `ckdfry aks k ijwfr fp`stfcjijd`mki stktus (mh. ^fpuni`m (6;6m-l, 6=m) ks `t `s stìi kss`dofl tj taf ifvfi jh jpò`jo (). @t sajuil ojt, tafrfhjrf,

nf v`fwfl ks ko kmmurktf rfprfsfotkt`jo jh taf truta, nut of`tafr sajuil cytas nf

s`cpiy l`sc`ssfl nfmkusf tafy lj ojt y`fil tj "ijd`mki kokiys`s" ks L. Dkiijp,

Uiktj's Uakflj (p.>>5) kssfrts7

"'Takt `s Cyta' (w`ta k mkp`tki C), stìi ifss 'Takt `s cytajijdy:'(jr

'Cytajijdy'). Fvfo 'cyta' ks k mjiifmt`vf tfrc `s suspfmt. Kii tafsf hjrcs

c`sifklòdiy `cpiy takt wakt jof sajuil nf lfhòòd `s sjcf knsjiutf

fssfomf jh kii cytas, sjcf Uiktjo`m @lfk jh 'takt wa`ma `s truiy cyta`m'.

=Mjosuit M. Dìi hjr taf cpjrtkomf jh ta`s otrjlumt`jo tj UiktjsKtikot`s stjry.


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\afy suddfst takt jof mko dj strk`dat hjr taf fssfomf w`tajut h`rstmjosm`jusiy mjos`lfròd kol lfi`c`tòd taf òstkomfs. \akt `s jof sjrt jhlfhòòd prjmfss, nut ojt jof tj wa`ma wf mko rfsjrt tj ò taf mksf jh

cytas."

@o jrlfr tj prjdrfss, tafrfhjrf, @ sakii h`rst jhhfr k mr`t`mki lfiòfkt`jo jh pkrt`muikrs2

`.f. ko kokiys`s jh taf hfkturfs takt mjost`tutf taf spfm`h`m kmmjuots mikssfl ks

fsmaktjijd`mki cytas hjr Uiktj. \a`s rfqu`rfs fkma cyta tj nf kokiysfl sfpkrktfiy,

sj takt taf fxtfot jh taf`r jr`dòki`ty, taf`r l`hhfrfomfs jr taf`r s`cìkr`t`fs, njta tj

jtafr sjurmfs, ks wfii ks Uiktjs jwo, c`dat nf kssfssfl. Drklukiiy, pfrakps,

mfrtkò dfofrki quki`t`fs c`dat nf l`smfrofl. \afsf hfkturfs c`dat rfvfki takt tafrf

`s sjcftaòd fssfot`ki tj taf `lfk jh k "Uiktjo`m cyta" ks suma. \a`s kpprjkma wìi

kisj foknif jof tj prjvf7

( ) \akt taf mjotfot jh Uiktj's cytas c dat nf l`hhfrfot ò sjcf wky hrjc taf

trkl`t`joki bòl jh wa`ma af wks mr`t`mki.

(``) Gust`hy a s jwo usf jh taf cflùc lfsp`tf a`s mr`t`m`scs.

(```) Kssfss taf fxtfot tj wa`ma Uiktj's cytas krf mjcpkt`nif, jr òmjcpkt`nif,

w`ta a`s `lfks kol nfi`fhs krdufl ò taf cflùc jh taf l`kijduf hjrc.

(`v) Lftfrcòf, `h `t `s pjss`nif, k dfofrki hfkturf takt c`dat afip fxpikò taf

purpjsf kol huomt`jo jh tafsf cytas.

@ sakii kllrfss taf hòki mikusf ò taf mjomius`jo. \af rfsuit c`dat ojt rfvfki k

dfofrki quki`ty wa`ma mko nf kppi`fl tj tafsf cytas7 `t c`dat kt nfst joiy òl`mktf k

vkr`fty jh cytas, wa`ma mko joiy nf drjupfl tjdftafr ijjsfiy nfmkusf tafy krf

cytas, `.f. nfmkusf tafy pjssfss l`hhfrfot kttr`nutfs, jr fxprfss k pkrt`muikr purpjsf

pfmui kr tj tafc ò fkma òstkomf. Ajwfvfr, taf klvkotkdf jh taf kokiys s wìi kt

ifkst kiijw taf fxkcòkt`jo tj lfvfijp kijod rfksjoknif kol cftajl`mki iòfs.

\af cftajljijdy @ sakii usf c`dat nf mjcpkrfl w`ta taf prjmflurf jh taf

Uakflrus (>86m hh.). \af pr`ckry prjmflurf syotafs`sfs taf vkr`jus "smkttfrfl

pkrt muikrs" uolfr k dfofrki aypjtafs s ò jrlfr tj kmqu rf "mifkrofss kol


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mjos`stfomy" (>86l). \af sfmjol prjmflurf rfqu`rfs k l`v`s`jo jh taf Hjrc kt taf

"okturki gjòts" (>86f)7 jr rktafr ko kokiys`s jh ta`s prjv`s`joki lfhò`t`jo (>86f). @o

ta`s rfspfmt, @ akvf kirfkly sajwo takt taf prjv`s`joki lfhò`t`jo jhhfrfl rfqu`rfs

lffpfr kokiys`s.

Uiktj ljfs ojt fxpikò wafo fkma krc jh taf luki cftajl sajuil nf usfl.

\a`s wìi foknif k mfrtkò hrffljc ò taf kpprjkma. Nrjkliy spfkbòd, ajwfvfr, taf

h`rst pkrt jh ta`s wjrb wìi òvjivf lfhòòd l`stòdu`saòd hfkturfs, wa`ma mikss`hy

Uiktjs cytas ks l`hhfrfot hrjc trkl`t`joki cytas, wafrf ks taf sfmjol pkrt wìi

nfd o tj kljpt taf pr`ckry cftajl, wafo ma`fh hfkturfs nftwffo Uiktjs l`kijd`mki

kol cyta`mki mjomfros wìi nf nrjudat tjdftafruolfr taf runr`m jh mjos`stfomy,

kol tafo sajwo tj nf f`tafr mjcpkt`nif jr òmjcpkt`nif.

\af cftajl @ sakii usf lfkis w`ta taf wr`ttfo wjrl, kol `s, tafrfhjrf ko

`c`tkt`jo jh Uiktj's cftajl. @t òvjivfs kokiysòd `ckdfs kol ojt Hjrcs2 nut

òkscuma ks `t òvjivfs k cftajl`mki fxkcòkt`jo jh taf mjotfot kol taf cjrki

v`knì`ty jh taf cytas, `t `s ajpfl takt `t `s k cftajl jh wa`ma Uiktj wjuil akvf

kpprjvfl kol takt, ks ò taf ^fpuni`m (6==l), taf fxfrm`sf c`dat mifkosf taf còl

jh taf bòl jh hkisf jpò`jos kssjm`ktfl w`ta s`cpiy nfi`fvòd "...taf nkrnkr`m

sijuda jh taf Jrpa`m cyta"

@o usòd ta`s cftajl @ sakii kisj kttfcpt tj prjlumf ko fxkcpif jh "djjlraftjr`m", ks `t `s lfhòfl ò taf Uakflrus (>4;k hh.). @o jtafr wjrls, @ sakii nf

mjomfrofl w`ta mjcòd tj sjcf mifkr uolfrstkolòd knjut taf okturf jh taf sjui

hjr Uiktj, kol waftafr `t l`hhfrs ò k vkr`fty jh kspfmts (>4;n). @ sakii kisj nf

jni`dfl tj l`smfro taf cjt`vkt`jos jh sjui2 ajw taf sjui `s khhfmtfl, kol wafrf `ts

truf mjomfros sajuil nf mfotrfl (>4;n). @ sakii kisj nf jni`dfl tj kokiysf fkma jh

taf cytas, ò jrlfr tj lftfrcòf taf`r purpjsf kol taf`r òhiufomf upjo taf sjui

(>4;n-m). Ks k tfstkcfot tj taf v`knì`ty jh ta`s kpprjkma, @ sakii ifkvf taf hòki

wjrl w`ta ]jmrktfs7

"@ sffc tj nf k r`l`muijus kol jnsmurf tfkmafr... sj i`bf cfo waj krfuoknif tj fxprfss tafcsfivfs @ wjo't try tj spfkb ò wajifs kol uo`vfrskis

nut wìi sfpkrktf jhh k pkrt`muikr pkrt kol ny taf fxkcpif jh takt try tj sajwyju cy cfkoòd." ^fpuni`m (=0>l-f).


23/378

>>

MAKU\F^ @@

MJCCFO\K^P JO \AF DJ^D@K] CP\A (6>=k-6>4f)

(k)]yojps`s

\af cyta sfts taf smfof luròd taf t`cf jh Mrjojs (6>=k). @t wks tafo

takt Wfus, Ujsf`ljo kol Uiutj sakrfl taf ruif jh pjwfr kcjodst tafcsfivfs

(6>=k). \af kom`fot ikw, stìi skomt`jofl ny taf djls, `s k trkl`t`joki smfokr`j. Afrf,

taf v`rtujus krf rfwkrlfl ny nfòd l`spktmafl tj taf @sifs jh taf Nifst, kol taf

w`mbfl krf puo`safl ny nfòd l`spktmafl tj \krtkrus (6>=k-n). Nfhjrf Wfus'

rfhjrckt`jo jh taf prjmfflòds guldfcfots kss`doòd sjuis tj taf kpprjpr`ktf pikmf

wfrf ojt kiwkys kmmurktfiy cklf (6>=n-m). \a`s wks luf tj taf jutwkrl

kppfkrkomf jh taf sjuis tkbòd prfmflfomf (6>=m)7 taf hkisf tfst`cjo`fs jh vkr`jus

w`tofssfs (6>=m-l), kol taf guldfs tafcsfivfs, wfrf lfmf`vfl ny taf vfì jh taf

sfosfs (6>=l). \arff okbfl kol lfkl guldfs krf tafrfhjrf kss`dofl ny Wfus tj

kmmurktfiy kssfss taf okturf jh sjuis. Guldfcfot jmmurs ò taf cfkljw, wafrf taf

pktawky l`v lfs òtj twj. \a`s ifkls tj taf kpprjpr ktf lfst okt jo (6>


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>=

sjuis (6>6n-m). Fxkcpifs jh sjuis jh ta`s bòl krf jhhfrfl (6>6l-6>8m). K i`hf ò

pursu`t jh paìjsjpa`m truta s su`tkniy rfwkrlfl (6>8m).

(n)\af tr`kis kol tr`nuikt`jos jh taf lfkl (6>=k-6>4f)

Krf tafrf koy hfkturfs pfmui`kr tj Uiktj's fsmaktjijd`mki cytas wa`ma

l`stòdu`sa tafc hrjc taf trkl`t`joki cytas: @o jrlfr tj lftfrcòf waftafr tafrf

krf k mr`t`mki lfiòfkt`jo jh pkrt`muikrs wìi nf rfqu`rfl. \a`s rfqu`rfs ko kokiys`s

jh bfy wjrls kol pksskdfs ò jrlfr tj a`dai`dat twj mjomfros. H`rst, tj ksmfrtkò

kol lfcjostrktf taf fxtfot tj wa`ma fkma pkrt`muikr cyta `s òhiufomfl ny, kol

mjos`stfot w`ta, jtafr sjurmfs njta trkl`t`joki kol paìjsjpa`m. ]fmjol, tj dkò k

lffpfr kpprfm`kt`jo jh ajw hkr taf mjotfot jh Uiktj's fsmaktjijd`mki cytas

lfvfijpfl ks uo`quf kmmjuots ò taf`r jwo r`dat. Urjvòd taf sfmjol mjomfro

wjuil gust`hy Uiktj's usf jh suma k cflùc, ò sp`tf jh a`s mr`t`m`scs jh ckoy jh taf

trkl`t`joki cytas. @t c`dat kisj rfvfki cjrf huiiy waftafr Uiktj wks mjomfrofl

w`ta lfvfijpòd taf cflùc hjr a`s jwo pkrt muikr purpjsfs.

\a`s kokiys`s wìi nf cklf pr`ckrìy tarjuda rfhfrfomf tj fkri`fr kol

mjotfcpjrkry sjurmfs, kitajuda iktfr mjccfotkr`fs wìi kisj nf mjos`lfrfl wafo

pkrt muikr òmjos stfom`fs jr òkmmurkm fs rfqu rf mjotrkstòd fxpikokt`josnhh.), wafrf taf cyta jh Fr `s kisj

prfhkmfl ny ko kpjijdy. \a`s fcpaks`sfs takt rfwkrls sajuil ojt nf taf sjif

mjomfro hjr taf truiy v`rtujus. ^fwkrls mko joiy nf gust`h`fl `h sjuis uolfrstkol

takt suhhfròd hjr taf skbf jh v`rtuf `s prfhfrknif tj prjspfròd ny w`mbfl cfkos

(8;>n). Ajwfvfr, ò taf Djrd`ks (6>=k), tafrf `s oj hjrcki kpjijdy tj fcpaks`sf

ta`s, nut tafrf `s ko fxajrtkt`jo tj pky kttfot`jo kol i`stfo, ks tafy sky, tj k vfry

nfkut`hui stjry. \af cjt`h `s jof usfl kdkò ò \afkftftus (>5;l) kol\`ckfus (>5l). @t mjcpkrfs hkvjurkniy w`ta Uiktj's mjotfcpjrkry Kr`stjpakofs,

Bo`dats (;5;


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>6

w`ta \arkm`ko rfòmkrokt`jo nfi`fhs takt k purf sjui mjuil i`vf jo khtfr taf

l`ssjiut`jo jh taf njly. \af mfotrki cyta`mki h`durf tj sycnji`sf tafsf ikttfr nfi`fhs

wks L`joysus, wafrfks taf \arkm`ko Jrpafus (w`ta a`s cus`mki d`hts, sfxuki pur`ty,

kol pjwfrs jh prjpafmy khtfr lfkta) rfprfsfotfl k syotafs`s jh taf twj. Pft ta`s

lfsmr`pt`jo pfrakps joiy pfrtkòs tj tajsf pfjpif w`ta nfi`fhs jh taf ta`rl mfotury

NM.

@.C. Iòhjrta, \af Krts jh Jrpafus, Nfrbfify ;0), Ijoljo, ;065, krdufs takt Jrpa`m `lfks wfrf sft jut ò

skmrfl i`tfrkturf ò taf s`xta mfotury N.M.2 taf ikttfr v`fw suddfstòd taf pjss`nì`ty

jh ko òhiufomf jo Uiktj ny k l`stòmt mikss jh pfjpif, w`ta k mifkriy lfhòfl

`lfjijdy.

\akt tafrf wfrf wr`tòds kttr`nutfl tj Jrpafus ò taf s`xta mfotury N.M. `s

kppkrfot, ks `s Uiktjs hkcì`kr`ty w`ta tafc2 ks kmmfptfl ny B`rb kol ^kvfo, \af

Urfsjmrkt`m Uaìjsjpafrs (p.=4). Kt ta`s t`cf, ajwfvfr, `t sffcs Jrpafus wks

cjrf k dfofrki skòt hjr kii r`tukis, kol `t wks ta`s takt kmmjuotfl hjr a`s okcf

nfòd kssjm ktfl w`ta taf i tfrkturf jh ta`s pfr jl. \af mjomius jo sffcs tj nf taktko fxmius`vf mjrpus jh sfmtkr`ko i`tfrkturf mjomfroòd Jrpa`m fsmaktjijd`mki

kmmjuots mkoojt nf trkmfl nkmb hurtafr tako taf Afiifo`st`m pfr`jl, kol rktafr

pjòts tj taf ^jcko pfr`jl. \af pjss`nì ty jh ko fxmius vf sfmt w`ta k lfh o`tf

nfi fh systfc sajuil ojt, tafrfhjrf, nf tajudat jh ks akvòd òhiufomfl Uiktj. \af

cftki piktfs l`smjvfrfl ò Ckdok Drkfm`k kol Mrftf w`ta òstrumt`jos jh ko Jrpa`m

okturf kisj mkoojt nf m`tfl ò lfhfomf2 hjr tafsf mkoojt nf lktfl cuma fkri`fr tako

taf Afiifo`st`m pfr`jl. \af skcf mko nf sk`l jh taf Jrpa`m Aycos (Bfro hrds. 60-

>=6), jh wa`ma ckoy hrkdcfots akvf nffo prfsfrvfl ò ofj-Uiktjo`m kmmjuots.

\afsf vfrsfs vkry ò lktf, ojof mko nf lktfl tj taf h`hta mfotury N.M., kol taf`r

mjiifmt`jo òtj k rfmjdo`sknif mjrpus prjnkniy l`l ojt jmmur uotì taf ta`rl jr

hjurta mfotury K.L.


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>8

Kitajuda taf i`stfofr c`dat rfdkrl taf stjry ks k hknif, ]jmrktfs mjos`lfrs `t

ko kmtuki kmmjuot (6>=k>7 ,,).

\. @rwò, Uiktj's Djrd`ks (p.>), mik`cs takt taf rfgfmt`jo jh ò hkvjur jh

j (mh. 4k-n). Mfrtkòiy, ]jmrktfs fcpaks`sfs takt taf

hjrtamjcòd cjojijduf `s taf truta (6>=k). \ajcpsjo (jp. m`t. p.;86) hòls `t jll,

ajwfvfr, takt ]jmrktfs fxprfssfs nfi`fh ò taf cyta.

\ajcpsjo's kppkrfot lìfcck, kol @rwò's rktafr strjod rfckrbs, c`dat nf

luf tj ko fxmfss`vfiy s`cpi`st`m v`fw jh taf rfikt`jo nftwffo kol j.

\afrf `s k mjcpkr`sjo w`ta Uakflj (;;=k-6>=m) `s prfsfotfl of`tafr ks a`stjr`mki hkmt, ojr ks

truta l`sdu`sfl ks kiifdjry. @t `s, rktafr, k lfsmr`pt`jo jh k wjril "nfyjol cuolkof

kwkrfofss kol uolfrstkolòd". Afrf pjft`m cftkpajrs fxprfss `ckdòkt`vf òs`dat

jh taf uobojwo. Kitfrokt`vfiy, taf mik`c takt taf okrrkt`vf `s k j c`dat nf

fxpikòfl ks k okrrkt`vf wa`ma rfprfsfots k cyta`mki fxtfos`jo jh tafcfs

fstkni`safl paìjsjpa`mkiiy2 mh. Hr`fliolfr, Uiktj @ (p.;10)2 Akmbhjrta, Uiktj's

Uakflj (p.;18)2 Ljlls (jp. m`t.). \a`s tjj c`dat fxpikò taf ijmkt`jo jh taf cyta kt

taf fol jh taf l`kijduf. Taftafr taf kmmjuot `s rkt`jokiiy sfih-mjos`stfot ajwfvfr,

mko joiy nf mik`cfl tarjuda ko kokiys`s jh taf cyta`mki `lfks w`ta Uiktj's mifkriy

krdufl paìjsjpa`mki v`fws w`taò k l`kijduf. \a`s kppi`fs kisj tj taf v`fw takt taf

okrrkt`vf rfprfsfots k cyta`mki fxtfos`jo jh paìjsjpa`m `lfks. \af syomrft`m

quki`ty jh cyta w`ta rfksjo c`dat uolfrcòf `ts rkt`joki sfih-mjos`stfomy tj k

lfdrff.

Ifttfr ]fvfo (==6k) suddfsts k l`hhfrfot v`fw jh j. Afrf, ko kppfki tj

nfi fvf taf kom fot kol ajiy ljmtròfs mjomfro od taf `ccjrtki ty jh taf sjui, `ts

khtfri`hf guldfcfot, kol taf pfokit`fs `cpjsfl, `s d`vfo. \af fcpaks`s jo pfokit`fs

kisj suddfsts k mifkr tafckt`m kssjm`kt`jo w`ta taf cyta jh taf Djrd`ks (sff kisj

Iys`s >;4n). \a`s suddfsts hjr Ljlls, "Uiktj kol taf @rrkt`joki", Gjuroki jh

Afiifo`m ]tul`fs, @QX, ;0= hh.), ko `ckdòkt`vf fxprfss`jo jh j ks
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=w%28s&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=w%28s0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=mu%3Dqonhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=w%28s&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=w%28s0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=mu%3Dqonhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=w%28s&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=w%28s0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=mu%3Dqonhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=w%28s&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=w%28s0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=mu%3Dqonhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=w%28s&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=w%28s0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=mu%3Dqonhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29gw%5C&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29gw%5C1&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=oi)%3Dmaihttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29gw%5C&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29gw%5C1&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=oi)%3Dmaihttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29gw%5C&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29gw%5C1&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=oi)%3Dmaihttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29gw%5C&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29gw%5C1&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=oi)%3Dmaihttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=w%28s&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=w%28s0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=mu%3Dqonhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=w%28s&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=w%28s0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=mu%3Dqon


28/378

>4

"rfi`d`jus truta". Ajwfvfr, Uiktj's kcn`vkifomf mjotòufs fvfo ks iktf ks taf Ikws

(186l), wafrf af tfrcs taf nfi`fh takt taf lfkl òhiufomf aucko khhk`rs k ,

wafrfks Ikws (0>4k) v`fws `t tj nf mjotkòfl ò truta. Kisj taf Ktafo`ko mkoojt

lfm`lf waftafr tj mkii taf ljmtròf jh rfqu`tki ò k huturf òmkrokt`jo jr

j (14>l-f).

]jmrktfs' nfi`fh takt taf cyta `s truf `s tafo suppifcfotfl w`ta taf mik`c

takt `t `s nksfl jo k Ajcfr`m kmmjuot (6>=k7 ). \a`s tfols tj

uolfrcòf `ts kutafot`m`ty mjos`lfròd a`s mr`t`mki rfckrbs ò taf ^fpuni`m (600n-

855f). \af kmmjuot rfhfrs tj @i`kl (QX.;18 hh.) wafrf ò taf rf`do jh Mrjojs, kol

fvfo taf fkriy lkys jh Wfus, pfjpif wfrf tr`fl waìst stìi ki`vf ny i`vòd guldfs

uotì taf`r hktfl t`cf. K v`fw rfhfrrfl tj iktfr (6>6l, 6>8l).

F.^. Ljlls, Uiktj's Djrd`ks (p.=4=), mik`cs taf lftkìs jh Ajcfr's kmmjuot,

takt Wfus, Ujsf`ljo, kol Uiutj l`v`lfl taf sjvfrf`doty kcjodst tafc wafo tafy

tjjb `t hrjc taf`r hktafr (6>=k7 ), `s jh oj

`cpjrtkomf ks `t `s òtrjlumfl sjifiy tj `cnuf k sfosf jh jrtajljxy. \af kppfki tj

trkl`t`jo c`dat nf k mjomfss`jo ò jrlfr tj mjovòmf jrlòkry hjib. \afrf `s,

ajwfvfr, k lfvfijpcfot hrjc taf trkl`t`joki kmmjuot afrf, ks `t `s k pfkmfhui

òafr`tkomf, tafrfny kitfròd taf v`jifot kmmjuot jh Wfus' rfvjit kdkòst a`s hktafr ò

Afs`jl's \afjdjoy (8>0hh) kol Ajcfr's @i`kl (Q@X. >5=).

6

\af pfkmfhui kmmjuotc`dat nf k lfi`nfrktf tkmt`m jh Uiktj's, waj `s mjos`lfròd taf mjosfqufomfs

òmurrfl jo yjuod sjuis ny v`jifot tkifs, ks `s kssfrtfl ò ^fpuni`m (=41k).

\af kmmjuots jh Afs`jl, \afjdjoy ( hh.), L`jljrus ]`muius (X.45), Frktjstafofs' Mktkstfr`scj` (>4) kol Ukusko`ks

(X@@@. 1.>).
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=patro%5Cs&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=patro%5Cs0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=tou%3Dhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=patro%5Cs&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=patro%5Cs0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=tou%3Dhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=patro%5Cs&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=patro%5Cs0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=tou%3D


29/378

>1

"...kt Ktafos, Mrjous...wks wjrsa`ppfl ks taf Nkrify-djl ]knkzùs,kooukiiy mut ljwo ò taf mjroh`fil kol nfwkìfl i`bf Js`r`s jr I`tyfrsfs jrCkofrjs. Nut ny taf t`cfs tj wa`ma tafsf cytas rfhfr, bòds akl nffo

pfrc`ttfl tj prjijod taf`r rf`dos tj k Drfkt Pfkr jh jof auolrfl iòkt`jos,kol jhhfr koouki njy v`mt`cs ò taf`r stfkl7 afomf Mrjous `s p`mturfl ks

fktòd a`s jwo sjos tj kvj`l lftarjofcfot. @o Mrftf k b`l wks sunst`tutflhjr k aucko v`mt`c2 ò \arkmf, k nuii-mkih2 kcjod taf Kfji`ko wjrsa`ppfrs

jh Ujsf`ljo, k hjki2 nut ò nkmbwkrl l`str`mts jh Krmkl`k njys wfrf stìiskmr`h`m`kiiy fktfo fvfo ò taf Mar`st`ko frk."

\af nfstjwki jh sjvfrf`doty jo Mrjojs' sjos s mjcpkrfl tj (jp. m`t. p.=k7 ). @rwò (jp. m`t.

p.>) v`fws ta`s ks k rfspjosf tj Mkii`mifs' kttkmb jo j ks taf rfsuit jh wfkb

pfjpif mjosp ròd kdkòst okturf. \af j klvjmktòd gust`mf kol rfgfmtòd

ògust`mf `s ftfroki, okturki, kol rfmjdo`sfl ny taf djls. @ tfol tj kdrff w ta Ljlls
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ou%29%3Dn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ou%29%3Dn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h)%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ou%29%3Dn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ou%29%3Dn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h)%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ou%29%3Dn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ou%29%3Dn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h)%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ou%29%3Dn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ou%29%3Dn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h)%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ou%29%3Dn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ou%29%3Dn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h)%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ou%29%3Dn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ou%29%3Dn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h)%3Dn


30/378

>0

(jp. m`t. p.=44) ajwfvfr takt "...kol `t ajils tj ta`s lky kcjodst taf djls..." `s ko

òl`mkt jo takt ta`s ikw `s l`vòfiy jrlkòfl.

R6>=nS tj taf @sifs jh taf Nifst, kol lwfiis ò kii akppòfss kpkrt hrjc ìi2 nut

wajfvfr aks i`vfl uogustiy kol `cp`jusiy djfs tj taf luodfjo jh rfqu`tki kol

pfokomf wa`ma, yju bojw, tafy mkii \krtkrus. Jh tafsf cfo tafrf wfrf guldfs

ò Mrjojs' t`cf, kol stìi jh iktf ò taf rf`do jh Wfusi`vòd cfo tj guldf taf

i`vòd upjo taf lky wafo fkma wks tj nrfktaf a`s ikst2 kol taus taf mksfs wfrf

nfòd lfm`lfl kc`ss. ]j Uiutj kol taf jvfrsffrs hrjc taf @sifs jh taf Nifst

mkcf nfhjrf Wfus w`ta taf rfpjrt takt tafy hjuol cfo pkssòd jvfr tj f`tafr

knjlf uolfsfrvòd

, , ,, , . , 7 .

\af cyta mjotòufs w`ta ko fxpjs`t`jo jh taf ikw7 gust kol ajiy cfo, waj

akvf i`vfl taf`r i`vfs kmmjrlòdiy, wìi kt lfkta dj tj taf @sifs jh taf Nifst (6>=n7

)kol fx`st ò akppòfss (6>=n. \af uogust wìi i`vf ò \krtkrus k

"...luodfjo jh rfqu`tki kol pfokomf". \rkl`t`jokiiy, taf @sifs jh taf Nifst wfrf taf

ajcf f`tafr jh taf Afrj`m rkmf, ks ò Afs`jl's Tjrbs kol Lkys (;88 hh.), jr hjr taf

r`datfjus, ks ò Uòlkr's Jiycp`kos (@@. 81). Uiktj's `lfki v`s`jo y`fils tj trkl`t`joki

`ckdfry ò ^fpuni`m (6


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=5

wjrbòd ò taf khtfri`hf7

"...`s ojt spfm`h mkiiy fxmiulfl ny taf nr`fh rfhfrfomfs tj taf Fiys`ko Uikò ò

Ajcfr, Afs`jl kol Uòlkr, kitajuda ò taf @sifs jh taf Nifst, kmmjrlòd tj

Uòlkr's sfmjol Jiycp`ko jlf, taf fkrta nròds hjrta `ts hru`ts jh `ts jwo

kmmjrl kol w`tajut taf offl hjr iknjur, kol sj tjj hjr taf cfo jh taf

Djilfo Kdf ò Afs`jl's cyta jh taf H`vf ^kmfs."

\a`s h`ts w`ta taf sfosf jh taf ofxt pksskdf (6>=n7

), wa`ma aks k trkl`t`joki kssjm`kt`jo w`ta ko kdf hrff hrjc wjrry kol

s`mbofss2 ks ò Afs`jl's Tjrbs kol Lkys (;;6), wafrf cfo i`vfl hrff hrjc fvì. @t

sffcs tj jwf ifss tj taf Cfsjpjtkc`ko cytas, wafrf taf hfw rfhfrfomfs tj k

pr vìfdfl i`hf hjr cfo lj ojt ckrry w`ta taf fstkni safl wjrilv`fw kol `ts

kssjm`ktfl fsmaktjijdy. \af nfi`fh ò taf rfkic jh Lìcuo, wafrf s`mbofss, wjrry

kol tjì krf kisj knsfot, ljfs ojt h`t mjos`stfotiy, ks afrf `t wks taf djls kijof waj

i`vfl k nifssfl fx`stfomf nfhjrf taf mrfkt`jo jh ckobòl.

\krtkrus wks k pikmf hjr w`mbfl auckos (6>=n), kol ta`s sffcs tj nf k

lfvfijpcfot jh Uiktj's t`cf2 ks hjuol ò Jrfstfs' prjtfstkt`jo tj Fifmtrk ò

Fur`p`lfs' Jrfstfs (>86). @t wks rfputfliy Uytakdjrfko kmmjrlòd tj Kr`stjtif's

Ujstfr`jr Kokiyt`ms (0


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=;

\af i`vòd guldfl taf i`vòd ò Mrjojs' t`cf kol kt taf stkrt jh Wfus' rf`do

(6>=n). \a`s wks ko uoskt`shkmtjry stktf jh khhk`rs, kmmjrlòd tj Uiutj kol taf

jvfrsffrs hrjc taf @sifs jh taf Nifst, ks ckoy sjuis pkssfl jvfr tj ko knjlf

uolfsfrvòd. \a`s mjotrksts w`ta L`jljrus ]`muius' lfsmr`pt`jo (@.0>) jh ko

Fdypt`ko mustjc jh taf i`vòd guldòd taf lfkl jo taf lky jh taf`r huofrki. Ljlls

(jp. m`t. p.=44) hòls Uiktj's rfhfrfomf tj nf a`s jwo. \ajcpsjo (jp. m`t. p.;88)

mjos`lfrs Uiktj `s afrf òlfntfl tj Jrpa`m pjfts.

R6>=mS \afo spkbf Wfus7 Oky, sk`l af, @ wìi put k stjp tj tafsf

prjmfflòds. \af mksfs krf ojw òlffl guldfl ìi kol `t `s nfmkusf tafy waj

krf jo tr`ki krf tr`fl ò taf`r mijtaòd, hjr tafy krf tr`fl ki`vf. Ojw ckoy,sk`l

af, waj akvf w`mbfl sjuis krf mikl ò hk`r njl`fs kol komfstry kol wfkita,

kol kt taf`r guldfcfot kppfkr ckoy w`tofssfs tj tfst`hy takt taf`r i`vfs akvf

nffo gust. Ojw, taf guldfs krf mjohjuolfl ojt joiy ny taf`r fv`lfomf

. 7 ,, . . ,, 7 . , , , , , ,

7

Oky sk`l af(,) ckrbs taf stkrt jh Wfusrfhjrckt`jo jh

taf fstkni`safl prjmfflòds.F.^. Ljlls (jp. m`t. p.=4=) kssfrts taf Djrd`ks cyta

aks ojof jh taf sm`fot`h`m `ckdfry jh taf iktfr Uakflj (;54m-;;=m- l) wafo rfmjuotòd k tkif. Pft, ta`s

c`dat cfrfiy nf k i`tfrkry lfv`mf fokniòd Uiktj tj nf hrff hrjc cyta`mki nfi`fhs af

c`dat ojt akvf afil. K qufst`jo kr`sfs, ajwfvfr, mjos`lfròd taf prfv`jus mik`c

takt taf cyta `s truf (6>=k). Kitfrokt`vfiy, taf klc`ss`jo c`dat nf takt, kitajuda

taf nfi`fhs krf truf hjr Uiktj, taf sjurmf jh taf cyta `s ojt fot`rfiy a`s jwo. @t h`ts

w`ta Uakflj (;51m) wafrf taf sjurmf jh taf cyta `s kttr`nutfl tj sjcfjof fisf.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=sfin&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=sfin0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=%5dhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=sfin&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=sfin0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=%5dhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=sfin&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=sfin0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=%5dhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=sfin&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=sfin0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=%5dhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ou%29%3Dn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ou%29%3Dn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=ei)%3Dpenhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ou%29%3Dn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ou%29%3Dn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=ei)%3Dpenhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ou%29%3Dn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ou%29%3Dn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=ei)%3Dpenhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%2Azeu%2Fs&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=%2Azeu%2Fs0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=o(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%2Azeu%2Fs&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=%2Azeu%2Fs0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=o(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%2Azeu%2Fs&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=%2Azeu%2Fs0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=o(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29gw%2F&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29gw%2F0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=a)ll%27http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=gigno%2Fmenon&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=gigno%2Fmenon0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=tou%3Dtohttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=gigno%2Fmenon&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=gigno%2Fmenon0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=tou%3Dtohttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=me%5Cn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=me%5Cn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=nu%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=me%5Cn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=me%5Cn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=nu%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ai%28&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ai%280&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=kakw%3Dshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ai%28&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ai%280&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=kakw%3Dshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ai%28&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ai%280&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=kakw%3Dshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ai%28&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ai%280&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=kakw%3Dshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=krino%2Fmenoi&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=krino%2Fmenoi0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=oi(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=krino%2Fmenoi&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=krino%2Fmenoi0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=oi(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ga%5Cr&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ga%5Cr1&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=zw%3Dnteshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ga%5Cr&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ga%5Cr1&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=zw%3Dnteshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=h%29%3D&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=h%29%3D0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=ou)%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=h%29%3D&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=h%29%3D0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=ou)%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=h%29%3D&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=h%29%3D0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=ou)%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=h%29%3D&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=h%29%3D0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=ou)%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=o%28%2Fs&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=o%28%2Fs0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=d%27http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=o%28%2Fs&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=o%28%2Fs0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=d%27http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=kala%5C&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=kala%5C0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=tehttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=kala%5C&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=kala%5C0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=tehttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=kri%2Fsis&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=kri%2Fsis0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=kri%2Fsis&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=kri%2Fsis0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29%2Frxontai&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29%2Frxontai0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h)%3D%7Chttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29%2Frxontai&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29%2Frxontai0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h)%3D%7Chttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=polloi%5C&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=polloi%5C1&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=au)toi%3Dshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=polloi%5C&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=polloi%5C1&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=au)toi%3Dshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=dikai%2Fws&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=dikai%2Fws0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=w(shttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=dikai%2Fws&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=dikai%2Fws0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=w(shttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=dikai%2Fws&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=dikai%2Fws0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=w(shttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29gw%2F&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29gw%2F0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=a)ll%27http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29gw%2F&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29gw%2F0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=a)ll%27http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29gw%2F&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29gw%2F0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=a)ll%27http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=dikai%2Fws&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=dikai%2Fws0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=w(shttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=polloi%5C&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=polloi%5C1&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=au)toi%3Dshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29%2Frxontai&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29%2Frxontai0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h)%3D%7Chttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=kri%2Fsis&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=kri%2Fsis0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=h(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=kala%5C&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=kala%5C0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=tehttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=o%28%2Fs&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=o%28%2Fs0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=d%27http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=h%29%3D&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=h%29%3D0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=ou)%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=h%29%3D&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=h%29%3D0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=ou)%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ga%5Cr&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ga%5Cr1&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=zw%3Dnteshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=krino%2Fmenoi&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=krino%2Fmenoi0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=oi(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ai%28&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ai%280&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=kakw%3Dshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ai%28&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ai%280&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=kakw%3Dshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=me%5Cn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=me%5Cn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=nu%3Dnhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=gigno%2Fmenon&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=gigno%2Fmenon0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=tou%3Dtohttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29gw%2F&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=e%29gw%2F0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=a)ll%27http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%2Azeu%2Fs&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=%2Azeu%2Fs0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=o(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ou%29%3Dn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ou%29%3Dn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=ei)%3Dpenhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ou%29%3Dn&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=ou%29%3Dn0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=ei)%3Dpenhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=sfin&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=sfin0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=%5dhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=sfin&amp%3Bamp%3Bla=greek&amp%3Bamp%3Bcan=sfin0&amp%3Bamp%3Bprior=%5d


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Mjomfroòd taf s`cpi`m`ty jh hjib tkifs ks jppjssfl tj taf kppkrfot mjcpifx`ty jh

cyta, F.F. Fvkos-Ur`tmakrl, \af Wkolf \r`mbstfr, Jxhjrl, ;084 (p.;6), hjuol

i`ttif l`stòmt`jo nftwffo cytas kol hjib-tkifs ks suma. Pft D.].B`rb, \af Okturf jh

Drffb Cytas (p.==-=6), hjuol tafrf krf mfrtkò cjt`hs pfmui`kr tj hjib-tkifs ks

jppjsfl tj cytas. @o ta`s rfspfmt @ akvf `lfot`h`fl k oucnfr jh l`stòmt`jos w`ta

hfkturfs ò taf Djrd`ks ks hjiijws7

;. Hjib-tkifs ikmb kr`stjmrkt`m hfkturfs2 `.f. taf djls jr l`vòf guldfs krf

knsfot, uoi`bf ò taf Djrd`ks (6>=k, 6>=f), nut tafy krf mjomfrofl w`ta taf

l`hh`muit`fs kol ajpfs jh jrlòkry pfjpif.

>.\afy lj ojt hjmus jo taf òfv`tknì`ty jh lfkta, ks ò Djrd`ks (6>=k-n), jr

òst`tut`joki ckttfrs, i`bf taf gust`h`mkt`jo jh bòdsa`p jr gul`m`ki

prjmffl ods (6>=k-m), rktafr taf`r sjm ki hjmus mjomfro taf hkcìy.

=. Kitajuda njta mjomfro supfrokturki fifcfots, hjib-tkifs krf ojt

mjomfrofl w`ta djls ò taf truf sfosf nut d`kots, cjostfrs, djniòs, w`tmafs

kol taf i`bf.

=k).

8.Hjib-tkifs tfol tj nf tjil ò pkrt`muikr wkys takt utì`sf okrrkt`vf lfv`mfs

ò jrlfr tj òtrjlumf surpr`sf jr mi`ckx. K mjccjo sungfmt `s k qufst ò

jrlfr tj surv`vf, wò k pr`zf, jr lfhfkt ko fofcy.

@o rfspfmt jh tafsf hfkturfs, B`rb tjj stìi klc`ts k lfdrff jh òmjos`stfomy

ò a`s v`fw (jp. m`t. p.=6), ks hjib-tkif hfkturfs tfol tj kppfkr fvfo ò taf cjrf

mjcpifx kol `ckdòkt`vf tkifs af tfrcs "cytas". \af l`hh`muity mko nf jvfrmjcf,

ajwfvfr, ny kppfkiòd tj taf tafjry jh Hrkoz Njks, \s`csa`ko Cytajijdy,

Tksaòdtjo, ;0;8 (p.115), takt tafrf `s k mjotòuki fxmakodf jh mjotfot hrjc njta

typfs jh tkifs, kol takt of`tafr drjup mko mik`c pr`jr`ty. @t sffcs, tafrfhjrf, takt kii


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==

tkifs rfiy jo wfii-usfl okrrkt`vf lfv`mfs kol lrkckt`m cftajls. \afsf krf kisj

utì`sfl ò cytas ò jrlfr tj mjovfy ko khhfmt`vf tkif. Afomf, fvfo taf cjst l`vòf

kol sfr`jus jh Drffb cytas rfvfki mfrtkò hjib-tkif quki`t`fs.

Urfv`jusiy, taf mjurt jhtfo lfkit n`ksfl guldfcfots jo lfhfolkots luf tj

taf`r wfkita kol stkt`jo (6>=m). \a`s kppfkrs tj nf ko kiius`jo tj taf prjmflurf jh

taf Ktafo`ko mjurt (=m67

). \a`s mjcpkrfs w`ta Mrktyius (8). Iktfr wr`tfrs suma ks

]fofmk, Fp`stuikf Cjrkifs, mjotòuf taf `lfk (0>.;=7 mjrpus ko`c` fst

vfikcfotuc). \af w`mbfl sjuis krf kss`stfl ny oucfrjus w`tofssfs waj mjohusf

taf guldfs w`ta hkisf tfst`cjo`fs knjut tajsf waj krf jo tr`ki (6>=m1).

R6>=lS nut kt taf skcf t`cf ny nfòd mijtafl tafcsfivfs waìf tafy s`t ò

guldfcfot akvòd taf`r jwo sjui cuhhifl ò taf vfì jh fyfs kol fkrs kol taf

wajif njly. \aus kii tafsf krf k aòlrkomf tj tafc, taf`r jwo aknì`cfots oj

ifss tako tajsf jh taf guldfl. Tfii, h`rst jh kii,af sk`l, wfcust put k stjp tj

taf`r hjrfbojwifldf jh taf`r lfkta2 hjr ta`s tafy kt prfsfot hjrfbojw. Ajwfvfr,

Urjcftafus aks kirfkly nffo d`vfo taf wjrl

, , . , . , , 7.
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==l>7

).

\af guldfs' sfosfs krf òhiufomfl ny fxtfroki kol supfrh`m`ki hfkturfs takt aòlfr

mjrrfmt cjrki guldfcfots mjomfroòd makrkmtfr (6>=l7

). @o ta`s rfspfmt Uiktj kssfrts fisfwafrf takt okbflofss kol pur`h`mkt`jo

krf k cfkos hjr dkòòd truf bojwifldf. \af `lfk kppfkrs ò Kim`n`klfs (@. ;=>k),

kol kisj taf ]ycpjsùc (>;;k-f, >;8l-f).

Wfus' rfhjrc rfqu`rfs takt pfjpif cust ojt bojw taf lky jh taf`r lfkta

(6>=l8-47 ). \af rfksjos hjr ta`s

krf ojt fxpikòfl, nut Ljlls (jp. m`t. p.=41) taòbs `t c`dat akvf lftfrrfl ikst-còutf rfpfotkomfs2 sff kisj ^fpuni`m (==5l-==;n). Urjcftafus aks kirfkly nffo

drkotfl taf pjwfr tj stjp ta`s hjrfs`dat. Ks taf d`vfr jh hjrfs`dat, af mjuil kisj

tkbf `t kwky. \a`s kmt `s a`s jwo lfm`s`jo tj d`vf cfo ajpf ò Kfsmayius'

Urjcftafus Njuol (>=f). V. Xjo Tìkcjw`tz-Cjiifoljrhh, Uiktj @, >ol fl`t. ;0>5 (p.>>4), suddfsts

takt `t `s k pjss`nì`ty takt njta klkptfl ko jil hjib-tkif knjut ta`s hkmuity jh

hjrfs`dat pjssfssfl ny cfo.

^. Drkvfs (jp. m`t. p.;;1, >6>, =8). Hjr a`s tr`mbfry jh

Wfus mjosuit Afs`jl's \afjdjoy (6>;-68


36/378

=6

R6>=fS tj stjp ta`s ò tafc. Ofxt tafy cust nf str`ppfl nkrf jh kii tajsf taòds

nfhjrf tafy krf tr`fl2 hjr tafy cust stkol taf`r tr`ki lfkl. \af`r guldf kisj

cust nf okbfl, lfkl, nfajilòd w`ta vfry sjui taf vfry sjui jh fkma

`ccfl`ktfiy upjo a`s lfkta, nfrfht jh kii a`s bò kol akvòd ifht nfaòl jo

fkrta kii takt hòf krrky, tj taf fol takt taf guldfcfot cky nf gust. Ojw @,

bojwòd kii ta`s nfhjrf yju, akvf kppjòtfl sjos jh cy jwo tj nf guldfs2 twj

hrjc Ks`k, Còjs kol âklkckotaus

.7 . , , ,

, . , , ,

Wfus' rfhjrcs rfqu`rf kii sjuis tj nf str`ppfl jh bò kol wfkita, nfhjrf tafy

krf tr`fl ny guldfs waj krf kisj okbfl kol lfkl. \a`s foknifs taf guldfs tj kssfss

taf`r truf okturfs (6>=f). \af guldf's sjui nfajils taf sjui jh fkma pfrsjo (6>=f).

\a`s mjcpkrfs w`ta Kim`n`klfs (@.;=5l) wafrf truf l`smuss`jo jmmurs sjui w`ta

sjui, kol ]jmrktfs wkros a`s mjcpko`jo takt af c`dat sff taf okbfl Lfcjs (;=>k).\af sjuis cust nf guldfl `ccfl`ktfiy khtfr lfkta (6>=f7

). \. @rwò (jp. m`t. p.>), trkosiktf ks "upjo lfkta w`tajut wkroòd" (f;) kol Ljlls (jp. m`t. p.=41) prfhfr "`ccfl`ktfiy upjo a`s lfkta" i`bf

Mrktyius (=08n=f7
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7/21/2019 Penology and Escha

Penology and Eschatology in Plato's Myths (New Edition with Greek Annotation)

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Transcript of Penology and Eschatology in Plato's Myths (New Edition with Greek Annotation)