PDP Chemistry Atomic structure. Topic 2: Atomic structure solids, liquids and gases pressure volume...
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Transcript of PDP Chemistry Atomic structure. Topic 2: Atomic structure solids, liquids and gases pressure volume...
![Page 1: PDP Chemistry Atomic structure. Topic 2: Atomic structure solids, liquids and gases pressure volume and temperature in a gas models of the atom subatomic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2f5503460f94c4944d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PDP ChemistryAtomic structure
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Topic 2: Atomic structure
• solids, liquids and gases• pressure volume and temperature
in a gas• models of the atom• subatomic particles• electron arrangement• converting units• measuring chemical quantities
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Phases of matterHow do we classify matter?
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Particles in solids, liquids and gases
Think Pair Share
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Size of an atom
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How big is a carbon atom?
stearic acid monolayer
1% stearic acid solution
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Modelling a cylinder V = πr2h
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Why are we uncertain about the result?
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Percentage uncertainties: How much do we know what we don’t know?
percentage uncertainty = uncertainty/value x 100
for example 20±2cm
% uncertainty = 2/20 x 100 = 10%
sig figs!
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Quantifiable uncertainties in size of a carbon atom
Variable Value Absolute uncertainty
% uncertainty
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What other factors affect how accurate your result is?
Factor affecting accuracy Does it make the final result higher or lower?
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Carbon atom
Image: ttp://salihabava.com/2012/10/we-create-in-play/.
Covalent radiussp3: 77 pmsp2: 73 pmsp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius 170 pm
1pm = 10-12m
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They’re much too small to see so how do we know atoms exist? And how do we know what they’re made of?
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H2
O
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How do we know about atoms?
Atoms
substances combine in fixed ratios
kinetic theory of solids, liquids and gases
scanning tunneling microscopy
Brownian motion
Atomic structure
cathode rays
Geiger-Marsden gold foil experiment
emission spectra
radioactivity
particle accelerators
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How do we know about atoms?
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Combination in fixed ratios
2g of hydrogen and 16g of oxygen make 18g of water
4g of hydrogen and 32g of oxygen make 36g of water
H2
O
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Kinetic theory- microscopic model to explain macroscopic properties
Melting and boilingCompressibilityPouring
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Brownian motion
Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion
Brownian motion YT from 4 min
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Scanning tunnelling microscope images
Iron atoms on copper, Image: http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/atomo.html
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How do we know about atomic structure?
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Cathode rays
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Geiger-Marsden gold foil experiment
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Radioactivity
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Emission spectra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmer_series, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_test
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Particle accelerators
Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator
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How is an atom structured?
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Atomic structure PEN
ChargeProton charge = 1.602176565 × 10−19 CNeutron charge = 0Electron charge = −1.602176565 × 10−19C
MassProton mass = 1.67262158 × 10-27 kgNeutron mass = 1.674927352 × 10−27 kgElectron mass = 9.10938291 × 10−31kg
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Simpler units
relative charge proton = +1
electron = -1
relative mass proton = 1.007 u (unified atomic mass unit)
neutron = 1.008 u
electron = 0.000 5485 u
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Atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus
Mass number (A) is the number of nucleons (protons + neutrons)
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (and a different mass number)
LiMass number 7
Atomic number 3
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Atomic mass (atomic weight)
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How are electrons arranged around an atom?
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Models of the atom
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Bohr model
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Emission spectra
energy emitted as photons when electrons move between energy levelshf
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Ionization energy
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 970
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Ionization energies of the first 100 elements
Atomic number
Ioniz
ati
on e
nerg
y k
Jmol-1
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Electrons arranged in shells
Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
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Periodic table and electron shells
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Standard periodic table
Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
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Newland’s PT, 1866
Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
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Mendeleev’s PT, 1869
Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
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Spiral PT,modern
Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
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List the physical and chemical properties of A,B,C,D and E
www.webelements.com
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Write at least 5 sentences about how the periodic table is arranged.
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Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
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Periodicity
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Trends in the periodic table
Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_trends
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Important groups
1. Alkali metals
2. Alkali earths
17. Halogens
18. Noble gases