Patient Interactions
description
Transcript of Patient Interactions
![Page 1: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
11
Patient InteractionsPatient Interactions
Fall 2009 Fall 2009 FINALFINAL
![Page 2: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Patient Interactions1. ______________
2. ______________
3. ______________
4. ______________
5. ______________
![Page 3: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
![Page 4: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Interaction in the body begin at the atomic
level
1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
4. _______________
5. _______________
![Page 5: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
X-ray photons can change cells
![Page 6: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Some radiations are energetic enough to rearrange atoms in materials through which
they pass, and can therefore he hazardous to living tissue.
1913
![Page 7: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
EM Interactions with Matter
General interactions with matter include:1. ______________
– With or without partial absorption
2. ______________ – Full attenuation
![Page 8: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Interactions of X-rays with matter
1. ________________: X-ray passes completely and get to film
2. ________________: no x-rays get to film
3. ________________________________
![Page 9: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Photoelectric effect1. Low energy (low kVp) x-ray photon ejects inner shell
electron (energy absorbed)
2. Leaving an orbital vacancy. As vacancy is filled a photon is produced
3. More likely to occur in absorbers of high atomic number (eg, bone, positive contrast media)
4. Contributes significantly to patient dose,
5. As all the photon energy is absorbed by the patient (and for the latter reason, is responsible for the production of short-scale contrast).
![Page 10: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
FIG. 9–3 Photoelectric absorption interaction.
(Modified from Carlton RC, Adler AM: Principles of radiographic imaging, an art and a science, ed 4, Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006, Albany, NY. Reprinted with permission of Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning: http://www.thomsonrights.com.
Fax 800-730-2215.)
![Page 11: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11CASCADE
![Page 12: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Photoelectric – Absorption
![Page 13: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORBTION
IN THE PATIENT
(CASCADE OF ELECTRONS)
![Page 14: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
• PHOTOELECTRICABSORBTION IS WHAT GIVES US THE CONTRAST ON THE FILM
![Page 15: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
8 p+ + 8e- = neutral atom
1. Incoming photons form tube
2. Pass by the electrons in the patient
3. Do not interact with e–
4. Causes them to vibrate- releasing smnall amounts of heat
CLASSICAL SCATTER IN PATIENT
![Page 16: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Classical (Coherent) ScatteringClassical (Coherent) Scattering
1. Excitation of the total complement of atomic electrons occurs as a result of interaction with the incident photon
2. No ionization takes place3. Electrons in shells
“vibrate”4. Small heat is released 5. The photon is scattered in
different directions6. Energies below 10K keV
![Page 17: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Coherent / Classical Scatter
![Page 18: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Classic Coherent Scatter
![Page 19: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
![Page 20: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
FIG. 9–2 Classic coherent scatter interaction.
(Modified from Carlton RC, Adler AM: Principles of radiographic imaging, an art and a science, ed 4, Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006, Albany, NY. Reprinted with permission of Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning: http://www.thomsonrights.com.
Fax 800-730-2215.)
![Page 21: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Compton scatter1. High energy (high kVp) x-ray photon ejects an
outer shell electron. 2. Energy is divided between scattered photon
and the compton electron (ejected e-)3. Scattered photon has sufficient energy to exit
body. 4. Since the scattered photon exits the body, it
does not pose a radiation hazard to the patient.
5. Can increase film fog (reduces contrast)6. Radiation hazard to personnel
![Page 22: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
![Page 23: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
FIG. 9–4 Compton scatter interaction.
(Modified from Carlton RC, Adler AM: Principles of radiographic imaging, an art and a science, ed 4, Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006, Albany, NY. Reprinted with permission of Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning: http://www.thomsonrights.com.
Fax 800-730-2215.)
![Page 24: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Compton Scatter
![Page 25: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
COMPTON SCATTERING
1. ______ shell electron in body
2. Interacts with x-ray photon from the _________
![Page 26: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
![Page 27: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
(WAVY LINE IN = ________ MUST BE INTERACTION IN THE BODY)
![Page 28: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
During Fluoro – the patient is the largest scattering object
![Page 29: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
XXXXX
![Page 30: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Differential Absorbtion
• Results from the differences between xrays being abosorbed and those transmitted to the image receptor
1. ____________________________2. ____________________________3. ____________________________
![Page 31: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Compton and Differential Absorbtion
1. Provides ____ useful info to the image
2. Produces image ________• dulling of the image • NOT representing ___________ information
3. At ____________ energies
![Page 32: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Photoelectric and Differential Absorbtion
1. Provides _________________ information
2. X-rays do not reach film because they are __________________
3. ______ energies (more differential absorbtion)
4. Gives us the ______________ on our image
![Page 33: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
No interactions with Image Receptor and Differential
Absorbtion1. No interaction 2. Usually ____________ kVp3. Goes ______________ body4. Hits ____________ ________________5. Usually represents areas of __________
• _____atomic numbers
6. Results in __________ areas on the film
![Page 34: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
1. The probability of radiation interaction is a function of tissue electron density, tissue thickness, and X-ray energy (kVp).
2. Dense material like bone and contrast dye attenuates more X-rays from the beam than less dense material (muscle, fat, air).
3. The differential rate of attenuation provides the contrast necessary to form an image.
![Page 35: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
![Page 36: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Pair Production
![Page 37: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
FIG. 9–5 Pair production interaction.
(Modified from Carlton RC, Adler AM: Principles of radiographic imaging, an art and a science, ed 4, Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006, Albany, NY. Reprinted with permission of Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning: http://www.thomsonrights.com.
Fax 800-730-2215.)
![Page 38: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Photodisintegration
![Page 39: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
FIG. 9–6 Photodisintegration interaction.
(Modified from Carlton RC, Adler AM: Principles of radiographic imaging, an art and a science, ed 4, Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006, Albany, NY. Reprinted with permission of Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning: http://www.thomsonrights.com.
Fax 800-730-2215.)
![Page 40: Patient Interactions](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56815df5550346895dcc2d7e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Remember….When reviewing diagrams
What is coming in (e or photon?Where is it occurring (the tube or body?)
Keep practicing – you will get it