Pearland High School 2008 Chapter 18 TheDiversity of Life.
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Transcript of Pearland High School 2008 Chapter 18 TheDiversity of Life.
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Pearland High School 2008
Chapter 18
TheTheDiversityDiversityof Lifeof Life
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Tacitus
bellus
Populus tremuloides
Quaking Aspen
Finding Order in Diversity• To study the diversity of life,
biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.
• Taxonomy is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.
• Biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists.
• Classification systems change with expanding knowledge.
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Carolus von Linnaeus(1707-1778)
Carolus Linnaeus• Swedish botanist• Developed Binomial
Nomenclature• Two-word naming system
– Genus» Noun, Capitalized,
Underlined or Italicized
– Species» Descriptive, Lower Case,
Underlined or Italicized
– Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
» Ex. Ursus arctos
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System of Classification
• Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels (from largest to smallest)
• Grizzly Bear (common name)– Kingdom Animalia
– Phylum Chordata
– Class Mammalia
– Order Carnivora
– Family Ursidae
– Genus Ursus
– Species arctos
Each of the levels is called a TAXONUrsus
arctos(scientific name)
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System of Classification
• Taxonomic categories, an acronym:– Kingdom King– Phylum Phillip– Class Came– Order Over– Family For– Genus Good– Species Soup
KKPPCCOOFFGGSS
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• Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships among organisms
• Evolutionary classification – strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history– Fossil record– Comparative homologies– Comparative sequencing of
DNA/RNA among organisms– Molecular clocks
Evolutionary Classification
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Represent hypothesized evolutionary relationships
Taxonomic Diagrams
PhylogeneticTree
Mammals Turtles Lizards and Snakes Crocodiles Birds
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Attempt to trace the process of evolution by
focusing on shared features
Mammals Turtles Lizards and Snakes Crocodiles Birds
CladogramTaxonomic Diagrams
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Dichotomous Keys Identify Organisms
• Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting descriptions.
• After each description, the key directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism.
Example: 1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2
b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3
2. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4
b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5
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Domains• Most inclusive category • Larger than a kingdom• There are 3
– Eukarya – includes the kingdoms»Protists, Fungi, Plants &
Animals– Bacteria – corresponds to the
kingdom Eubacteria– Archaea – corresponds to the
kingdom Archaebacteria
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Kingdoms• Monera (Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria) - Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls
• Protista – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals
• Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls
• Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose
• Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall
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Kingdom Monera - Eubacteria• Common name: Bacteria• Unicellular prokaryotes• Peptidogylcan in cell wall• Ecologically diverse • Basic shapes are cocci,
bacilli, spirilla• Reproduce both sexually and
asexuallyBacillus anthracis(spores can live in
soil for years)
Streptococcus mutans
(can cause endocarditis and
dental caries)
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Kingdom Monera - Archaebacteria• Cell wall does not contain
peptidogylcan• Cell membrane contains unusual
lipids not found in other organisms• Live in extreme environments
(devoid of oxygen):– volcanic hot springs– brine pools– black organic mud
Archaeafirst detected in
extreme environments,
such as volcanic hot springs.
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Kingdom Protista• A classification problem – consists
of organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi
• Most unicellular, some colonial and some multicellular
• Autotrophic and heterotrophic• Some move with flagella,
pseudopods or cilia• Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-
like groups• Reproduce by mitosis and meiosis
Entamoeba histolytica
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Kingdom Fungi
• Most feed on dead of decaying organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes into their food source then absorbing it into their bodies
• Cell walls of chitin• Most multicellular; some
unicellular• Heterotrophic
Boletus zelleri(Edible, but often infected with fly
larvae)
Epidermophyton floccosum
(one of the causes of
athlete's foot)
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Kingdom Plantae
• Multicellular• Nonmotile – cannot
move from place to place
• Cell wall with cellulose• Mostly photosynthetic
autotrophs
Sunflowers in Fargo, North
Dakota
Ginkgo bilobaGinkgos are often very long-lived.
Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500
years old.
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Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular• Heterotrophic• No cell walls or
chloroplasts• Incredible diversity
Chambered
Nautilus
Colony of sponges
Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum
Txodes scapularisDeer tick
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Hierarchical Systemof Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
SpeciesFrom
general to more specific
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How Many Kingdoms?
6Kingdoms