THEORYCONTENTS

1.SomeImportantDefinitions3

2.ComputerSystemParts&Peripherals43.PowerSupplies&Testing7

4.ComputerCase/Chassis(Cabinet)11

5.DatastorageinCPU,RAM,HDD,DVDEtc13

6.BinaryCodedLanguage&Units16

7.MotherboardI/OPorts(USB…)&Devices18

8.StorageDrives(HDD,SSD…)&Ports24

9.ExpansionAdapters27

10.ExpansionSlots&Interfaces31

11.Chipset&Controllers3312.RAMTypes(Static,Dynamic,DDR1,2,3,4…)35

13.Processor/CPU(Core2,Corei3,i5,i7…)3814.ComputerPorts&Symbols44

15.OtherComputerParts&Peripherals45

PRACTICALCONTENTS1. AssemblyofComputer49

2. InternalandExternalConnections51

3. LaptopsandNotebooks53

4. BIOSandOptions54

5. IntroductiontoOperatingSystems58

6. HarddiskPartitionsandFileSystems61

7. WindowsVista/7/8/10Basics

628. WindowsVista/7/8/10Installation64

9. DeviceDriversInstallation71

10.InternetConfigurations

73

11. Virusandantivirus

78

12.SystemMaintenanceTips

80

13.Windows7/8/10Troubleshooting

82

14.HardwareTroubleshooting

83

15.AdvancedSystemCare

91

16.PrintersTypesandMechanisms

92

17.ScannerInstallation&Configuration

95

18.WebcamInstallation&Configuration

97

Definitions1.WhatisaComputer?

Computerisanelectronicdevicethatcanprocessandstorestheinformationordata.

2.WhatisInformation?

Setoffactsabouthumanbeingoraboutanobjectarecalledasinformation.

3.WhatisData?

Collectionofinformationiscalledasdata.

4.WhatisDataStoring?

Storingthedatameanskeepingorholdingthedataindigitalformat.

5.Whatisprocessing?

Performingbothlogicalandarithmeticoperationsaccordingtousergiveninstructionsoruserwrittenprogramorinstalledsoftware.

6.WhatisComputerHardware?

Thephysicalcomponentsofacomputersystemarecalledascomputerhardware.

7.Whatissoftware?

SetofinstructionsorprogramswhichwillbeusedtocontroltheoperationofacomputersystemandtoperformtasksarecalledasSoftware.

8.WhatisaProgram?

Acomputerprogram,orjustaprogram,isasequenceofinstructions,writtentoperformaspecifiedtaskwithacomputer.

9.Whatisfirmware?

Softwarepermanentlystoredinhardware(Ex:SoftwarestoredinBIOS).

10.WhatisPeripheral?

Input/OutputdevicelikePrinter,Scanner,WebCameraetc.ThosearenotthepartoftheComputer,theyareseparatedevices,foraspecificpurposeweareattachingthemtoComputer

11.WhatisaComputersystem?

Computerwithsoftwareinstalledandperipheralsconnectediscalledascomputersystem.

ComputerPartsandPeripheralsS Component/

No Peripheral Description

1

Computer

Case/

Chassis/Cabinet

A computer case (also known as the computerchassis, box or housing) is the enclosure thatcontainsthemaincomponentsofacomputer.

2

Motherboard/

Mainboard/

Systemboard

The main printed circuit board in a computer thatcarriesthesystembuses.Itisequippedwithsocketsto which all processors, memory modules, plug-incards, daughter boards, or peripheral devices areconnected.

3 CPU/Processor

CentralProcessingUnit/Processor.Thebrainofthecomputer - the device capable of performingArithmetic and Logical operations on data. Or forthinking.

4 Memory/RAM

Abbreviation for Random Access Memory.OperatingSystemSoftware,programsanddata areusuallycopied intoRAMfromadiskdrive for thecentralprocessingunit(CPU)tohavefastanddirectaccesswhenneededtoperformtasks.

5

Display/Video/

Graphics

Adapter

Display Adapter is an expansion card whichgenerates a feed of output images to a display. Itconvertsdigitalsignalsintovideosignals.

6 HardDiskDrive

AharddiskDriveisacomputerstoragedevicethatstores data on rotating magnetic surfacespermanently.

7 FloppyDiskDrive

A drive that reads from or writes to separatediskettes which the user inserts. Information isstoredonthediskettesthemselves.

8 OpticalDiscDrive(ODD)

An optical disk drive is a storage device that useslight or lasers to store or retrieve information.CommontypesincludeCDorDVDdrives.

9SoundCard/

AudioAdapter

Asoundcardisaninternalcomputerexpansioncardthatfacilitatestheinputandoutputofaudiosignalsto and from a computer under control of computerprograms.

10LAN/Ethernet

Adapter

The Ethernet card provides a standardized way ofconnectingcomputerstogethertocreateanetwork.

11MODEM

(ModulatorandDemodulator)

Adevicethatallowstwocomputerstocommunicateover telephone lines. It converts digital computersignals into analog and converts the analog signalbackintoadigitalformat.

12 TV/FMCard

ATVtunercardishardwarethatallowsanalogueordigital broadcast television signals to be receivedand converted or translated for display by acomputer.

13Monitor

The monitor displays the video and graphicsinformationgeneratedby thecomputer through thevideocard.Monitorsareverysimilar to televisionswithhighresolution.

14 Keyboard

The keyboard is an input device designed to entertext, characters and other commands into acomputerorsimilardevice.

15 Mouse

Themouse is a part of a computerwhichprovidesthe major way of interacting with graphical userinterfacesonacomputer.

16 Printer

Acomputerprinter isacomputerperipheraldevicethat produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics, usually on paper)fromdatastoredinacomputerconnectedtoit.

17 Scanner

A device that reads a printed page and converts itintoagraphicsimage(SoftCopy)forthecomputer.

18 WebCam

Used to capture images and videos and transferthemoverWeborInternet

19 Microphone

Amicrophone,sometimescalledaMic(pronounced“mike”), is a device that converts sound into anelectricalsignal.

20 Speakers

Youneedspeakerstohearthesoundgeneratedbyasoundcard.Youshouldbuyspeakerswithabuilt-inamplifiertostrengthenthesoundsignalandimprovetheperformance.

21

ThumbDrive/

PenDrive/

USBFlashDrive

AUSBFlashDrive isusedasasmall, lightweight,removabledatastoragedevice.Thishot-swappable,non-volatile.

PowerSuppliesCurrent:FlowofelectricChargeorFlowofelectricityorflowofelectrons(negative

chargedparticles)throughaconductororwire.

AC:AlternatingCurrent(~):FlowofElectronsdirectionwillbechangedalternatively(OR)Polaritywillbechangedalternatively.

DC:DirectCurrent( ):AlwaysElectronswillbeflowinonlyonedirection.(OR)

polaritywillnotbechanged.

ACSources:1.Mains,2.OutputfromStabilizer,UPSandInverter,3.Generatoretc

DCSources:1.Cells,2.Batteries,3.AC/DCAdapters4.Dynamosetc.

Voltage:Anelectromotiveforceorpotentialdifferencebetweentwopointsonacircuit

Note:INDIANVOLTAGE:230V,50HZACUSVOLTAGE:120V,60HZAC

Stabilizer/VoltageRegulatorA voltage stabilizer is an electrical appliance used to feed constant voltage current toelectricalgadgetslikeACsandcomputers,andprotectsthemfromdamageduetovoltagefluctuations.

BuckBoostStabilizerItworksontheprincipleofatransformer,wheretheinputcurrentisconnectedtoprimarywindings and output is received from secondary windings. When there is a drop inincomingvoltage,itactivateselectromagneticrelayswhichaddtomorenumberofturnsinthesecondarywinding,thusgivinghighervoltagewhichcompensatesforlossinoutputvoltage.When there is rise in the incomingvoltage, the reversehappens, and, thus, thevoltageattheoutputsideremainsalmostunchanged.However,outputvoltageaccuracyisusually±10%.

UPSA UPS (uninterruptible power supply) is a device that allows your computer to keeprunningforat leastashort timewhen theprimarypowersource is lost. Italsoprovidesprotectionfrompowersurges.AUPScontainsabatterythat“kicksin”whenthedevicesensesalossofpowerfromtheprimarysource.IfyouareusingthecomputerwhentheUPSnotifiesyouofthepowerloss,youhavetimetosaveanydatayouareworkingonand exit gracefully before the secondary power source (the battery) runs out.When allpower runs out, any data in your computer’s random accessmemory (RAM) is erased.When power surges occur, a UPS intercepts the surge so that it doesn’t damage yourcomputer

Internalbatteryups

ExternalBatteryups

Inverter:ThemainspowercomestotheInverter.Thisisdirectlysent totheoutputbut theACisalsoconvertedtoDCandthisDCisconstantlycharging thebattery.Asensorandrelaymechanismcheckswhether themains isONorOFF.WhenthemainswitchesOFF, the relay actuator triggers to switch frommains to inverter.Rest is same like theUPS.Becauseofthissensorandrelay,thereisagapbetweentriggering.UPSinvolvesmorecostlycircuitsandisthereforemoreexpensivetomakeandsell.

UPSVsInverter

While both provide backup power during mains outage, with the UPS the switch isinstantaneouswhereaswiththeInverterthereisagapofasecondortwo.ThisgapisOKfor household gadgets such as lights, fans, fridge, etc. but not OK forcomputers.

Apartfromthesethereisanotherdifference.TheACsupplyhasapuresinewavewhereasinUPS theoutput is anear sinewave,not apure sinewavewhere as for a inverter itssquare wave, waveformwhich uses less battery power for longer backups. This is thereason thatwe hear a humwhenwe attach a inductive load (Fan, Tube light etc.) to a

Inverter.Butwedonothearanythingwhenit’sonACsupplyorlowonUPS.

DigitalMultimeter

ComputerCase/Chassis(Cabinet)

AT(AdvancedTechnology)Cabinet:InoldendaysATcabinetwasused.InATACpowerenterintoON/OFFswitchinfrontpanelofCabinet.SotherewasonlyonewaytoPowerontheSystem.Andtherearenosafetyfeatures.

ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) Cabinet: Present Cabinets are ATX. In ATXPower controlled throughMotherboard. So there are somanyways toPowerON.Andalsotherearesafetyfeatures

SMPS:SwitchModePowerSupply(SMPSusesTransistors,byTransistorsSwitching

Operationoutputwillbeobtained.)UsingSMPStechnologyPowerSupplyunits

becamesmallerandlighterandConstantOutputwillbeobtained.

PartsofCabinet

1.PSU/SMPS:ItcovertsACintoDCandsuppliestovariousparts

2.PowerButton:ForPowerOnandPowerOff.

3.ResetButton:ForFastOff&OnwhenComputerbecomeStruck/Hang/Freeze

4.PowerLED:PowerStatusIndicator

5.HDDLED:Datatransfer/ProcessStatusIndicator

6.SystemSpeaker:ForSystemDiagnostics.

PowerSupplyVoltages

1.YELLOW+12VOLTS

2.RED+5VOLTS

3.ORANGE+3.3VOLTS

4.BLACK0(GROUND/COMMON)

5.WHITE-5VOLTS(NotusedinPresentMotherboard)

6.BLUE-12VOLTS(NotusedinPresentMotherboard)

7.GREEN+5VOLTS(POWERON)

8.PURPLE+5VOLTS(STANDBY)

9.GREY+5VOLTS(POWERGOOD)

10.BROWN+3.3VOLTS(REMOTESENSING)

Generally,supplyvoltagesmustbewithin±5%oftheirnominalvaluesatalltimes.

Fourwireshavespecialfunctions:

Green:PS_ONor“PowerOn”isasignalfromthemotherboardtothepowersupply.WhenthelineisconnectedtoGND(bythemotherboard),thepowersupplyturnson.Itisinternallypulledupto+5Vinsidethepowersupply.

Purple:+5VSBor“+5Vstandby”suppliespowerevenwhentherestofthesupply linesareoff.Thiscanbeused topower thecircuitry thatcontrols thePowerOnSignal(GenerallyitsuppliespowertoKeyboard,Mouseetcinstandbymode).

Grey:PWR_OKor“PowerGood”isanoutputfromthepowersupplythatindicatesthatitsoutputhasstabilizedandisreadyforuse.OritmonitorsSMPS.

Brown:+3.3Vsenseshouldbeconnectedtothe+3.3Vonthemotherboardoritspowerconnector.Thisconnectionallowsforremotesensingofthevoltagedropinthepowersupplywiringduetooverload,generallybyaddingGraphicsCard.

PowerSupplyUnit(PSU)connectors&PinoutsForMotherboard

ForPeripherals

(For40PinHDD/DVD)(ForFDD/GraphicsCardFan)For7PinHDD/DVD)

DataStorageinVariousParts

1.Processor/CPU:MadewithSiliconChip,MadeupwithTransistors

Transistors are commonlyused as electronic switches, for bothhighpower applicationsincludingswitched-modepowersuppliesandlowpowerapplicationssuchaslogicgates.When the transistor reaches a base voltage of a certain level the currentwill no longerincrease and the output will be held at a fixed voltage. Because of this property thetransistorcanhavevaluesofinputvoltagesuchthattheoutputiseithercompletelyofforcompletelyon.Thetransistorisactingasaswitch,andthistypeofoperationiscommonindigitalcircuitswhereonly“on”and“off”valuesarerelevant.Transistorisalsocalledaselectronicswitch.

2.Memory/RAM:MadewithSiliconChips,MadeupwithCapacitors

Acapacitororcondenserisanelectronicdevicewhichconsistsoftwoplates(electricallyconductivematerial)separatedbyaninsulatorcalleddielectric.

A capacitor is a little like a battery. Although theywork in completely differentways,capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. Inside the battery, chemicalreactionsproduceelectronsononeterminalandabsorbelectronsontheotherterminal.A

capacitorismuchsimplerthanabattery,asitcan’tproducenewelectrons—itonlystoresthem.

Semiconductordevice fabrication: is theprocess used to create the integrated circuitsthatarepresentineverydayelectricalandelectronicdevices.Itisamultiple-stepsequenceof photolithographic and chemical processing steps duringwhich electronic circuits aregradually created on awafermade of pure semi conductingmaterial. Silicon is almostalways used. The entiremanufacturing process, from start to packaged chips ready forshipment,takessixtoeightweeksandisperformedinhighlyspecializedfacilitiesreferredtoasfabs.

3.HardDisc:MadewithMagneticcoateddisc,Madeupwithmagneticparts/domains.

Platter:Oneormorealuminum,glass,orceramicdiskthatiscoatedinamagneticmediaandislocatedwithinaharddrivetopermanentlystoreallyourcomputer’sdata.Whenthecomputeristurnedon,theseplatterswillbegintorotateatsomanyrotationsperminute(RPM).Asthediskplattersarerotating,theread/writeheadaccessesinformationononeoftheplatters.

4.OpticalDisc(CD/DVD/BD)

Adirectaccessstoragedevicethatiswrittenandreadbylight(Laser).Themostcommonoptical discs inuse areCDs, DVDsandBDs.As removablemedia, optical discshaveadvantages over the older removable magnetic disk cartridges. They weigh less, havehigher capacities and are not subject to head crashes or corruption from straymagneticfields.

1.CD(120mm)-700MB,MiniCD(80mm)-185MB

2.DVD(120mm)-4.7GB(SingleLayer)MiniDVD(80mm)-1.4GB

3.DVD(120mm)-8.5GB(DoubleLayer)

4.BD(120mm)–25GB(SingleLayer)MiniBD(80mm)–7.8GB

5.BD(120mm)–50GB(DoubleLayer),100-200GB(MultiLayer)

5.DataTransfer:Cables � Copperwires

ParallelInterface

SerialInterface

TheBinaryLanguageofComputers

This topic describes how Information, Pictures, Movies and Songs will be stored indifferentdevicesandhowinformationwilltransferredfromonedevicetoanotherdevicethroughwires.

Example:Tostore“NEO”,itwillbeconvertedinto0sand1sasfollows.

010011100100010101001111

Nowthese0sand1sarestoresindifferentdevicesasfollows.

DEVICE DESCRIPTION POSITION

For“0” For“1”

1.CPU/Processor

MadewithSilicon,andmadeupwithTransistors(Bipolar).

(Electronicswitches)

OFF ON

2.Memory/RAM

MadewithSilicon,andmadeupwithCapacitors.

(StoresElectricalCharge)

NoCharge Charge

3.HardDisc/

FloppyDisc

Plastic/Fiber/Glass/AluminumDiscwithMagneticcoating

4.CD/DVD/BDOpticalDiscwithAluminum

ReflectiveLayer

Pit/bump Land

5.PENDrive

MadewithSilicon,andmadeupwithTransistors(Floating

Gate)

(Electronicswitches)

OFF ON

6.DataCableCopperwires

LowVoltage/

NoCurrent

HighVoltage/

Current

BitThese 0s and 1s are called as binary digits or bits (b). A bit is the smallest unit ofinformationthatisrecognizedbyacomputer:asingleonoroffevent.

Thebinarysystemofnumbersusesthebaseof2(0and1).Asdescribedearlier,abitcanexistinonlytwostates,onoroff.Whenbitsarerepresentedvisually:

0equalsoff.1equalson.

ByteAbyte isagroupof8bits.Abyte isrequiredtorepresentonecharacterof information.Pressing one key on a keyboard is equivalent to sending 1 byte of information to thecomputer’scentralprocessingunit(CPU).Abyteisthestandardunitbywhichmemoryismeasured inacomputer—valuesareexpressed in termsofkilobytes(KB)ormegabytes(MB)Etc..

UNITS

MemoryUnit Value

ValueinBytes

1KB(KiloByte) 1024Bytes

ExactValue:1,024

ApproximateValue:

1thousand=1,000(103)

1MB(MegaByte)

1024KiloBytes

Exact:1,048,576

App:

1million=1,000,000(106)

10lakhs=10,00,000

1GB(GigaByte)

1024MegaBytes

Exact:1,073,741,824

App:

1biilion=1,000,000,000(109)

100crores=100,00,00,000

1TB(TeraByte)

1024GigaBytes

Exact:1,099,511,627,776

App:

1trillion=1,000,000,000,000(1012)

1lakhcrores=1,00,000,00,00,000

1PB(PetaByte)

1024TeraBytes

Exact:1,125,899,906,843,624

App:

1quadrillion=1,000,000,000,000,000(1015)

10crorecrores=10,00,00,000,00,00,000

1EB(ExaByte)

1024PetaBytes

Exact:1,152,921,504,607,870,976

App:

1quintillion=1,000,000,000,000,000,000(1018)

10,000crorecrores

10,000,00,00,000,00,00,000

1ZB(ZettaByte) 1024ExaBytes

Exact:1,180,591,620,718,458,879,424

App:

1sextillion=1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000(1021)

1crorecrorecrore

1YB(YottaByte)

1024ZettaBytes

Exact:1,208,925,819,615,701,892,530,176

App:

1septillion=1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000(1024)

1000crorecrorecrore

LowHigh

MOTHERBOARD/MAINBOARD

I/OPorts(Input/OutputPorts)

6PinPS/2Ports(PS/2:PersonalSystemSeries2)

Bandwidth:33Kbps(Kilobits/Sec)/4KBps(KiloBytes/Sec)

Cablelength:50MTS+Type:MiniDIN((DeutschesInstitutfurNormung)GermanStandard

9Pin COM/SERIALPortsCOM:Communication

SERIAL:DataWillbeTransferredSerially/bitbybit/Onebitatatimeinonewire

BANDWIDTH:115.2Kbps(Kilobits/Sec)or14.4KBps/15KBps(KiloBytes/Sec)

Cablelength:3MTS(10Feet)Type:D-SubMale(D-subminiature)

SupportedDevices:

1.Modem

2. Webcam3. DigitalCamera4. DigitalPen5. SomePrintersOldOnly(NewDevicescomewithUSBconnector)

Etc.

Note:OnlyModemwilluseall9Pins(2forPower,2forData(1Transmit+1Receive))

OtherDeviceswilluseonly4pins(2forPower,2forData)

MODEM:ModulatorandDeModulator

Modulation:ConversionofDigitalDataSignalintoAnalogTelephoneSignal

Demodulation:ConversionofAnalogTelephoneSignalintoDigitalDataSignal.

Webcam

AWebcamisacompactdigitalcamerayoucanhookup toyourcomputer tobroadcastvideo images in real time (as they happen). Just like a digital camera, it captures lightthrougha small lens at the front using a tiny grid of light-detectors, known as a Imagesensor.Aswe’ll see in amoment, the Image sensor converts thepicture in front of thecamera into digital format—a string of zeros and ones that a computer knows how tohandle.Unlikeadigitalcamera,awebcamhasnobuilt-inmemorychiporflashmemorycard:itdoesn’tneedto“remember”picturesbecauseit’sdesignedtocaptureandtransmitthemimmediatelytoacomputer.That’swhywebcamshaveUSBcablescomingoutoftheback. The USB cable supplies power to the webcam from the computer and takes thedigitalinformationcapturedbythewebcam’sCCDbacktothecomputer—fromwhereittravelsontotheInternet.

25PinParallelPort/PrinterPort/LPT(Deviceside36Pin)

PARALLEL:Datawillbetransferredparallely/8bits(1Byte)atatimein8wires.

LPT:LocalPrinterBANDWIDTH:Maximum150KBPS

CableLength:1.8MTS(6Feet)

MaximumDevices=Two/Port

Type:D-SubFemale(D-subminiature)

SupportedDevices:

1. Printer2. ScannerOldOnly(NewDevicescomeswithUSBconnector)3. Plotter4. Etc.

Plotter:

Aplotter is a special typeofprinterwhich is able todrawhighquality imagesonverylarge peace of paper. They are used by Engineers,Architects andmapmakers to drawplansofbuildings,diagramofmachinesorlargescalemaps.

Aplotterdiffersfromaprinterinthatitdrawsimagesusingpenapenthatcanbelowered,raisedandmovedacrossthepapertoformcontinuouslines.Theelectronicallycontrolledpenismovedaroundthepaperbycomputercontrolledmotors.

4PINUSBPORTS

USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a specification to establish communication betweendevices and a host controller (usually personal computers) USB is intended to replacemanyvarietiesofserialandparallelports.USBcanconnectcomputerperipheralssuchasmice, keyboards, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, andexternalharddrives.Formanyofthosedevices,USBhasbecomethestandardconnectionmethod.USBwasdesignedforpersonalcomputers,but ithasbecomecommonplaceonotherdevicessuchassmartphones,PDAsandvideogameconsoles,andasapowercordbetweenadeviceandanACadapterpluggedintoawallplugforcharging

BANDWIDTH:12Mbps/1.5MBps

DataTransfer:1bit(serial)

DuplexMode:HalfDuplex(Transmit/Receive)

Devices:127DEVICES/ControllerbyusingHubs

CableLength:5MTS(Upto30Meterswithhubsand6Cables)

Voltage:5VoltsDC

Power:Upto2.5Watts

SupportedDevices

1.Keyboard,2.Mouse,3.Cordless/WirelessKeyboard&Mouse

4.Modem5.WebCamera,6.DigitalCam7.DigitalPen

8.Printer,9.Scanner,10.Plotter11.Pen/FlashDrive

12.ExternalDrives:CD/DVD/HDD

13.ExternalAdapters:(Display,Audio,LAN,TV,Modemetc.)

14.Converters:(USBtoParallel,USBtoPS/2etc.)

15.Accessories:(Light,Fan,Charger,Cleaneretc.)

16.GamingDevices:(JoyStick,GamePad,SteeringWheeletc.)

17.Dongles:(Bluetooth,InternetDataCardetc.)

USBVersions

USB1.1 USB2.0 USB3.0

Bandwidth 12Mbps(1.5MBPS) 480Mbps(60MBPS)

4800Mbps(600MBPS)

(4.8Gbps)

CableLengthLimit 5MTS(16Feet) 5MTS(16Feet) 3MTS(10Feet)

BusPower 500mA(2.5Watts) 500mA(2.5Watts) 900mA(4.5Watts)

DuplexMode HalfDuplex HalfDuplex FullDuplex

Pins 4Pin 4Pin 9Pin

USB3.0(9pin)

USB 3.0 is the third major revision of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard forcomputer connectivity. In the late 1990s. USB 3.0 has transmission speeds of up to5Gbit/s,which is 10 times faster thanUSB2.0 (480Mbit/s)with full duplex support.USB 3.0 significantly reduces the time required for data transmission, reduces powerconsumption,andisbackwardscompatiblewithUSB2.0.

34PINFDCFDC:FloppyDiskConnectorFDD:FloppyDiskDrive

DiscCapacity:1.44MB(Latest)

BusWidth:1bit(SerialInterface)

DataTransferRate:500Kbps(62.5KBPS)

40PINPATA/IDEPORTS

PATA:ParallelATA(ParallelAdvancedTechnologyAttachment)

IDE:Integrated/IntelligentDriveElectronics

BusWidth:16bit(2Bytes)

CableLength:1.5Feet

Drives/Cable:Two(Master&Slave)

PowerPlug:4PinMolex

Bandwidth:66MBPS(ATA66)/100MBPS(ATA100)/133MBPS(ATA133)

Note:80wirecableispreferred)

IDE(40PIN)Devices:

1. HardDiskDrive(HDD)2. OpticalDiscDrive(ODD)Ex:CD/DVD/BDdrive.3. ZIPDRIVE4. TAPEDRIVEEtc.

7PINSATAPortsSATA:SerialATA(SerialAdvancedTechnologyAttachment)

BusWidth:1bit

CableLength:3.3Feet

Drives/Cable:One(Master)

PowerPlug:15PinMolex(ForSomeDrives4PinPortalsoadded)

Bandwidth:1.5GbpsTheoretical(1.2GbpsPractical)/150MBPS(SATA–I)

GbpsTheoretical(2.4GbpsPractical)/300MBPS(SATA–II)

GbpsTheoretical(4.8GbpsPractical)/600MBPS(SATA–III)

SATAAdvantages:DuetoLowElectroMagneticInterference(EMI)orCrossTalk

1. HighDataTransferRate.2. FullDuplexoperation3. CableLengthincreased

DisadvantageswithHardDiskDrives(HDD)1. LargeinSize(3.5”)2.HeavyWeight

3.DamagebyVibrations4.DamagebyMagneticEffect

5. DamagebyImpactForce6.DamagebyElectroStaticDischarge

7.HighPowerconsumption8.LargeamountofHeat

9.Noise10.SpinupTime

11.SlowOperation12.SlowDowninFuture

13.Badareaformation14.Crashingproblem

15.ShortLifeEtc

Advantages:1.Cheap2.HighCapacities

SolidStateDrive/Disk(SSD)Asolidstatedrive(SSD),orsolidstatedisk,isadatastoragedevicethatusessolid-statememory tostorepersistentdata.SSDemulatesconventionalharddiskdrive, thus easilyreplacingitinanyapplication.Withnomovingparts,asolidstatedrivelargelyeliminatesseek time, latency and other electro-mechanical delays and failures associated with aconventional hard disk drive. Solid state disks use either NAND flash (non-volatilestorage).NANDflashisso-calledbecauseof theNAND-gate technologyitusesandiscommoninUSBflashdrivesandmanytypesofmemorycard.

SSDAdvantages:SSDDisadvantages:

1.FasterthanHDD1.Expensive

2.LessProblems2.LowerCapacities

3.LongLife

HDD&SSDSizesandPinsinDesktop&Laptop

IDE/PATAHDD SATAHDD SATASSD

Desktop Size3.5”,40PinData+4PinPower Size3.5”,7PinData+15Pow Size2.5”,7+15

Laptop Size2.5”,44PinDataandPower Size2.5”,7PinData+15Pow Size2.5”,7+15

ConvertertouseLaptop44pinIDE/PATAHDDonDesktop40pinIDE/PATAport

Note:NoConverterisrequiredtouseLaptop7pinSATAHDDinDesktopComputer.

ExpansionAdapters

1.Display/Video/VGA/GraphicsAdapter

VGA:VideoGraphicsArray,CRT:CathodeRayTube

DVI:DigitalVisualInterface,LCD:LiquidCrystalDisplay

TFT:ThinfilmTransistorS-video:SeparateVideo

HDMI:HighDefinitionMultimediaInterface(ForHDLCDTV)

2.Sound/AudioAdapter

2Channel/2WayaudioAdapter(For2/2.1Speakers)

6ChannelAudioAdapter(For5.1/4.1/2.1/2Speakers)

6ChannelOnboardAudio

3.Dial-UpModem

4.LAN/EthernetAdapter

Local-AreaNetwork(LAN):ALAN(Local-AreaNetwork)isacomputernetworkthatconnectsPCs,workstationsorotherLANsandnetworkstoenabledataanddeviceaccessandsharing.Itisusedtocoverasmalllocalareasuchasahome,officeorsmallgroupofbuildings.

LAN:LocalAreaNetworkNIC:NetworkInterfaceCardRJ:RegisteredJackTypesandSpeeds(All100MetersRange)

1.Ethernet10Mbps

2.FastEthernet100Mbps

3.GigabitEthernet(GbEthernet/GbLAN)1000Mbps/1Gbps

5.WLAN/Wi-Fi/IEEE802.11Adapter

ExpansionSlots

124PinPCISlot:(PeripheralComponentInterconnect)For:Display,Audio,Modem,Networketc.

32bit/4BytesX33MHZ=133MBPS

BusWidthXBusSpeed=Bandwidth

(bits/Bytes)(Hz)(PS)

132PinAGPSlot:(AcceleratedGraphicsPort/AdvancedGraphicsPort)For:Displayonly

32bit/4BytesX66MHZ=266MBPS

BusWidthXBusSpeed=Bandwidth

(bits/Bytes)(Hz)(PS)

AGPVersions1.AGP(3.3V):32bit,66MHZX1(66MHZ)=266MBPS(SinglePumping)

2.AGP2X(3.3V&1.5V):32bit,66MHZX2(133MHZ)=533MBPS(DoublePump)

3.AGP4X(3.3V&1.5V):32bit,66MHZX4(266MHZ)=1066MBPS(1GBPS)(Quad)

4.AGP8X(1.5V):32bit,66MHZX8(533MHZ)=2133MBPS(2.1GBPS)(Oct)

CNRSLOT(CommunicationsNetworkingRiser)

Communications and Networking Riser, or CNR, is a slot found on certainPCmotherboards and used for specialized networking and telephony equipment. CNRslotswereoncecommonlyfoundonPentium4-classmotherboards.

PCIExpressExpansionSlots(Serial)

(Advantages:1.Serial2.HighDataTransferRate,3.FullDuplexOperation)

Versions:V1.0=250MBPS,V2.0=500MBPS,V3.0=1GBPS,V4.0=2GBPSPerLane(EachDirection)

Chipset&Controllers

Bus:Thebusoftenreferstoadatapathway(sometimescalledthepowerpathway)whichtransfers data (or power) between computer components inside a computer system orbetweendifferentcomputers.Forexample,thereisafrontsidebustoconnecttheCPUtothechipset,andthereisthePCIbustoconnectthechipsettoPCIdevices.

IC:Anintegratedcircuit(IC),sometimescalledmicrochip,isasemiconductorwaferon

which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, Diodes and transistors arefabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter,computer memory, or microprocessor. A particular IC is categorized as either linear(analog)ordigital,dependingonitsintendedapplication.IChastwosideconnections.

Chip:Achipsisagroupofintegratedcircuits(microchips)thatcanbeusedtogethertoservea single functionandare thereforemanufacturedandsoldasaunit.Forexample,one chips might combine all the microchips needed to serve as the communicationscontroller between a processor and memory and other devices in a computer. (SimplyChip contains so many Integrated Circuits called Controllers). Chip has four sideconnections.

Chipset:Theterm“chipset”(sometimescalledcorelogic)oftenreferstothetwomainchipsonthemotherboard:theNorthbridgeandtheSouthbridge.TheNorthbridgeandSouthbridgearesometimescombined.Thisiscalledsingle-chipdesign.

1.NorthBridge/MCH(MemoryControllerHub)The Northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU, RAM, and PCIExpress (or AGP) video cards, and the Southbridge. Some north bridges also containintegrated video controllers, also known as a Graphics and Memory Controller Hub(GMCH) in Intel systems. Because different processors and RAM require differentsignaling, aNorthbridgewill typicallyworkwithonlyoneor two classes ofCPUs andgenerallyonlyonetypeofRAM.

2.SouthBridge/ICH(Input/OutputControllerHub)Southbridge is the chip that controls all of the computers I/O functions, such as USB,audio,serial,thesystemBIOS,theISAbus,theinterruptcontrollerandtheIDEchannels.Inotherwords,allofthefunctionsofaprocessorexceptRAM,PCIandAGP.

3.SuperI/O(SuperInput/Output)SuperI/OisaclassofI/Ocontrollerintegratedcircuitsthatbegantobeusedonpersonalcomputermotherboardsinthelate1980s,originallyasadd-incards,laterembeddedonthemotherboards. A super I/O chip combines interfaces for a variety of low-bandwidthdevices.Thefunctionsprovidedusuallyinclude:

Afloppydiskcontroller,Aparallelport(commonlyusedforprinters),Oneormoreserialports,Akeyboardandmouseinterface.Temperaturesensorandfanspeedmonitoring.

RandomAccessMemory(RAM)

STATICRAM(SRAM)

DYNAMICRAM(DRAM)

MadeupwithTransistorstostoredata.

Transistorsstoresinformationstatically.Noneedtorefreshthedata.That’swhyitiscalledasStaticRAM

Advantages

1.OperatesatVeryHighSpeed

(EqualstoProcessorSpeeds)

MadeupwithTransistors&Capacitors,ButCapacitorsareusedtostoreData.Capacitorshavetoberechargeddynamically.Wehavetorefreshdata.That’swhyitiscalledasDynamicRAM

Disadvantages

1.Operatesathigh/mediumSpeed

(ComparedtoStatic)

2.NoDataRefreshmentisRequired.

Disadvantages

1.LargeinSize

(Requires6transistorstostore1bit)

2.ComplexDesign

3.HighPowerConsumption

4.VeryhighCost.

DuetoHighCostandLargesizesmallercapacitieswillbeused.

(1/2/4/8MB…)

Ex:Registers,L1,L2&L3cachememoriesusedinCPU/Processor

2.DataRefreshmentisrequired

Advantages

1.SmallinSize(Requires1transistor&1Capacitortostore1bit)

2.SimpleDesign

3.LowPowerConsumption

4.Lowcost

DuetoLowcostandSmallsizehighercapacitieswillbeused.

(1/2/4/8GB…)

Ex:DDR1,DDR2,DDR3,DDR4RAMSinstalledonthemotherboard.

MemoryHierarchy

CPURegister: A, special, high-speed storage area within the CPU. All data must berepresentedinaregisterbeforeitcanbeprocessed.Forexample,iftwonumbersaretobemultiplied,bothnumbersmustbe in registers,and theresult isalsoplaced ina register.(Theregistercancontaintheaddressofamemorylocationwheredataisstoredratherthantheactualdataitself.)

The number of registers that a CPU has and the size of each (number of bits) helpdeterminethepowerandspeedofaCPU.Forexamplea32-bitCPUisoneinwhicheachregisteris32bitswide.Therefore,eachCPUinstructioncanmanipulate32bitsofdata.

ACPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer toreducetheaveragetimetoaccessmemory.Thecacheisasmaller,fastermemorywhichstorescopiesofthedatafromfrequentlyusedmainmemorylocations.MostCPUshavedifferentindependentcaches,includinginstructionanddatacaches,wherethedatacacheisusuallyorganizedasahierarchyofmorecachelevels(L1,L2,L3)

MainMemory (Primarymemory),often referred to simplyasmemory, is theonlyonedirectlyaccessibletotheCPU.TheCPUcontinuouslyreadsinstructionsstoredthereandexecutesthemasrequired.Anydataactivelyoperatedonisalsostoredthereinuniformmanner.

SecondaryMemory: This type ofmemory is also known as externalmemory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing Data/Informationpermanently.CPUdirectlydoesnotaccessthesememories,insteadtheyareaccessedviainput-output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main

memoryandthenCPUcanaccessit.Forexample,disk,CD-ROM,DVD,etc.

CPUCPUisabrainofacomputer. ItcalledCentralProcessUnit.CPUfetchesandexecutesinstructions. CPU consists of an Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), a control unit,registersandbuses.

PartofCPUInstructionCycle(Processing)

ALU: is a digital circuit that calculates an arithmetic operation (like an addition,subtraction, etc.) and logicoperations (like anExclusiveOr)between twonumbers. theALUisafundamentalbuildingblockofthecentralprocessingunitofacomputer.

ControlUnit:controlsCPUoperations,includingALUoperations,themovementofdatawithin theCPU,and theexchangeofdata andcontrol signals across external interfaces(e.g.,thesystembus)

Registers:thesecomponentsarespecialmemorylocationsthatcanbeaccessedveryfast.Three registersareshown: the InstructionRegister (IR), theProgramCounter (PC),andtheAccumulator.

Buses:thesecomponentsaretheinformationhighwayfortheCPU.Busesarebundlesoftinywires that carry data between components.The threemost important buses are theaddress,thedata,andthecontrolbuses.

Input,Process,Output(IPO)

Inputinvolvesenteringthedataandinstructionsthatthecomputerneedstocarryoutaparticulartask.

processiswhatthecomputeristodowiththedataorinstructionsthathavebeeninput

Outputisthesetofresultswhichisobtainedwhentheinstructionshavebeenrun.

InstructionCycle : Executing a single instruction consists of a particular cycle ofevents;fetching,decoding,executingandstoring .

Forexample,todotheaddinstructionabovetheCPUmust

Fetch:gettheinstructionfrommemoryintotheprocessor.

Decode:internallydecodewhatithastodo(inthiscaseadd).

Execute:takethevaluesfromtheregisters,actuallyaddthemtogether

Store:storetheresultbackintoanotherregister.

IntelProcessor/CPUGenerationsFirstGenerationProcessors(1971)

4004,4040(4bitCPU)

8008,8080,8085(8bitCPU)

8086,8088,80186,80188(16bitCPU)

SecondGenerationProcessors(1982)

80286(16bitCPU)

ThirdGenerationProcessors(1985)

80386DX,80386SX,80386SL,80386EX(32bitCPU)

FourthGenerationProcessors(1989)

80486DX,80486SX,80486DX2,80486SL,80486DX4(32bitCPU)

FifthGenerationProcessors(1993)

Pentium,PentiumMMX(32bitCPU)

SixthGenerationProcessors(1995)

PentiumPro,PentiumII,PentiumIII,Celeron(Slot)(32bitCPU)

PentiumIII,Celeron(Socket)(32bitCPU)

SeventhGenerationProcessors(2000)

Pentium4,Celeron,Pentium4HT(32bitCPU)

PentiumD,CeleronD,Pentium4EE(32bitCPU)

EighthGenerationProcessors(2006)

CoreSolo,CoreDuo

(32bitCPU)

Core2Solo,Core2Duo,Core2Quad,Core2Extreme(64bitCPU)

PentiumDualCore,CeleronDualCore,Atom(LowCost)(64bitCPU)

Corei3,Corei5,Corei7(64bitCPU)

GenerationsinCorei3,i5,i7

1stGen 2ndGen 3rdGen4thGen 5thGen

CodeName Clarkdale SandyBridge

IvyBridge Haswell Broadwell

Architecture

(Transistorsize)

32nm

(Bi-Polar)

32nm

(Bi-Polar)

22nm

(Bi-Polar)

22nm

(3D/Trigate)

14nm

(3D/Trigate)

Powerconsumption

75Watts 65Watts 35Watts 17Watts 15Watts

NumberofPins 1156 1155 1155 1150 1150

GraphicsProcessor

GraphicsProcessor

HDGraphics

2000MHZ

HDGraphics2500MHZ

HDGraphics

4600MHZ

HDGraphics5500-6100

IntelCorei3ProcessorThisparticularIntelprocessoristheenterlevelprocessorofthisnewseriesofIntelprocessors.Whileitmaynotbethefastestoneofthebunch,itcangetthejobdone,atleastformostapplications.

Mindyou,ifyouneedhighspeed,IsuggestoneoftheotherprocessorsthatIwillunveilinfrontofyoureyeslateroninthispost.Here’ssomeoftheCorei3features.

*Useslessheatandenergythanearlierprocessors,whichisalwaysagoodthingin

thisdayandage.

IntelCorei5Processor

Thisisthemid-sizeprocessorofthisbunch,recommendedforthosewhodemanda

littlespeed,butnotquiteenoughwheretheuserwillberunningresource-intensive

applications.

*Thisisalsoaheatandenergyefficientprocessor,butitdoesseemtobebetteratthis

particularjobthantheCorei3processor.

*ThenumberofthreadsusedinthisisnodifferentthantheCorei3with2-4threads,

anditalsouseshyperthreadingtechnologyforaboostinperformance.

*TheCorei5iswheretheturbomodeismadeavailable,thisprovidesuserswiththe

opportunitytoturnoffacoreifit’snotbeingutilized.

IntelCorei7Processor

Thisisfortheusersthatdemandpower,yesitdoesprovidemorepowerandifTim

Allengetsoneofthese,thiswouldbethebestthathegetshishandson.Greatfor

gamersandotherresourceintensiveusers.

*Youwillhavefourcorestotakeadvantageofwiththisparticularseries.

*AndjustliketheotheronesinthisIntelseriesofprocessors,itismoreenergyefficient

andproduceslessheat.

Corei3,i5andi7comparison

Corei3 Corei5 Corei7

NoofCores 2 4 4

HyperThreading Yes No Yes

NoofThreads/Applications 4 4 8

L3/SmartCache 4MB 6MB 8MB

TurboBoost No Yes Yes

Power 54Watts 84Watts 84Watts

Ports/InterfacesSymbols

KEYBOARDMOUSE

COM/SERIAL

PRINTER

MONITOR DISPLAY

FIREWIRE

USB

MIC

LINE-OUTLINE-IN JOYSTICK

LAN

BLUETOOTH WIFI

TELEPHONE

POWERBUTTON

ACIN

DCIN

TVOUT

INFRARED

MICROWAVE

E-SATA

LOCK

ComputerPartsandPeripherals

SNo Component/

Peripheral Description Picture

1 All-In-OnePrinter

All-in-oneprinter, alsoknownas a multifunction printer(MFP), is a great buy. All-in-one printers can print, scan,copy,andsometimesfax.

2 BarcodeReader

A barcode reader (or barcodescanner) is a computerperipheral for readingbarcodes printed on varioussurfaces. Like a flatbedscanner, it generally consistsof a light source, a lensandaphoto conductor translatingopticalimpulsesintoelectricalones.

3 BluetoothAdapter

A short distance, low speedradio frequency technologyprimarily used to allow aPersonal Digital Assistant(PDA) or mobile phone tointeract with a laptop ordesktopcomputer.

4 Camcorder

A camcorder (camerarecorder) is a portableelectronic recording devicecapable of recording live-motion video and audio forlater playback.Generally usesHardDiskforStorage.

ACardreaderisanextrapieceof hardware which will plugdirectly into your computer,generally via a USB port andallowyoutoreadthecontents

5 CardReader of a media card without theneed toplugyourcamera intothePC.

6 CMOSBattery

CMOS (pronounced “see-moss”), which stands forcomplementary metal-oxide-semiconductor uses 3VoltsLithiumbatterypowertostoredatainCMOSRAM.

7DataCartridge/

Tape

Magnetic tape has been usedfor data storage for over 50years. In this time, manyadvances in tape formulation,packaging, and data densityhave been made. Modernmagnetic tape is mostcommonly packagedincartridgesandcassettes.

8 DigitalCamera

Acamerawhichstoresimagesas digital information ratherthan on photographic film.This allows images to beeasilydisplayedandeditedoncomputer.

9 DigitalPen

An instrument that captureswhat the userwrites on paperand sends it to the computer.Usingspecialpaperwithatinygrid that enables the pen tosense what is actually writtenordrawn, thedevice turns thewriting into an image file andtransmitsittothecomputerviawirelessorwhenmountedinacradle.

10 GamePad

Apointingdevicelikeamouseused to move an object on acomputer screen.A game padis a flat hand held pad withseveral control buttonsconnected tot he computer byaspecialport.

11 HDTV

High-definition television (orHDTV) is a digital televisionbroadcasting system withhigher resolution.Thenumberof lines that create the imageand the letter are720or1080lines into perspective,televisionsofthepasthadonly576/480lines.AndaudiowithDigitalDolby.

12

HeatSinkCompound/

ThermalCompound

Athickgooeysubstance,withvery good heat conductivequalities. This is placedbetweentheCPUcoreandthesurface of the heatsink, toassistinthequicktransferalofheatfromthecore.

13 InkCartridge

A cartridge that contains inkandNozzles.ItwillbeusedinInkJet/DeskJetPrinters.Andcanbereplaced

14USBDataCard

AnUSBdevicewillbeusedtoget Internet through WirelessfromCellPhoneTowers.

In electronics and particularlycomputing,ajumperisashortlength of conductor used to

15 Jumpers closeabreakinorbypasspartof an electrical circuit.Jumpers are typically used tosetuporadjustprintedcircuitboards

16

MemoryCard/

FlashMemoryCard

A memory card is a smallstorage medium used to storedata such as text, pictures,audio, and video, for use onsmall, portable or remotecomputingdevices.

17 PCMCIACard

Personal Computer MemoryCard InternationalAssociation. A standard forminiaturized laptop expansioncardsformodems,storage,andotherdevices.OftencalledPCcards.

18 Projector

A projector is a device thatintegratesalightsource,opticssystem, electronics anddisplay(s) for the purpose ofprojecting an image from acomputerorvideodeviceontoa wall or screen for largeimageviewing.

19Ribbon/

RibbonCartridge

Used by Impact printers likeDot Matrix and Line Printersto produce an imprint onpaper.

20 RJ11Connector

Registered Jack number 11.Small line plug and socketused on telephone handsets

andmodemconnectionswith4pins

21 RJ45Connector

Registered Jack-45, an eight-wireconnectorusedtoconnectcomputers onto a local-areanetworks (LAN), especiallyEthernets.

22 SATACard

An expansion card thatprovides additional SATAports for SATA Hard DiskDrives.

23 SODIMM

ShortforSmallOutlineDIMM,asmallversionofaDIMMusedcommonlyinnotebookcomputers

24 SteeringWheel

A gaming device with asteeringwheelandfootpedals.

25 TapeDrive

An add-on component to acomputersystemthatallowsagreatvolumeofinformationtobe stored on inexpensivemagnetictapecartridges.Usedfor daily back-ups and longterm archival storage of pastprojects

A cartridge in laser printerswhich contains the toner (Dry

26 TonerCartridgeink/Powder).

27

WristStrap/

ESDWristStrap/

GroundBracelet

An excellent way to preventESDdamagetoyourcomputeris to use an anti-static wriststrap. It’s a conductive strapthat fits on your wrist asyou’re working. It has a wireattached to itwithanalligatorclip on the end to connect toyour case or to an anti-staticmat. Some can be pluggedrightintothewallsocket

AssemblyofComputerSystemTheminimumtoolsrequiredtoassembleaPCisasetofscrewdrivers.Hereisalsosuggestedlistofotheritemsyoushouldusetohelpresolvepotentialproblems.

1. MagneticScrewdriver2. CuttingPlierorNosePlier3. WristStrap4. StartupDiskandCDROMDrivers5. ListofComponentstobeassembled6. Thinrazorblade7. POSTDiagnostictool8. PCrepairBook9. NotepadandPencil

10.TelephoneclosetothePCassemblearea11.Telephonenumbersformanufacturersandknown“Experts”12.Accesstotheworldwideweb,withaccompanyinglistofwebsites

CAUTIONS

Beforecontinuing,makesurethatyoualwaysunplugthepowersupplyfromthepowersource(surgeprotector/wallunit).Therearethreemainreasons:

1. Youraretryingtocreateacommongroundbetweenyouandtheparts.

Electrons migrate based on charge differentials. The static charge or ESD(Electrostatic discharge) destroys components. No, you will not see the damagewithyour eyes.No,youwill not here any sparks fly. Instead,memory chips areslowlydegraded,holesarecreatedinthechip,andrandomerrorswillbepresent.Thenoneday,thepartwillstopfunctioning.

2. Motherboardsuse+5VfromthepowersupplytoturnonthePC.ForATXsystemsthisvoltageisalwayspresentwhenthepowersupplyispluggedintothewallandmotherboard.TheyuseamomentaryswitchtheusesthisvoltagetoturnonthePC.Slidingpartsinandoutofthemainboardwhilethepowerisavailablemightcausedamage. (Note: some power supplies should not receive power if they are notpluggedintothemotherboard.Doingthiscancauseproblems.

Gatherallyourcomponents

Makesurethatyouhavecleanareatowork,andplentyoftimewithoutinterruptions.Startwith thepower supply ,mainboard,CPU,CPUfan,andcase speaker.Donotmountthemotherboardinyourenclosure.Setthemainboardonacardboardboxontopoftheenclosuresothatthepowersupplyconnectionwillreach.

Checkyourcomponents.

1.Beforeyoutouchanyoftheparts,groundyourselfbytouchingthemetalcaseand/orwarewriststrap.

2. Open your components in static free area (away from plastic wrap, packingmaterial,carpet,wool,polyester,yourshirtsleeves)andvisuallyinspectthem.

3.Keepallyourpackingmaterial,manualsandanyinstructionsthatmayaccompanytheparts.

4.Makesurethatallofthepartsarrived.

5.Checkallpartstoverifytheyarethecorrectmodelnumbers.

6.Lookforphysicaldamage;dents,scuffs,brokenorbentpins.Donotpowertoanypartsthataredamaged.

7.Verifythatyouhavethemainboardmanual.Readthemanual

8.Checkalljumpersettingbycomparingthemwithmanual’sinstructions.

9.Donotletanyoneelsetouchyouoryourcomponentswhileyouareworkingonthesystem.Keepeveryoneatleast3feetaway(armsdistance!)fromthesystem.

BenchtopAssembly

You will start your assembly outside of the computer case. The motherboard,Processor,Powersupply,andspeakerwillbeassembledtogetherfirst.

Checkthemotherboard

Now that you have your new computer components, you want to verify that themainboardworks.

1.Readthemanualthoroughly.Yourcomponentmanualscontaindetailedinformationaboutyourproductsandoftenstep-by-stepinstallationinstruction.Mostgoodtechniciansdouble-checkthemanual.

2.Checkalljumpersettingonyourmotherboardtomakesuretheyareaccurate.Useyourmotherboardmanualasareference.Themainjumperstocheckaretheexternalbusspeedsetting,clockmultipliersandvoltagejumpers.

3.YoucanInstallProcessor,coolingfanandmemoryonthemotherboardbeforeinstallingitinthecabinet.

RearPanelConnections

LAPTOPANDNOTEBOOKCOMPUTERSSomeOriginalEquipmentManufacturers(OEM’s)calltheirmobilecomputers“laptops”andsomecallthem“notebooks”.

Laptopcomputersare somewhat larger thannotebooksandwill accommodateabuilt-in

diskdriveunitand;optionally,afloppydriveunit.Thatis,aCDROMdriveiseitherbuiltintotheunitortheunithasabuilt-inbaythatwillaccommodatearemovableCDdrive.

Notebookcomputerswillallowyoutoattach,viacable,aCDROMdrive,Sincethedriveisnotbuiltintotheunit,notebooksaresmallerandlighterthanlaptops.Hence,anotebookisanultrasmalllaptop.Anotherwaytolookatitisanotebookisaboutthesize(oralittlelarger than) of a real [binder] notebook. If you use note books are more harder thanlaptopsasmylaptop’ssystemdeadtwicebutnotebooknot.

TheLaptopComputer

Thestandardlaptopcomputerwouldhavesome,ifnotall,ofthefollowingfeatures:

1.14”-17”(widescreen)TFTscreen.

2.MediumtoMaximumgraphicssubsystem.

3.InternalDVD-ROMorDVD-RWdrive

4.Largefullfeaturedkeyboard.

5.3hour+batterylife.

6.Upgradeable.

7.Integratedmodem,network,Bluetooth&Wi-Fi.

8.Highqualityintegrateaudioandspeakersystem.

TheNotebookComputer

Astandardnotebookhasthefollowingfeatures:

1.Ultralight.Lessweightisbetter.

2.4-5hourbatterylife.

3.Nointernalfloppydrive.

4.Minimalgraphicssubsystem.

5.NointernalDVDorCDsystem.

6.12”-14”TFTscreen.

7.Lowprofile(thin).

8.Integratedmodemandnetworkconnection.

9.Smallestpossiblekeyboard.

SODIMM(SmallOutlineMemoryModule)

MemoryusedinLaptop/Notebook

BIOS

InIBMPCCompatiblecomputers,thebasicinput/outputsystem(BIOS) ,alsoknownastheSystemBIOS.

TheBIOSisbootfirmware,designedtobethefirstcoderunbyaPCwhenpoweredon.TheinitialfunctionoftheBIOSistoidentify, test,andinitializesystemdevicessuchasthe video display card, hard disk, floppy disk and other hardware. The BIOS sets themachinehardwareintoaknownstate,sothatsoftwarestoredoncompatiblemediacanbeloaded, executed, and given control of the PC. This process is known as booting, orbootingup,whichisshortforbootstrapping.

FunctionsofBIOS:

BIOSContainsReadOnlySoftware(Firmware)andwillbeusedto

1. StarttheComputer.2. PerformsPOST(PowerOnSelfTest)3. IPL(InitialProgramLoad-TheProcessofGettingtheOperatingSystemstarted)4. StoresDriversSoftwareforBasicInput/OutputdeviceslikeKeyboard,HardDisk,

FloppyDisk,Serial,Parallelportsetc..

5.UsedtoChangeSystemSetting/Configuration.

Booting:LoadingofOperatingSystemintoMainMemoryiscalledasBooting.

CMOS

Motherboards also include a separate block of memory made from very low powerconsumption CMOS (complementary metal oxide silicon) RAM chips, which is kept“alive” by a battery even when the PC’s power is off. This is used to store basicinformationaboutthePC’sconfiguration:numberandtypeofhardandfloppydrives,howmuchmemory,what kind and so on.All this used to be enteredmanually, butmodernauto-configuringBIOSesdomuchofthiswork,inwhichcasethemoreimportantsettingsare advanced settings such asDRAM timings.Theother important datakept inCMOSmemoryisthetimeanddate,whichisupdatedbyaRealTimeClock(RTC).

TheCMOSmemoryisusuallylocatedwiththereal-timeclockinthemotherboardchipsetorinaseparatereal-timeclockchip.ThePCreadsthetimefromtheRTCwhenitbootsup,afterwhichtheCPUkeeps time-whichiswhysystemclocksaresometimesoutofsync.

BIOSSetup

TheBIOS(basic InputOutputSystem)setupUtilitydisplays thesystem’sconfigurationstatusandprovidesyouwithoptionstosetsystemparameters.Theparametersarestoredinbattery-backed-upCMOSRAMthatsaves this informationwhen thepower is turnedoff.Whenthesystemisturnedon,thesystemisconfiguredwiththevaluesyoustoredinCMOS.

Note:ForSomeComputersHitF1,F2,F8,F10,ESC,CTRL+ESC,CTRL+S.

AWARD BIOS (Used in MSI, Mercury, Gigabyte, Biostar, EVGAMB…)

AwardBIOSCMOSSetupUtility

StandardCMOSFeatures

AdvancedBIOSFeatures

AdvancedChipsetFeatures

Frequency/VoltageControl

LoadFail–SafeDefaults

LoadOptimizedDefaults

IntegratedPeripherals

PowerManagementSetup

PnP/PCIConfigurations

PCHealthStatus

SetsupervisorPassword

SetUserPassword

Save&ExitSetup

ExitWithoutSaving

Esc:Quit� :SelectItem

F10:Save&ExitSetup

Time,Date,HardDiskType…

AMIBIOS(UsedinINTEL&ASUSMotherboards…)

BIOSSetupUtility.

Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit.

BiosVersionBX97510J.86A.1209.2009.0601.1340

ProcessorTypeIntel(R)Core(TM)2CPU

ProcessorSpeed2.92GHz

SystemBusSpeed1066MHz

SystemMemorySpeed667MHz

L2CacheRAM4096KB

TotalMemory2048MB

MemoryModeDualChannel

MemoryChannelASlot01024MB

MemoryChannelASlot1NotInstalled

MemoryChannelASlot01024MB

MemoryChannelASlot1NotInstalled

Language<English>

SystemDate[06/15/2009]

SystemTime[08:45:12]

CMOSclear

Method1:ClearingtheCMOScanbedoneafewways.Themostcommonwayistousethejumperonthemotherboard.Thisjumperhastwosettings.NormalandClear.MovingthejumpertotheClearsettingwillerasethesettingsstoredinCMOS.Itdoesnotremovethe BIOS itself, only the user defined settings within the CMOS.When you clear theCMOSyouwillmostlikelyseetheerrormessage“CMOSChecksumError”onthenextreboot.YoucanentertheBIOSsetupatthispointorbeforeandreconfigurethesettings.

Method2:AnothermethodistoremovetheCMOSbatteryfromthesystem.Removingthebattery isusually the secondmethodas itmay takeanywhere from15minutes to8hoursinorderfortheCMOStolossthesettings,ForimmediateclearingShorttheBatteryterminals on Motherboard. Once the CMOS is clear, you should know by the “BIOSchecksumerror,pressF1 tocontinue“,or“CMOSChecksumError -DefaultsLoaded”messageatbootup.

ClearCMOSinIntelMotherboardSwitchofftheComputerandputtheCMOSjumperin2-3positionasfollows

NowswitchontheComputer,itwillautomaticallyentersintoBIOSandyouwillgetthefollowingscreenasfollows.IntheMaintenanceoptionselect“ClearBIOSPasswords”and“Save&Exit”.

NowreplacetheCMOSjumperto1-2positionandrestarttheComputer.

BIOSRecover

TheBIOSrecoversDataintheeventofafailedBIOSUpdate.

UEFIBIOS(LatestforAllMB)(UEFI:UnifiedExtensibleFirmwareInterface)

Advantages:1.GraphicalUserInterface2.Abilitytobootfromlargedisks(over2TB)3..CPU-independentarchitecture4.CPU-independentdrivers

5.Flexiblepre-OSenvironment,includingnetworkcapability.6.ModularDesign.

Operatingsystem(OS)

Anoperatingsystem(OS)isasetofcomputerprogramsthatmanagethehardwareand

software resources of a computer.An operating system processes raw system and userinputand respondsbyallocatingandmanaging tasksand internalsystemresourcesasaservicetousersandprogramsofthesystem.Atthefoundationofallsystemsoftware,anoperating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory,prioritizingsystemrequests,controllinginputandoutputdevices,facilitatingnetworkingand managing file systems. Most operating systems come with an application thatprovidesaninterfacetotheOSmanagedresources.Theseapplicationshavehadcommandlineinterpretersasabasicuserinterfacebut,sincethemid-1980s,havebeenimplementedasagraphicaluser interface(GUI) foreaseofoperation.OperatingSystems themselveshavenouserinterfaces; theuserofanOSisanapplication,notaperson.Theoperatingsystemformsaplatformforothersystemsoftwareandforapplicationsoftware.Windows,Linux,andMacOSaresomeofthemostpopularOSes.

Services:

1. Processmanagement2. MemoryManagement3. DiskandFilesystems4. Networking5. InternalSecuirty6. ExternalSecurity7. GraphicalUserInterface8. DeviceDrivers.

Kernel:In computer science, the kernel is the central component of most computer operatingsystems (OS). Its responsibilities include managing the system’s resources(thecommunicationbetweenhardwareandsoftwarecomponents).Asabasiccomponentofanoperating system, a kernel provides the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources(especiallymemory,processorsandI/Odevices)thatapplicationsoftwaremustcontroltoperformitsfunction.It typicallymakesthesefacilitiesavailabletoapplicationprocessesthroughinter-processcommunicationmechanismsandsystemcalls.

Assembler:

An assembly language is a low-level language for programming computers. ItimplementsasymbolicrepresentationofthenumericmachinecodesandotherconstantsneededtoprogramaparticularCPUarchitecture.Thisrepresentationisusuallydefinedbythe hardwaremanufacturer, and is based on abbreviations (calledmnemonics) that help

theprogrammerrememberindividualinstructions,registers,etc.Anassemblylanguageisthus specific to a certain physical or virtual computer architecture (as opposed tomosthigh-levellanguages,mostofwhichareportable).

Assembly languages were first developed in the 1950s, when they were referred to assecondgenerationprogramminglanguages.Theyeliminatedmuchoftheerror-proneandtime-consumingfirst-generationprogrammingneededwiththeearliestcomputers,freeingthe programmer from tedium such as remembering numeric codes and calculatingaddresses. Theywere oncewidely used for all sorts of programming.However, by the1980s (1990s on small computers), their use had largely been supplanted by high-levellanguages, in the search for improved programming productivity. Today, assemblylanguage is used primarily for direct hardware manipulation, or to address criticalperformance issues. Typical uses are device drivers, low-level embedded systems, andreal-timesystems.

Autilityprogramcalledanassembler,isusedtotranslateassemblylanguagestatementsinto the target computer’s machine code. The assembler performs a more or lessisomorphic translation (aone-to-onemapping) frommnemonic statements intomachineinstructions and data. (This is in contrast with high-level languages, in which a singlestatement generally results in manymachine instructions. A compiler, analogous to anassembler, is used to translate high-level language statements intomachine code; or aninterpreterexecutesstatementsdirectly.)

Firmware:

Incomputing,firmwareisacomputerprogramthatisembeddedinahardwaredevice,forexampleamicrocontroller. ItcanalsobeprovidedonflashROMsorasabinary imagefilethatcanbeuploadedontoexistinghardwarebyauser.

As its name suggests, firmware is somewhere between hardware and software. Likesoftware, it is a computer programwhich is executed by a computer. But it is also anintimate and vital part of a piece of hardware, and has little meaning outside of thatparticularhardware.

ListofOperatingSystemsMicrosoft:

1.MS-DOSFamily1.MS-DOS1.019812.Windows1.019853. MS-DOS6.2219944.Windows3.111994

2.Windows9XFamily

1.Windows9519952.Windows95B(OSR2)19973. Windows9819984.Windows98SE19995.WindowsME2000

3.WindowsNTFamily

1.WindowsNT4.019962.Windows200020003. WindowsXP32bit(x86)20014.WindowsXPMC2003

5.WindowsServer200320036. WindowsXP64bit20057.WindowsVista20078.WindowsServer200820089. Windows7200910. Windows8(32bit&64bit)201211. WindowsServer2012201212. Windows10(32bit&64bit)2015

Non-Microsoft:

1.MAC/Macintosh(Apple)1997

2.OS/2Warp(IBM)1999

3.PC-DOS(IBM)1991

4.Unix(Bell)1971

5.Linux(LinusTorvalds)1991

6.Netware(Novell)1983

7.Solaris(SunMicrosystems)1992

DOS:DiskOperatingSystem,SE:SecondEdition

ME:MillenniumEditionNT:NewTechnologyXP:Experience

MC:MediaCenterOSR:OEMServiceRelease

OEM:OriginalEquipmentManufacturer.

MBR(MasterBootRecord)ContainsPartitiontableandBootPartitionInformation

PBR(PartitionBootRecord)ContainsOperatingSystemFirstFileInformation

FAT:FileAllocationTable,justlikeindexinNotebook.

NTFS:NewTechnologyFileSystem,alsolikeFAT,butwithsomanysecurityfeatures.

Windows7

Windows7isthelatestpublicreleaseversionofMicrosoftWindows,aseriesofoperatingsystems produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home andbusinessdesktops,laptops,netbooks, tabletPCs,andmediacenterPCs.Windows7wasreleased to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and reached general retail availability onOctober22,2009,lessthanthreeyearsafterthereleaseofitspredecessor,WindowsVista.Windows7’sservercounterpart,WindowsServer2008R2,wasreleasedatthesametime.

MinimumhardwarerequirementsforWindows7

Architecture 32-bit 64-bit

Processor 1GHz32-bitprocessor 1GHz64-bitprocessor

Memory(RAM) 1GBofRAM 2GBofRAM

GraphicsCard DirectX9graphicsprocessorwithWDDMdrivermodel1.0(ForAero)

HDDfreespace 16GBofavailablediskspace 20GBofavailablediskspace

Opticaldrive DVDdrive

Standardeditions

1.Windows7Starter

2.Windows7HomeBasic

3.Windows7HomePremium

4.Windows7Professional

5.Windows7Enterprise

6.Windows7Ultimate

Windows8

Windows 8 is a upcoming operating system part of the Microsoft Windows seriesproduced by Microsoft, for use on personal computers, including home and businessdesktops,laptops,tablets,andhometheaterPCs.Therelease tomanufacturing(RTM)isexpected in the first week of August 2012, andWindows 8 will be available to usersstartingOctober26,2012.

MinimumhardwarerequirementsforWindows8

Architecture 32-bit 64-bit

Processor 1GHz32-bitprocessor 1GHz64-bitprocessor

Memory(RAM) 1GBofRAM 2GBofRAM

GraphicsCard DirectX9graphicsprocessorwithWDDMdrivermodel1.0(ForAero)

HDDfreespace 16GBofavailablediskspace 20GBofavailablediskspace

Opticaldrive DVDdrive

Standardeditions

1.Windows8

2.Windows8Professional

3.Windows8Enterprise

Windows10Windows10haslaunchedgloballyin190countriestodayon29July2015.

MinimumhardwarerequirementsforWindows10

Architecture 32-bit 64-bit

Processor 1GHz32-bitprocessor 1GHz64-bitprocessor

Memory(RAM) 1GBofRAM 2GBofRAM

GraphicsCard DirectX9graphicsprocessorwithWDDMdrivermodel1.0(ForAero)

HDDfreespace 16GBofavailablediskspace 20GBofavailablediskspace

Opticaldrive DVDdrive

Windows10haseighteditions(excludingthefour“N”editions),withvaryingfeaturesetsandintendedhardware.

Allmentionededitionshavetheabilitytouselanguagepacks,enablingmultipleuserinterfacelanguages.ThisfunctionalitywaspreviouslyonlyavailableinWindows7UltimateorEnterprise.

Windows10Home

Windows10HomeisdesignedforuseinPCs,tablets,and2-in-1s.Itincludesallconsumer-directedfeaturesandistheequivalenttobasicWindows8,8.1,Windows7HomeBasicandHomePremium.

Windows10Pro

Windows10ProiscomparablewithWindows8Pro,Windows7ProfessionalandUltimateandWindowsVistaBusinessandUltimate.ItbuildsontheHomeeditionandaddsfeaturesessentialforbusinesses,andfunctionality-wiseequaltoWindows8.1Pro.

Windows10Enterprise

Windows 10 Enterprise provides all the features of Windows 10 Pro, withadditional features toassistwith IT-basedorganizations,and is functionality-wiseequaltoWindows8.1Enterprise.

Windows10Enterprise2015LTSB

Windows 10 Enterprise 2015 LTSB (Long Term Servicing Branch) is the sameedition asWindows 10 Enterprise but will not receive any feature updates andgivescompaniesmorecontrolovertheupdateprocess.

Windows10Education

Windows10EducationprovidesallWindows10Enterprisefeatures,designedforuseinschools,collegesanduniversities.ItwillbeavailablewithMicrosoft‘sAcademicVolumeLicensing,inamannersimilartoWindows8.1Enterprise.

Windows10Mobile

Windows10MobileEnterprise

Windows10IoTCore

Windows7/8/10InstallationusingaDisc

1.Enteryourcomputer’sBIOS.TurnoffthecomputerthatyouwanttoinstallWindowson then turn it back on.When theBIOS screen appears or you are prompted to do so,press⌦ Del , ⎋ Esc , F2 , F10 ,or F9 (dependingonyourcomputer’smotherboard)toenterthesystemBIOS.ThekeytoentertheBIOSisusuallyshownonthescreen.

2.FindyourBIOS’sbootoptionsmenu.ThebootoptionsmenuofyourBIOSmayvaryin location or name from the illustration, but youmay eventually find it if you searcharound.

3.SelecttheCD-ROMdriveasthefirstbootdeviceofyourcomputer.

Although thismethodmayvaryamongcomputers, thebootoptionsmenu is typicallyamenu ofmovable device nameswhere you should set yourCD-ROMdrive as the firstboot device. It can alsobe a list of devices that you can set theorder of their boot on.Consultamanualortheinternetforhelpifyou’restuck.

4.Savethechangesofthesettings.PressthebuttonindicatedonthescreenorselectthesaveoptionfromtheBIOSmenutosaveyourconfigurationandrestart.

5.InserttheWindows7discintoyourdiscdrive.

6.Startyourcomputerfromthedisc.Afteryouhaveplacedthediscintothediscdrive,startyourcomputer.Whenthecomputerstarts,pressakeyifyouareaskedifyouwouldlike toboot from thediscbypressinganykey.Afteryouchoose to start from thedisc,WindowsSetupwillbeginloading.

7.ChooseyourWindowsSetupoptions.OnceWindowsSetuploads,you’llbepresentedwithawindow.Selectyourpreferredlanguage,keyboardtype,andtime/currencyformat,thenclickNext.

8.ClicktheInstallNowbutton.

9.AccepttheLicenseTerms.ReadovertheMicrosoftSoftwareLicenseTerms,checkIacceptthelicenseterms,andclickNext.

10.SelecttheCustominstallation.

11.DecideonwhichharddriveandpartitionyouwanttoinstallWindowson.Aharddrive is a physical part of your computer that stores data, and partitions “divide” harddrivesintoseparateparts.

Iftheharddrivehasdataonit,deletethedataoffofit,orformatit.Selecttheharddrivefromthelistofharddrives.ClickDriveoptions(advanced).ClickFormatfromDriveoptions.

Ifyourcomputerdoesn’thaveanypartitionsyet,createonetoinstallWindowsonit.

Selecttheharddrivefromthelistofharddrives.ClickDriveoptions(advanced).SelectNewfromDriveoptions.Selectthesize,andclickOK.

12.InstallWindowsonyourpreferredharddriveandpartition.Onceyou’vedecidedonwheretoinstallWindows,selectitandclickNext.Windowswillbegininstalling.

13.WaitwhileWindowsinstallsfiles.ThepercentagenexttoExpandingWindowsfileswillsteadilyincrease.Thispartoftheprocesscantakeupto30minutes.

Windowswillautomaticallyrestartyourcomputerwhenfinished.Setupwilllaunchagain,andamessagewilltellyouthatSetupisupdatingregistrysettings.Setupwill thenconfigureyourcomputer’sservices.Thishappensevery timeyoustartWindows,butwillhappeninthebackgroundnexttime.AwindowwillopenlettingyouknowthatWindowsiscompletingtheinstallation.Yourcomputerwillrestartagainwhenthisiscomplete.Setupwillnowloaddriversandcheckvideosettings.Thispartdoesnotrequireanyinputfromyou.

14.Enteryourusernameandcomputername.Yourusernamewillbeusedtologintothecomputerandpersonalizeyouraccount.Yourcomputernameisthenamethatyourcomputerwilldisplayonthenetwork.

YoucanaddmoreuserslaterthroughtheWindows7controlpanel.Windowswill askyou forapassword.This isoptionalbuthighly recommended,especiallyifthecomputerwillbeaccessiblebyusersotherthanyourself.Ifyou’drathernothaveapassword,leavethefieldsblankandclickNext.

15.Enteryourproductkey.This is the25-characterkey that camewithyour copyofWindows. Check the “Automatically activate Windows when I’m online” to haveWindowsautomaticallyverifyyourkeythenexttimeitisconnectedtotheinternet.

16.SelectyourWindowsUpdateoption.TomakesurethatyourcopyofWindowsrunssecurelyandstably,itishighlyrecommendedthatyouchooseoneofthefirsttwooptions.Thefirstoptionwill installallupdatesautomatically, thesecondoptionwillpromptyouwhenimportantupdatesareavailable.

17.Selectyourdateandtime.TheseshouldbecorrectalreadyastheyarelinkedtoyourBIOS,butyoucanchangethemnowiftheyarenot.ChecktheboxifyourareaobservesDaylightSavings.

18.Selectnetworkpreferences.Ifyourcomputerisconnectedtoanetwork,youwillbegivenanoptiontoidentifythatnetwork.MostuserswillselectHomeorWorknetwork.Ifyourcomputer isbeingusedinapublicplace,selectPublicnetwork.MobilebroadbandusersshouldalwaysselectPublicnetwork.

Windowswillnowattempttoconnectyourcomputertothenetwork.Thisprocessiscompletelyautomated.

19.Exploreyourdesktop.Afteronefinalloadingscreen,yournewWindows7desktopwillappear.Installationisnowcomplete.

StartupinWindowsVista7/8

ThebootprocessinMicrosoft’sWindowsVistaoperatingsystem(WindowsVista)differsfromWindowsXPinthewaythattheoperatingsystemislocatedandinitialized.

Starting inWindows Vista is different fromXP because the code written byWindowsVistanolongerlooksforNTLDR.ThenewbootloaderinWindowsVistaisBootmgr.

Bootmgr loads the Boot Configuration Database (BCD), which, in turn, loads an OSloader boot application (Winload.exe, in the case ofWindows Vista). Finally, the OSloaderapplicationisresponsibleforinitializingthekernel.

(MBR=MasterBootRecord;PBR=PartitionBootRecord)

TwokeyactionsperformedbyNTLDRinpreviousWindowsversionshavebeendividedbetweentwocomponents:

\Bootmgr:Readsthebootconfiguration,includingdeviceandpathlocations.

\Windows\System32\Winload.exe:Initializesthekernel.

ThebootconfigurationstoredbyBoot.iniinpreviousWindowsversionsisnowstoredinanextensibledatabase:

\Boot\BCD:TheBootConfigurationDatabase(BCD)

WhatIstheBCDStore?

The Boot Configuration Data (BCD) store contains boot configuration parameters andcontrols how the operating system is started inWindowsVista. These parameterswerepreviously in the Boot.ini file (in BIOS-based operating systems) or in the nonvolatileRAM(NVRAM)entries(inExtensibleFirmwareInterface–basedoperatingsystems).

TheBCDisadatabaseusedbyBootmgr.Itcontainsthefunctionsofboot.iniandislocatedat{ActivePartition}\bootfolder.

DeviceDriversInstallation

Incomputing,adevicedriverorsoftwaredriverisacomputerprogramallowinghigher-levelcomputerprograms/OperatingSystemtointeractwithahardwaredevice.

A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus orcommunications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling programinvokesaroutineinthedriver,thedriverissuescommandstothedevice.Oncethedevicesends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original callingprogram. Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific. They usuallyprovide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependenthardwareinterface.

ToknowDriversStatusopen“DeviceManager”,

WehavetoloaddriversforOtherDevices

DriversInstallationMethod1Byrunning“SETUP.EXE”fromDriverCD/DVDInserttheDriversCD/DVD,IfitisAutorunDiscaMenuwillbeappearedonthescreen.InthismenuclickonDevicenameyouwanttoinstall.IfitnotAutorun Disc then enter in to the Drivers directory and search forSETUP.EXEor.EXEfileandrunit

RemovalofDrivers:

UninstallfromStart,Settings,controlPanel,“Add/RemovePrograms”.

Method2ByUpdateDriverthroughDeviceManagerInsertDriversDiscorConnecttotheInternet

InDeviceManagerRightclickon“Otherdevices”,Devicenameyouwant

toloaddriverandselect“UpdateDriver…”option.

RemovalofDrivers:1.RemoveDriverfromDeviceManager

2. Remove“.Inf”filefromC:\WINDOWS\INFandconfirmitbyopening.

(Userinstalleddriversarewithoem0.inf,oem1.infetc.)

InternetConfigurations

1.ByusingADSLModem&PhoneLine(Broadband)

ADSL:AsymmetricDigitalSubscriberLine(ExternalModemonly)

Bandwidth:Min256Kbps(Broadband),Max:8Mbps

Note:WecanuseUSB/LAN(Ethernet)interfacebetweenModemandComputer.

a.IfyouuseUSBinterface,youhavetoloadADSLModemDriver.

b.IfyouuseLANinterface,youhavetoloadEthernetCardDriver.

(ButisbettertouseLAN/EthernetInterfacethanUSBinterface.)

1. InstallLAN/EthernetCardDriver(Ignoreifalreadyinstalled)

(InstallADSLModemDriverifyouareusingUSBInterface)

2. Rightclickon“MyNetworkPlaces”andselect“Properties”.

Inleftsidewindows,NetworkTasks,clickon“createanewconnection”.

3. Select“connecttotheInternet”inNetworkconnectiontypeandnext.

4. Select“Setupmyconnectionmanually”ingettingReadyandnext

5. Select“Connectusingabroadbandconnectionthatrequiresausernameandpassword”inInternetconnectionandnext.

6. InISPNameinterInternetServiceProviderName(BSNLBroadband)andnext,NextInInternetAccountInformation

7. Select“Addashortcuttothisconnectiontomydesktopandfinish”.In

completingthenewconnectionwizardandfinish.

8. ToConnectInternet,firstdialthroughBSNLBroadbandshortcutondesktop.WhiledialingenterusernameandPassword(AlreadyprovidedbytheISP)

9. Afterconnectionhasestablished, opentheInterExplorer&Browse.

10.TocheckyouAccountusageandPasswordchangeopenwww.dataone.in

DeselectingADSLMODEMasInternetServer(BSNLModem)1.OpenInternetExplorerandtypetheaddressas192.168.1.1andenter.

2.Select“WAN”in“AdvancedSetup”andEdittheVPI/VCIvalueswith0/35

3.In“Connection”Typeselect“Bridging”andselectnext.

SelectingADSLMODEMasInternetServer1.Select“WAN”in“AdvancedSetup”andEdittheVPI/VCIvalueswith0/35

2.In“ConnectionType”selectPPPoverEthernet(PPPoE)andselectnext.

3.Inthefollowingscreenenterthebroadbandusername&passwordandselectnext.

whenInternetConnectstheInternetlightwillglow.

PPPoE:PointtoPointProtocoloverEthernetPVC:PermanentVirtualCircuit

VPI:VirtualPathIdentifierVCI:Virtual

CircuitIdentifier

Note:TochangeBroadbandPasswordandUsagecheckopenthewebsite(http://selfcare.sdc.bsnl.co.in)andregister.

SelectingADSLMODEMasInternetServer(D-Link)

EntertheVPI&VCIvaluesas0&35,ProtocolasPPPOverEthernet(PPPOE)and

PPPUsername,PPPPassword&ConfirmPPPPassword.

Note:ToDeselectselect“Edit”andin“ConnectionType”,“Protocol”select“Bridging”andselectApply.

2.ByusingRadioFrequency(RF)waves/Wi-Fi/Hotspots

3.ByusingMicrowaves/Wi-Max/WirelessBroadband

4.ByusingFibreOpticCable/FibreToHome

Installationiscommonforabove2,3&4Methods

1. InstallLAN/EthernetCard/WALNDriver(ignoreifalreadyinstalled)

2. Rightclickon“MyNetworkPlaces”andselect“Properties”.

3.Rightclickon“LocalAreaNetwork/WLANConnection”and“Properties”.

4.SelectInternetProtocol(TCP/IP),Propertiesandentertheaddressesas

providedbytheISP.(1.IPAddress,2.DefaultGateway,3.PreferredDNSServer)

(NoneedtoenterAddressforBSNLBroadbandWifiModem)

5.ByusingUSBModem/DataCard

Forthismethodnoadditionalconfigurationisrequired.

WhenweinserttheUSBdevice,AutomaticallyinstallationwillstartfromUSBdeviceandashortcutwillappearontheDesktop.

ByrunningtheShortcutontheDesktopinternetwillconnect.

ComputerVirus

Computervirus is a small softwareprogramorpieceofcode that isdesigned to spreadfromonecomputertoanotherandtointerferewithcomputeroperation.

Howdoviruseswork?

Basicvirusestypicallyrequireunwarycomputeruserstoinadvertentlyshareorsendthem.

Some viruses that are more sophisticated, such as worms, can replicate and sendthemselvesautomaticallytoothercomputersbycontrollingothersoftwareprograms,suchasane-mailsharingapplication.

Certainviruses,calledTrojans,can falselyappearasabeneficialprogramtocoaxusersinto downloading them. Some Trojans can even provide expected results while quietlydamagingyoursystemorothernetworkedcomputersatthesametime.

Tohelp avoidviruses, it’s essential thatyoukeepyour computer currentwith the latestupdatesandantivirustools,stayinformedaboutrecentthreats,andthatyoufollowafewbasicruleswhenyousurftheInternet,downloadfiles,andopenattachments.

Onceavirusisonyourcomputer,itstypeorthemethoditusedtogetthereisnotasimportantasremovingitandpreventingfurtherinfection.

WhoWritesViruses…andWhy?

Thepeoplewhowritevirusesgenerallyhavetheirownreasonsforwhattheydo,andtheyaren’ttooopenaboutidentifyingthemselves,forobviousreasons.Itisbelievedthatmostvirus authors are youngmen in their teens or early twenties,who have a great deal oftechnical knowledge and have decided for various reasons to use it for destructivepurposes.Someofthereasonsthatpeoplewriteviruses:

1. Sociopathy: Many virus writers are just troublemakers—or maybe just troubledindividuals—whowanttocreatehavocandthenthriveontheattentionitgenerates.Theyaretheelectronicequivalentsofgraffitiartists,prankphonecallers,etc.,lookingforfameandgloryinarathertwistedway.

2.Revenge:Sometimesvirusesortrojanhorsesarewrittenbydisgruntledemployeesorotherswhowanttogetbackatsomeoneormakeastatement.

3.TheChallenge:Someviruswritersdoitjusttoseeiftheycanawaywithit.Asvirusdetection software gets smarter, virus writers have to employ new tricks to have their“products”evadenotice.

4.Education:Writingviruses,especiallyonessmartenoughtoavoiddetection,requiresagreatdealoftechnicalknow-how.Somepeopletakeupviruswritingtoteachthemselveshowtoprogramatalow-levelwithinthePC.It’sironic,butexperiencedviruswritersareamongthemosttechnicallyskilledPCprogrammersintheworld!Whatawaste,isn’tit?

Antivirus

Antivirusoranti-virussoftwareisusedtoprevent,detect,andremovecomputerviruses,worms, and trojan horses. Itmay also prevent and remove adware, spyware, and otherformsofmalware.

Identificationmethods

Thereareseveralmethodswhichantivirussoftwarecanusetoidentifymalware

1.Signaturebaseddetectionisthemostcommonmethod.Toidentifyvirusesandothermalware, antivirus software compares the contents of a file to a dictionary of virussignatures. Because viruses can embed themselves in existing files, the entire file issearched,notjustasawhole,butalsoinpieces.

2.Heuristic-baseddetection,likemaliciousactivitydetection,canbeusedtoidentifyunknownviruses.

3. File emulation is another heuristic approach. File emulation involves executing aprogram in a virtual environment and logging what actions the program performs.Dependingon theactions logged, theantivirussoftwarecandetermine if theprogramismaliciousornotandthencarryouttheappropriatedisinfectionactions.

TopAntivirus

1.Bitdefender:

BitDefenderisanantivirussoftwaresuitedevelopedbyRomania-basedsoftwarecompanySOFTWIN. It was launched in November 2001, and it includes several protection andperformanceenhancementsasSearchAdvisorandPerformanceOptimizer.

2.Kaspersky:

KasperskyLabisaRussiancomputersecuritycompany,co-foundedbyNataliaKasperskyand Eugene Kaspersky in 1997, offering anti-virus, anti-spyware, anti-spam, and anti-intrusionproducts

3.NortonAntivirus

NortonAntiVirus,developedanddistributedbySymantecCorporation,providesmalwarepreventionandremovalduringasubscriptionperiod. Itusessignaturesandheuristics toidentifyviruses.Otherfeaturesincludee-mailspamfilteringandphishingprotection.

4.ESETNOD32:

ESETNOD32Antivirus,commonlyknownasNOD32,isanantivirussoftwarepackagemade by the Slovak company ESET. It sports the fastest, most effective technologyavailable toprotectyoufromvirusesandspywarewithoutslowingyoudownwhileyouworkorplay

5.AVGAntivirus:(Free)

AVGisanumbrellatermforarangeofanti-virusandInternetsecuritysoftwaredevelopedbyAVGTechnologies,aprivatelyheldCzechcompanyformerlyknownasGrisoft.

SystemMaintenanceTips

1)Cleanthecomponentsregularlytoavoidoverheatanddamageduetorust.

2)Run“CheckDisk”regularlytorectifydiskandfilesystemproblems.

3)Run“Defragmenter”frequentlytospeedupyourcomputer.

4)Run“DiscCleanup”regularlytodeletetemporaryfiles.

(RunCheckDisk,Defragmenter,DiscCleanupthroughC:Driveproperties,Tools)

5)Run“RegistryCleaner”regularlytofixregistryproblems(Downloadfrom

Internet).

6)MaintainfreespaceinCDriveforVirtualMemory.

7)Uninstall“unnecessaryprograms”throughAdd/Removeprograms.

8)InstalllatestAntivirusSoftwareandupdateregularlytoprotectfromlatestviruses.

9)StoreDatafileslikeDocs,Picsetc..inseparatedrives.(OtherthanOSdrive).

10)BackupyourDataregularlyintoTapeorCD/DVD/ExtHDD.

11)Therewillbenolooseconnections,toavoidcomponentsdamageandrestarts.

12)Alwaysshutyoursystemdownproperly(usetheStart—>Shutdownmethod).

13)Don’tplaceElectromagneticcomponents(UPS,Stabilizers…)closetothesystem

14)Earthingshouldbeprovidedtoavoidelectricalshockandcomponentsdamage.

15)AlwaysMainswillbeequippedwithfusesandCircuitBreakers.

16)UPSorStabilizermustbeinstalledtoprotectfromhigh&lowvoltages.

17)Wheneveryoumoveyoursystem,evenifit’sjustacrossthedesktop,makesure

themachineisshutdownandunplugged.

18)IfitisExternalbatteryUPS,checkdistilledwaterlevelandcleanterminalsregularly

andapplygreaseorpetroleumjellytoavoidcorrosion.

19)Placeyourcomputerincool,securedandventilatedplace.

20)MonitorSMPSvoltagesandTemperaturesthroughBIOS,PCHealthorHardware

Monitoroptionfrequently.

21)Don’tleaveyourmonitorrunning.Thebestwaytoextendyourdisplay’slifeisto

shutitoffwhenit’snotinuse.

22)UsedustcoverswhentheSystemisnotinusetoavoidenteringofunnecessary

dust.(Removeallcoverswhenthesystemisinuse)

23)StoreCDs&DVDsincoolandsecuredplace.UseBoxes.

24)TounplugPendrive,Ejectthemin“SafelyRemoveHardware)

25)Sufficientpacking(UseAntistaticcovers,thermocol,Boxesetc)mustbeprovided

whilecarryingcomponents.

26)DisconnectPower&Telephoneconnectionsduringstrongwinds.

27)UsePreferredCPUHeatSinkandFanonlywhilereplacing.

28)ApplyHeatSinkCompoundbetweenCPUandHeatSinkwhennecessary.

29)HoldthecomponentsbytheedgesandtrynottotouchtheICchips,leads.

30)AlwaysswitchoftheMainsandunplugcableswhileReplacingComponents.

31)Don’tusepoorqualityCDs/DVDs,ItmaydamageyourDrivelens.

32)PutSilicaGelPacketsinsidetheCabinettoreducethemoisture.

33) DonotsmokearoundaPC.Cigarettesmokecandamageexposedmetalcontacts.

34)CreateanduseDuplicateCDsforOriginalsoftwareandDriversoftware.

35)AlwaysinstalllatestDrivers/Softwareandupdateregularly.

36)DonotletlotofprogramstobeloadedautomaticallywhenyoustartYour

Computer(UseMSCONFIGcommandtostopthem)

37)Whennecessary,AlwaysaddSameCapacity,Samespeedmemoriesonly.Same

Companymemoriesarepreferred.

38)CoolingFansmustbecheckedandcleanedregularly.

39)CleanUpYourDesktop(Don’tstorefilesindesktop)toSpeedUpYourComputer.

40)UsePasswordstoprotectyourComputerandtopreventfromunauthorizedaccess.

WindowsVista/7/8/10Troubleshooting

1.WindowsVista/7willnotStart-RebuildMBR&PBR(MasterBootRecord(MBR)orPartitionBootRecord(PBR)hasdamaged)

BootthroughWindowsVista/7DVDandselect“RepairyourComputer”then

thefollowingmenuwillappearonthescreen.NowSelect“Commandprompt”

IncommandPromptrunthefollowingCommands.

Bootrec.exe/FIXMBR

Bootrec.exe/FIXBOOT

2.WindowsVista/7StruckorRestart-ReinstallVista/7(WindowsVista/7filesmaycorrupted)

BootthroughWindowsVista/7DVDandselect“RepairyourComputer”thenthe

abovemenuwillappearonthescreen.NowSelect“StartupRepair“

3.Ifreinstallationnotpossible-Restoreregistry

BootthroughWindowsVista/7DVDandselect“RepairyourComputer”thenthe

abovemenuwillappearonthescreen.NowSelect“SystemRestore”

4.IfRegistryRestoreisnotpossible-RestorefromBackup

BootthroughWindowsVista/7DVDandselect“RepairyourComputer”thenthe

abovemenuwillappearonthescreen.NowSelect“CompletePCRestore/

SystemImageRecovery”(Itoverwritefilesoncurrentdrive,BeCareful)

5.IfBackupImagefilenotavailable-FreshinstallVista/7

BootthroughWindowsVista/7DVDandselect“InstallNow”

TroubleshootingFlowChart

HEARBEEPSFAIL

OK

LONGBEEPSNUMLOCK

OKOPERATES

FAILOK

SHORTBEEPSSINGLEBEEP

OK

HardwareTroubleshooting

S

No

Problem

Reason&Solution

1NotGettingPower

A). Not getting Power to Both CPU andMONITOR,thencheckMains,UPS/Stabilizer,Spikebusters Cables,Switches,Fuses,SocketsEtc..

B).NotgettingPowertoMonitor,PressPowerCard at rear panel, Press plug on Spike buster,Insertintoanothersocket.IfnotsolvedtestwithCPUPowerCard IfworksMonitorPowerCardhas damaged, If not works there is problem inMonitor,thengiveittorepair.

C). Not getting Power to CPU, then pressPower Card at SMPS, Switch on SMPS, pressplugonSpikebuster,insertintoanothersocket.If not solved test with Monitor Power Card, IfCPUworksthenCPUPowercablehasdamaged.

Ifnotsolvedopenthecabinetand

1. Check Button connections at Button andMotherboard side in Cabinet by touching thepoweronpinsbyusingtester.

2.ClearCMOSifnotsolved,then

3. Check SMPS by touching Black Wire andGreenwiresofMotherboardplug.IfnotworkingcheckSMPSFuse.

If Fuse is OK, then check for damagedCapacitors. If Capacitors are damaged give itrepair.Otherwisereplaceit

4. If SMPS works, check Capacitors onMotherboard. If Capacitors are damaged give itforrepair.OtherwisereplaceMotherboard.

2

NoDisplay/

NoSignalMessageafterswitchon

CPUandMonitorPowerSupplyis

OK

WithBeepsfromSystemSpeaker

HearBeeps

A).Ifyouhearasinglebeep, thentheproblemeverything is ok in System Unit. Then theproblem may with Monitor Data Cable orProblemwithintheMonitor.TightMonitorDataCable at both sides. If not solved test withanother data cable. Otherwise there will beproblemwithinMonitor.

B).Ifyouhearcontinuouslongbeeps,thentheproblemiswithRAM/Motherboard.CleanandReinstalltheRAMIfnotsolved,testyourRAMonanotherSystemandtestwithanotherRAMonyourSystem IfRAMhasdamaged replacewithanother one. If RAM is working there mayproblemwithinMotherboard.

C).Ifyouhearonelongand2/3Shortbeeps,then the problem is with Display Card /Motherboard. Clean and Reinstall the DisplayCard, If not solved test your Display Card onanother System and test with another Card onyour System. If Display Card has damagedReplacewithanother.

- IfDisplayCard isworking then theremay beproblemwithinMotherboard.

-IfitisonboarddisplaythenCleartheCMOS.

-IfnotsolvedthentheonboardGPUfail,installadd-ongraphicscard.

D).Ifyouhearhighfrequencybeeps, then theproblem is with CPU overheat, check coolingfans.

E). If you hear low and high beeps, then the

problemmaybewithCPU/MotherboardcheckCPUandMotherboardwithanothersystem.

3

NoDisplay/

Nosignalmessage

afterswitchon

SMPSandMonitorPowerSupplyisOK

NoBeepsfromSystemSpeaker

Num-Lockisworking

This means Power Supply Unit, Motherboard,CPUandMemoryisOK.

1) Then the problemwithMonitor Data Cable.TightbothSystemUnitandMonitorside.

2).Ifnotsolvedcheckwithanothercable.

3).Ifnotsolved,thentheproblemiswithDisplayCard orMonitor. Then checkDisplayCard andMonitorbyattaching themtoanotherSystemorcheckwithanotherdisplayCardorMonitorwithyouSystem.

4). If Display Card has damaged replace withnewone

5).IfMonitorisnotworkinggiveitforrepair

4

NoDisplay/

NoSignalmessageafterswitchon

SMPSandMonitorPowerSupplyisOK

NoBeepsfromSystemSpeaker

Num-Lock

1).ClearCMOS,Ifnotsolved.

2). Check for damaged Capacitors onmotherboard.

3). Problem may be with HDD, CD/DVD, andExpansionCards,disconnectthemandcheck.

4). May be RAM problem Clean and ReinstallRAM. If not solved check theRAMon anotherSystem.

5). If not solved the problem may with PSU,MotherboardorProcessor.FirstcheckPSU.

6) If not solved check CPU on anotherMotherboard and check another CPU on this

Doesn’tOperates Motherboard.

7.IfCPUisgonereplacewithnew.

8.IfCPUisok,thenreplaceMotherboard

5

NoSignal/OutofSync/FrequencyoutofRangemessageafter

StartingWindows

ResolutionProblem

In Windows XP Press F8 while booting andselect VGA mode while booting. And changeresolutionindisplayproperties.

In Windows 7 /8 Press F8 while booting andselect Low Resolution Mode(640,480) Andchangeresolutionindisplayproperties.

6

CMOSCheckSumerror/

Batteryfailuremessage

DateandTimearenotstoring.

1).Check3VoltsBatteryandReplacethebatteryIfnecessary.

2). If 3Volts Battery is ok. May with loosecontacttightthem.

3).CheckCMOSJumpers.

7

DiskBootfailure

1).CheckintheBIOSforHardDiscName.

2). If not detected open the Cabinet cover andcheck Power and Data cables of Hard Disk forlooseconnections.Ifnotsolvedtestwithanothercableandanotherport.

3). Ifnotsolved test themonanotherSystemortestanotherDrivesonyourSystem.

4).ChecktheBootsequenceinBIOS.

5)BootRecordmaydamaged,Rebuiltthem(SeeWindows XP / Windows 7/8 troubleshootinggiveninpreviouspages.

6).Ifnotsolved,theOSmaygone.Reinstall.

8

SystemSlowWhileloading/

runningOperatingSystem.

1).RunScandisk/CheckDisk

2).RunDiskDefragmenter

3)RunDiskCleanup

4)CheckfreespaceavailableinCdrive

5). Stop auto running of all unnecessaryprogramsthrough“MSCONFIG”.

6).Uninstallunnecessaryprograms

7).SetBIOSdefaults.

8).CheckMemoryCapacity.

9).InstallandrunAntivirusprogram

10)Run“SFC/SCANNOW”command toscanOSfilesandreplacewithnewfiles.

(click Start, click All Programs, clickAccessories, right-click Command Prompt, andthenclickRunasadministrator)

11)IfnotsolvedReinstallOperatingSystem

12).IfnotsolvedmaybeHarddiscslow.

1). Problem may be with recently installedDriversorSoftwareremovethem,ifnotenteringintoNormalmode thenEnter intosafemodebypressing F8 while booting and remove recentlyinstalleddriversorsoftware.

2). May be Registry or System files problemrestore System to Earlier time. If not entering

9

Systemstruck/

Shutdownwhileloading/running

OperatingSystem

into normal mode, enter into safe mode andRestoretheSystemtoEarlierTime.

3). Stop auto running of unnecessary softwarethrough“MSCONFIG”command.

4). Enter into Safe Mode and run ThoroughScandiskforHardDiskErrors.

5).SetBIOSdefaults

6).CheckforVirus

7).OverheatproblemcheckFans

8).MaybewithdamagedCapacitors.

9).MayfaultyRAMcheckanotherone.

10)CheckHardDiscCables.

11).CheckSMPSvoltages.

12)Run“SFC/SCANNOW”command toscanOSfilesandreplacewithnewfiles.

(click Start, click All Programs, clickAccessories, right-click Command Prompt, andthenclickRunasadministrator,Atthecommandprompt,typetheabovecommand)

13).ReinstallOperatingSystem

14).IfnotsolvedCheckCPU

15).IfnotsolvedmaybeitMotherboardinternalproblem

10Keyboardnotworking

1). Check Keyboard connector for looseconnectionanddisconnection

2.)IfitisUSBkeyboardcheckonanotherport.

3).IfnotsolvedcheckBIOSUSBsetting

4).If it is PS/2 keyboard test your keyboard onanotherSystemorTestwithanotherkeyboardonyourSystem.

5). If yourkeyboard innotworking thenCheckcable. If your keyboard is working your PS/2Port / controller has damaged, then use USB Keyboard.

11

Keyboardsometimesworkingbutsometimesnot

working

1).ConnectKeyboardConnectortightly.

2)IfitisUSBkeyboardcheckonanotherport

3).If it is PS/2 test your keyboard on anotherSystem or test with another keyboard on yourSystem.

4). If yourkeyboard isnotworkingproperlyonanotherComputerCheckcable.

5). If your keyboard is working properly yourPS/2 Port or controller has damaged. Use USBKeyboard.

1).CheckMouseConnectorforlooseconnectionandDisconnection.

2).IfitisUSBmouseCheckonanotherport.

12Mousenotworking

3.IfnotsolvedcheckBIOSUSBsetting

4).If it is PS/2 test your mouse on anotherSystem or test with another mouse on yourSystem.

5).IfyourmouseisnotworkingCheckcable.Ifyour mouse is working your PS/2 Port hasdamaged.UseUSBmouse.

13 GrindingnoisefromHardDisk

1. If the harddrivemakes a grindingnoise it isdue to a heard crash. This is usually notrepairableandshouldbereplaced.

2. If the data is extremely valuable, there arecompaniesthatcanrecoverthedatabutatahighprice

14 Diskbootfailure(sometimesonly)

1). HDD Data cable loose or damaged. Tightthemifnotsolvedtestwithanotherribboncable.

2).HDDpowerplugloose tight it. IfnotsolvedUseanotherpowerplug.

3).IfnotsolveitisHardDiskproblem.CopyallimportantdataCDandreplacewithnew.

15

Can’tbootfromBootableCD/

DVD

1.CD/DVDdrivenotdetected.

2).CD/DVDmaynotbebootable.

orDiscmaybedamaged

3)CD/DVDdriveisnotreadingProperly.

4).CheckBootsequenceinBIOS.

16

ReddishorBluishorGreenishDisplay.

1).MostofthetimethisisabadDataCable.

2). It alsocouldbea looseconnectioneitheronthe Computer or inside the Monitor. Ifconnectionsaretighttryingchangingcords.

3). Presets damaged in the Monitor, give it torepair.

17 Wavyscreen

1).Couldbecausedbyanyelectricaldevicesuchas a fan,UPS,Stabilizer,Adapters or telephonetooclosetotheMonitor.

2).Move all electrical devices away from theMonitorandseeIfthathelps.

3).Ifnotsolved,theremaybeproblemwithinthemonitor.

18

Applications/Programsarenot

opening

1). Software Package files may have corruptedreinstall.

2).MaybeVirusproblem.

3).LowMemory/RAM.

4).VirtualmemoryproblemCheckfreespaceinCdrive.

Struckwhile

1).SetBIOSdefaults

2).CD/DVDhasdamaged

3).CD/DVDdriveisnotreadingproperly.

19

WindowsXPInstallation/

InstallationfailwithBluescreen

error

4).OSnotsupported.TryLatestVersion

5).May be bad area inHDD, select full formatwhileinstallation.

6).RAMhasdamagedpartially.

7).IfnotsolvedCheckCPU

20Upsisnot

workingafterPowerfails.

1).SwitchontheUPS.

2).FullyChargeit(8hours)andtry.

3). If it is internalbatteryUPS, theBatterymaygone.

(Maximum battery life is approximately 2years)

4). If it is external Battery UPS, Clean theterminals and apply grease and Fill the BatterywithDistilledwater.

5).Ifthebatteryistoooldreplaceit.

6).Ifnotsolvedmaybeinternalproblem.

BeepCodes

AwardBIOS(MSI,Mercury,Gigabyte,Biostar,EVGA…Motherboard)

Beeps ErrorMessage Description

1long,2short VideoadaptererrorEithervideoadapterisbadorisnotseatedproperly.Also,checktoensurethemonitorcableisconnectedproperly.

Repeating(endlessloop) Memoryerror Checkforimproperlyseatedormissingmemory.

1long,3short NovideocardorbadvideoRAM Reseatorreplacethevideocard.

Highfrequencybeepswhilerunning OverheatedCPU ChecktheCPUfanforproperoperation.

Checkthecaseforproperairflow.

RepeatingHigh/Low CPU

EithertheCPUisnotseatedproperlyortheCPUisdamaged.Mayalsobeduetoexcessheat.ChecktheCPUfanorBIOSsettingsforproperfanspeed.

SingleBeep EverythingfineEverythingfineinSystemUnit.SochecktheMonitorDatacableonbothMotherboardandMonitorSide.

AMIBIOS(Intel&ASUS…Motherboards)

BeepCode Description

1ShortBeep DRAMRefreshFailure(RAM)

2ShortBeeps ParityCircuitFailure(RAM)

3ShortBeeps Base64KRAMFailure(RAM)

4ShortBeeps SystemTimerFailure(Motherboard)

5ShortBeeps ProcessFailure(CPU)

6ShortBeeps Keyboard/KeyboardController

7ShortBeeps Processor/Motherboard

8ShortBeeps DisplayMemoryRead/WriteFailure

9ShortBeeps ROMBIOSChecksumFailure

10ShortBeeps CMOSRead/WriteFailure

11ShortBeeps CPUCacheMemory

1long,3short Conventional/ExtendedMemoryFailure

1long,8short Display/RetraceFailure

AdvancedSystemCare

(ToolboxcontainsthefollowingTools)1.RegistryCleaner-Torectifyregistryproblems.

2.PrivacySweeper-ToremoveinternetHistory&Traces.

3.Uninstaller-ToUninstallPrograms/Applications

4.DiskCleaner-Todeleteunnecessaryandjunkfiles.

5.FileShredder-Todeletefilespermanently.

6.StartupManager-Tomanagestartupprograms.

7.SmartDefrag-ToDefragtheHardDisctoimproveSpeed

8.Undelete-Torecoverdeletedfiles.

9.DiskDoctor-TorectifyDiskandFilesystemproblems

10.WinFix-TofixWindowsOSproblems

11.DriverManager-ToupdateandBackupDrivers.

12.MalwareFighter-TodetectandremoveMalwareandSpyware.

13.ClonnedFilesScanner-Tofindanddeleteduplicatefiles.

14.SystemInformation-TodisplaydetailedinformationofSystem.

15.SystemControl-TochangeOperatingSystemsetting.

Etc…

PRINTERS

Printerisanindirectoutputdevice(Peripheral)usedtotakeprintouts

(Hardcopies)

DotMatrixPrinterADotMatrixprinter isan impactprinter that formscharactersasa seriesofdots.Theprint head contains a grid of pinswhich form a character. This heads stamps on to thepaperthroughaninkedribbontoproduceacharacter(forexample,“H”)thatismadeupofdots.

Theprintheadscanhavefrom9to24pinsinthem.Themorepinstheprintheadhas,thebetterthequalityoftheprintedoutput.Printerswith24pinsproduceletterqualityoutput.

Thequalityoftheprintedoutputismeasuredindpi(dotsperinch).Thehigherthedpi,thebetterthequalityoftheprintedoutput.

DotMatrix printers comewith a standard parallel interface. They can also use a serialinterface. Parallel interfaces are faster, but serial interfaces can be used over greaterdistances.

Impactprintersare theonlyprinters thatwillmakeanimpressiononcarbonpaper.Anyprintingthatisdoneonpaperwithacarbonbehinditoronselfcarbonatedpaperneedstobedoneonanimpactprinterfortheprintingcomethroughonthesecondlayerofpaper.

InkJetorDeskJetPrinter

A typical inkjet receives control info from your printer driver/PC, or may process theprintout in its onboard electronics.Eitherway, rollers advance a page fromyourpapertray (1) under a sliding printhead/cartridge assembly (2). Then, the printhead steppermotor (3) kicks in, drawing the assembly on a sliding rod (4) to its starting position,usuallyviaabelt(5).

The printhead (6) proper is an incredible piece of miniaturization, in some cases

fabricatedviaanetchingprocesssimilartosemiconductormanufacture.Onsomeprinters,the head and ink cartridge (7) are one unit. The head’s microscopic nozzles (8)—anywherefromdozenstoliterallythousands—areoutletsforincrediblytinyinkchambers(9),which are fed by the cartridge’s reservoirs.Microscopicdroplets (10),measured inmillionthsofamillionthofaliter(no,that’snotatypo),firethroughthenozzles.

Buthow?Pumpssimplydon’tcome thatsmall. Instead,most inkjets (Epsonsexcepted)use “thermal” technology inwhich a tiny resistor (11) in an ink chamber is pulsed, asneeded,withintensecurrent,superheatingtheinkandvaporizingpartofthedroplet.Theresult:Terrificpressureblastsitoutthenozzleandontoyourpage.

LaserPrinter

The most important piece of equipment might be the optical photoconductive (OPC)drum. This drum holds an electromagnetic charge that can be changed by exposure tolight.As theprocess starts, theOPCpassesahighlychargedwire thatgivesanelectricchargetotheOPC.AlaserbeamisturnedonandoffrapidlyasaspinningmirrorfocusesthelightonaspecificpartoftheOPC.

Inmostcases,yourPCtalkswithcontrollercircuitry(1)inyourlaserprintertoqueueupandtranslateprintingdata;arasterimageprocessor(RIP)convertsimagesandtextintoavirtualmatrixoftinydots.

Themain actor, however, is thephotoconductingdrum (2), a specially coated cylinder

thatreceivesapositiveornegativechargefromachargingroller(3)(or,insomeprinters,acoronawire).Alaserbeam(4),switchingrapidlyonandoffanddeflectedoffarotatingmirror(5),scansthechargeddrumhorizontally inprecise lines.Whenthebeamflasheson,itreversesthechargeoftinyspotsonthedrum,correspondingtodotsthataretobeprintedblack.Afterthelaserscansaline,asteppermotoradvancesthedrum,andthelaserrepeatstheprocess—all,ofcourse,blindinglyfast.

Next,thedrum’slaser-kissedportionencountersthedeveloperroller(6),whichiscoatedinchargedtonerparticlesfromthetonerhopper(7),partofthetonercartridge.Chargedtonerclingstothedischargedareasofthedrum,reproducing,inreverse,yourimagesandtext.

Meanwhile,abeltorrollerassembly(8)drawspaperinsidefromthepapertray(9),pastatransfer roller or charging wire (10) that applies a charge opposite the toner’s to thepaper. As the paper sheet meets the drum, the drum-borne toner transfers to paper. Acleaningblade(11)thencleansthedrum,andtheprocesscontinuesinasmooth,circularflow.(Colorlasersworksimilarly,butthepapermayrequirefourpassesbythedrumforfourtonercolors.Alternately,theprintermaytransfereachcolorlayertoanintermediatebeltbeforeapplyingittothepaper,oremployfourdrum/tonerassemblies.)

Last,yourpage,with its imprintof tenuouslyanchored toner, reaches the fuser (12)—aheatrollerandapressureroller. Itmelts the toner,whichcontainsresinsandsometimeswax,ontothepage.Voila,pagesinyourouttray.

ScannerSetup

Acharge-coupleddevice(CCD)isanimagesensor,consistingofanintegratedcircuitcontaininganarrayoflinked,orcoupled,light-sensitivecapacitors.ThisdeviceisalsoknownasaColor-CaptureDevice.

A/DConverter–AnalogtoDigitalConverter

Method1.ScanningthroughManufacturerSoftware

Method2.ScanningthroughMicrosoftWindows(MyComputer)

WebcamSetup

(OR)