Coping with Blindness: Personal Tales of Blindness Rehabilitation
Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in...
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Transcript of Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in...
![Page 1: Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in males than in females. A person may transmit characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070406/56649de85503460f94ae266f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Patterns of Heredity
Ch. 4 Genetics!!
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Do Now!! True or False??• Color blindness is more common in
males than in females.• A person may transmit characteristics to
offspring which he/she does not show.• Certain inherited traits may be altered
by the stars, planets or moon early in development
• There is such a thing as “werewolf syndrome” that could be linked to genes.
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Hypertrichosis (“werewolf syndrome”)
Stephen Bibrowski as “Lionel the Lion-faced Man”
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Objectives
• To define heredity and inheritance• To determine how we inherit traits
from our parents• To take an inventory of our class’s
traits!
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Genetics = the study of heredity by which traits are passed from parents to offspring
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The passing of genes/traits from parents to offspring.
Heredity
• Many of your traits, including eye color, shape of your eyes, texture of your hair, height, and weight resemble those of your parents!
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What is a gene?
• A unit of heredity that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and codes for a particular product.
• A specific segment of DNA found on the chromosome
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Thanks Mom and Dad!
• We inherit genes from our parents
• Those genes code for the traits we express
• Most traits are coded by more than 1 gene:• Ex: Height
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Homologous Chromosomes
• A pair of chromosomes are called homologs (homo meaning same)
• Homologous chromosomes have the same size, structure, and genetic information.
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What are alleles?
• Versions of a gene that occupy corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes
• We inherit 2 alleles for each gene:• 1 from mom and
1 from dad!!
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Sex Chromosomes• We have 23 pairs of chromosomes• 1 pair are known as the sex
chromosomes, which determines the sex of the offspring
• Males = XY• Females = XX
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Do Now!!
• What is an allele?• What are homologous chromosomes?• Give an example of a trait that is
coded by more than one gene!
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Objectives
• To discuss the importance of Gregor Mendel
• To identify the parts of Mendel’s pea plant experiments
• To differentiate between dominant and recessive alleles
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The history of Gregor Mendel
• Father of genetics!
• Bred different varieties of garden pea.
• First to develop rules that accurately predict patterns of heredity.
• Discovered how traits were inherited
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Pollination – transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma in flowers
1) self pollination occurs within the same flower or same plant
2) cross pollination occurs between different plants
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Pea plants = great subject to study heredity
• Several traits exist in two clear different forms.
Ex: Flower color was either purple OR white
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Pea plants = great subject to study heredity (cont.)
• The male and female reproductive parts are enclosed within the same flower.
• It is easy to control mating by allowing a flower to fertilize itself (self fertilization), or you can transfer pollen to another flower (cross pollination).
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Pea plants = great subject to study heredity (cont.)
• The garden pea is small, grows easily, matures quickly, and produces many offspring.
• Results can be obtained quickly.
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Steps in Mendel’s research…
1. Allowed each garden pea to self-pollinate for several generations to ensure “true-breeding” for that particular trait.
*P Generation = parental generation
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Steps in Mendel’s research (cont.)2. Mendel then cross-pollinated two P
generation plants that had different forms of the trait (purple and white flower). The offspring from that were called the F1 generation.
*F 1 generation = Filial generation (of son or daughter)
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Steps in Mendel’s Research (cont.)3. Allowed the F1 generation to self-pollinate and those offspring are called the F2 generation.
* F2 Generation = Filial generation 2
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Ratio of Mendel’s Research• P Generation had a true-breeding purple
and white flower• F1 generation: ALL purple flowers• F2 generation: 705 purple flowers and 224
white flowers. • That is a ratio of about 3:1
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Mendel’s Crosses with Pea Plants
Pure tallplants
X Pure shortplantsP1
parentalgeneration
Cross Pollination
All Tall plantsF1
first filialgeneration
Self Pollination
787 tall plants, 277 short plants F2
second filialgeneration
3 to 1 ratio
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Mendel’s 3 Laws of Inheritance
1. Law of Dominance- Each trait is controlled by 2 factors:
• Dominant- what is expressed• Recessive- masked in presence of
dominant
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• Alleles are alternative forms of a gene.
• Can be dominant or recessive!
*Reminder!!
Dominant capital letter (shields
recessive trait)
Recessive Lowercase letter (usually hidden)
T = tall t = short
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Mendel’s 3 Laws of Inheritance
2. Law of Segregation-Each allele separates into different gametes
Ex. Ww – one W goes in one sperm and the other w goes into another sperm
Ww
w W
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Mendel’s 3 Laws of Inheritance (cont.)
3. Law of Independent Assortment- Gene pairs (homologous) will separate randomly into gametes during meiosis
(Why? Random orientation of homologous pairs at the metaphase plate)
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Do Now!! • What are Mendel’s 3 laws of inheritance?• What is the difference between dominant
and recessive traits?• Below is a chart of Mendel’s experiment.
Fill it in!:1 2 3
4 5
6 7
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Objectives
• To differentiate between phenotype and genotype
• To define homozygous and heterozygous
• To practice monohybrid punnett squares
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Phenotype vs. Genotype
Genotype: The set of alleles that an individual has (not always obvious)
Phenotype: the physical appearance of a trait
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Homozygous – when both alleles of a pair are the same
homozygous dominant
homozygous recessive
TT
tt
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Heterozygous – when both alleles of a pair are not the same
heterozygous (tall)
Tt
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Heterozygous
• Different alleles present–Ex: Bb
Homozygous
• Two of the same alleles– Ex: BB or bb
• Can be homozygous recessive or homozygous dominant
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Recessive vs. Dominant
Recessive: The trait not expressed when the dominant form of the trait is present
Dominant: The expressed form of the trait when present (even if it is just 1 allele)
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In dogs, black fur is dominant over white fur color.
B = black furb = white
fur
BB or Bb
bb
WOOF WOOF!
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Think - Pair - Share• If Jon Snow is heterozygous for black hair… (H=Black, h=blonde)
– 1. What is Jon Snow’s genotype?
– 2. What is Jon Snow’s phenotype?
• Beyonce is BB. (B= brown eyes, b=blue eyes)– 1. What is her genotype?
– 2. What is her phenotype?
– 3. Is she heterozygous or homozygous? Explain.
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Probability
• Probability calculations can predict the results of genetic crosses. It is the likelihood that a specific event will occur.
= number of one kind of possible outcome Total number of all possible outcomes
Example: If you flip a coin, you will have 1 outcome, but two possible outcomes. Your answer would be ½.
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How do you write a ratio?
• When flipping a coin and it lands on tails ½ or 1:2
• Genotypic ratio: What is genetically written
• Phenotypic ratio: what physical traits you would see Phenotypic Ratio
3:1
3 Black : 1 White
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Punnett Square• A diagram that predicts the outcome
of a genetic cross by considering all possible combinations of gametes in the cross
Crossing only 1 trait is called a monohybrid
cross.
Crossing 2 traits is called a dihybrid cross.
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Punnett Square Rules!
1. Assign symbols2. Determine parents genotype3. Draw punnett square4. Place gametes on left + top of
square5. Fill in punnett square6. Analyze + answer questions
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Practice Punnett Squares:Monohybrid Cross
1.Phenotypic Ratio and %:2.Genotypic Ratio :
T: Tall plantst: Short plants
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Practice Punnett Squares:Monohybrid Cross
1. Phenotypic Ratio and %:
2. Genotypic Ratio :
R: round seedsr: wrinkly seeds
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Crosses that involve 2 traits
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Practice Punnett Squares:Dihybrid Cross
1. Phenotypic Ratio:2. Genotypic Ratio :
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Gene Linkage and Polyploidy
• There are several genes on a chromosome
• Gene Linkage:– When two genes are close to each other
on the same chromosome
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Gene Linkage Linked genes on a chromosome
results in an exception to Mendel’s law of independent assortment
Linked genes usually do not segregate independently
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Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit Flies)First organism
with linked genes
Linked genes typically travel together during crossing over
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Chromosome Map
• A map of genes on a chromosomes• Crossing over occurs more frequently between
genes that are far apart
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PolyploidyCells that contain more than 2
homologous sets of chromosomesEx. A triploid organism (3n) - means
that it has three complete sets of chromosomes.
Strawberries are octoploid!!
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Matching
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Pedigree• Shows history of a trait in a family• Allows researchers to analyze traits
within a family
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In a pedigree…
• You can see how a genetic disorder runs in a family.
• Carriers are individuals who are heterozygous for an inherited disorder but do not show symptoms.
• Carriers can pass the allele for the disorder to their offspring
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Figure out each genotype!
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Figure out each genotype!
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DO NOW!!
• Fill in genotypes!• B: Brown eyes• b: blue eyes
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Multiple alleles – 3 or more alleles that control a trait
• Example: blood type!– Possible alleles: IA, IB, i– Which genotypes are heterozygous?
Homozygous?GENOTYPES RESULTING PHENOTYPES
IAIA
IAiType A
IBIB
IBiType B
IAIB Type AB
ii Type O
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Antigens vs. Antibodies• Antigen: substance foreign to the body
that causes an immune response:– Can act as surface markers– EX: type A antigens on surface of type A
blood cells• Antibody: protein that reacts with specific
antigen:– EX: Type B blood contains anti-A
antibodies
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Which is the universal donor? Universal acceptor?
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Determine Blood Type
• Determine the possible offspring of the following crosses
• 1. AB and O• 2. Homozygous A and heterozygous
B• 3. AB and AB
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Do Now!!
• Determine the possible blood types:
• Cross homozygous A and heterozygous B
• AB x AB
![Page 64: Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in males than in females. A person may transmit characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070406/56649de85503460f94ae266f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Polygenic Traits
Polygenic traits arise from the interaction of multiple pairs of genes.
![Page 65: Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in males than in females. A person may transmit characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070406/56649de85503460f94ae266f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Incomplete dominanceo Heterozygous phenotype is intermediate
between two homozygous phenotypes:o In between two extremes
o Heterozygous phenotype appears blended.o Ex: Four O’clock flowerso Red + White = Pink
![Page 66: Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in males than in females. A person may transmit characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070406/56649de85503460f94ae266f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in males than in females. A person may transmit characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070406/56649de85503460f94ae266f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Examples!
![Page 68: Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in males than in females. A person may transmit characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070406/56649de85503460f94ae266f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Codominance• Both traits are expressed (no blending)• Ex: Roan Cows
– white hair (HW) is codominant with red hair (HR)
– cows with genotype (HRHW) have coats with a mixture of red and white hairs (roan)
• Red + White = RED AND WHITE
![Page 69: Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in males than in females. A person may transmit characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070406/56649de85503460f94ae266f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Examples!
![Page 70: Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in males than in females. A person may transmit characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070406/56649de85503460f94ae266f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Sex Linked Traits• Traits located on the sex chromosomes (X
or Y)• X linked: gene is located on the X
chromosomes• Y linked: gene is located on the Y
chromosome
• Ex: color-blindness is X-linked!
![Page 71: Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in males than in females. A person may transmit characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070406/56649de85503460f94ae266f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: Patterns of Heredity Ch. 4 Genetics!!. Do Now!! True or False?? Color blindness is more common in males than in females. A person may transmit characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070406/56649de85503460f94ae266f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Sex-Linked Traits
• A man who is color blind marries a woman that is heterozygous for color blindness. What is the chance of having a color blind boy?