Pathotypic Evolution of Yellow (Stripe) rust in CWANA (1998-2008)
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Transcript of Pathotypic Evolution of Yellow (Stripe) rust in CWANA (1998-2008)
Pathotypic Evolution of Yellow (Stripe) rust in CWANA (1998-2008).
Amor Yahyaoui,Senior Cereal Pathologist, ICARDA
Coordinator, ICARDA-CIMMYT Wheat Improvement Program
Safiq Hakim,University of Aleppo, Syria
Mogens HovmollerAARHUS University (DIAS), Denmark
The potential impact of wheat yellow (stripe) rust is particularly serious in Central West Asia and East Africa (CWANA) and could become a serious problem in North Africa and even in Europe
Yellow (Stripe) Rust: Clear & Present Danger
Wheat Yellow (Stripe) RustPuccinia striiformis fsp tritici
(Pst)
Most common and widespread rust disease of wheat
in CWANA
Stripe rust highly destructive but not well understood disease. Pst could threaten food
security in many countries in CWANA
M.Hovmoller et al. , DIAS, DK
In Syria: 20-70 % yield loss;
Iraq: >40% yield loss;
Turkey: >20% yield loss + 2-3 fungicide appl; Important losses recorded in Algeria, Azerbaijan,
Ethiopia, Morocco, Uzbekistan, …
2010 Yellow rust epidemic
Susceptible mega.Variety.”Cham 8”
“New” Race-Vir Yr27 + High Inoculum load
Favourable Climate Agro.Practice
(high seeding, Fertilizer Rates)Irrigation...
2010 Yellow Rust Epidemic in Syria
Where did the stripe rust (Pst) inoculum came from?
Why was it so severe?
Epidemics caused by many changes:
Crop management
Changes in cultivars-large areas grown to susceptible varieties
Climate
Change in pathotypes (new & virulent races)
Green Bridge & Rust Spore Migration
Factors attributed to the host, the pathogen, and the environment affect the development of Pst rust epidemics in CWANA
Changing World
Trans-boundary pest
Desert Locust vs. Rusts
ICWIP
Gate for
West-East
rust spore
Movement
Green Bridge:Wheat crop all Year Important overlap periods in East Africa, Yemen, CWA
Green Bridge
What if no wheat in Yemen Nov-June?Off season wheat croppingIrrigated wheat (small areas +/- 20,000ha)Regulated fungicide use
A source of Pst inoculum is necessary to initiate an epidemic;
Pst fungus must successfully over summer in the area to provide a continuous supply of spores, or goes through an alternate host;
Green Bridge & Rust Spore Migration
D. Hodson-AGPP/FAO ; BGRI
Large quantities of spores must blow in from another area soon enough for an epidemic to get an early start.
Year Country Pathotypes (Physiological races)
2001 Syria 6 E 16 6 E 36 38 E 150 70 E 130 230 E 150
2002 Syria 0 E 16 2 E 18 102 E 150 238 E 134 166 E 158
2002 Syria 166 E 150 230 E 150 238 E 150 119E60
2003 Syria 0 E 0 0 E 2 0 E 8 2 E 0 0 E 16
2003 Syria 0 E 18 32 E 0 0 E 28 4 E 12 12 E 6
2003 Syria 4 E 16 46 E 46 65 E 6 15 E 166 14 E 134
2003 Syria 14 E 190 247 E 16 32 E 130 78 E 130 255 E 112
2003 Syria 128 E 148 199 E 132 134 E 134 230 E 222 175 E 150
2004 Syria 206 E 22 84 E 2 68 E 98
2006 Syria 4 E 0 10 E 32 182 E 16 191 E 163
2007 Syria 0 E 0 3 E 0 0 E 3 4 E 0 32 E 0
2007 Syria 98 E 3 64 E 49 103 E 5 140 E 5 32 E 135
2007 Syria 79 E 124 229 E 26 111 E 215 64 E 159 189 E 48
2007 Syria 101 E 128 129 E 52 54 E 248 204E 76
Highly Effective YRG: (5); (15); (3b,4b); (SP)
Effective YRG: (CV); (10); (1)
Evolution/changes in Pst pathotypes (races)in Syria
Yea Country Pathotypes (Physiological races )
2002 Lebanon 238 E 134 166 E 158 238 E 190 0 E 8
2003 Lebanon 0 E 14 31 E 150 173 E 206 166E158
2005 Lebanon 204 E 76
Yr*: SO, “3b,4b”, CV, 5, 15, SP
2001 Yemen 230 E 12 4 E 40 38 E 4 119 E 60
2005 Yemen 22 E 245 137 E 158 128 E 143 0 E 128 4 E 190
2001 Iraq 230 E 44
2007 Tunisia 38 E 18
Evolution/changes in Pst pathotypes (races) in Lebanon and Yemen,
Yr*: Effective Resistance Genes
Common Virulence patterns
M.Hovmoller et al. , ARHUS, DK
Effective/ineffective Resistance Genes: Avocet-Isogenic Lines
Virulent Avirulent Race
6,7,8,9,11,12,17,18,27,A / 1,5,10,15,SP 422 E 158
6,7,8,9,11,18,27,A / 1,5,10,12,15,17,SP 7 E 150
7,8,9,11,18,27,A / 1,5,6,10,12,15,17,SP 7 E 150
6,7,8,9,12,17,18,27,A / 1,5,10,11,SP 110 E 182
6,7,8,9,11,12,17,18,A / 1,5,10,15,SP,27 129 E 52
1,6,8,9,10,11,15,17,18,27,A / 5,7,12,SP 101 E 128
6,7,8,9,10,11,17,18,27,A / 1,5,12,15,SP 22 E 245
6,7,8,9,11,12,17,18,27,A / 1,5,10,15,SP 137 E 158
6,7,8,9,11,12,17,18,27,A / 1,5,10,SP,27 128 E 143
6,7,8,9,11,12,17,18,27,A / 1,5,10,15,SP 4 E 190
Virulent Avirulent Race
Important resistance genes widely used in breeding programs have lost their effectiveness (Yr1, Yr 6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr17, Yr18, Yr27)
Other are breaking down in parts of the region (Yr15, Yr10, …)
Few Yr. RG still effective in CWANAYr 5, Yr “3b,4a” (Hybrid 46) , Yr Sp
Effective Yellow Rust Resistance GenesYr-RG
Genotypes R-GenesSeedling Gr.Stg Adult Gr. Stg
R S %R %S R S %R %S
Yr 5/ 6* Avocet S 5 63 0 100 0.0 108 5 96 4
Hybrid 46 3b,4b 63 0 100 0.0 84 5 94 6
Yr Sp / 6* Avocet S SP 63 0 100 0.0 91 7 93 7
Effectiveness of Yr-RG at seedling and adult growth stages
GenotypesR-
Genes
Seedling Gr.Stg Adult Gr.Stg
R S %R %S R S %R %S
Yr 15/ 6* Avocet S 15 62 1 98.4 1.6 82 7 92 8
Cham 1 DW 63 0 100 0.0 72 6 92 8
Yr1/ 6*Avocet S 1 61 2 96.8 3.2 59 24 71 29
Yr 10/6* AvocetS 10 58 5 92.1 7.9 49 29 63 37
Yr Sp/6* AvocetS SP 63 0 100 0.0 91 7 93 7
Effectiveness of Yr-RG at seedling and adult growth stages
Genotypes R-Genes
Seedling Gr.Stg Adult Gr.Stg
R S %R %S R S %R %S
Reichersberg 42 7+ 29 34 46.0 54.0 57 9 86 14
Vilmorin 23 3a,4a+ 48 15 76.2 23.8 25 0 100 0
Nord Despres 3a,4a 47 16 74.6 25.4 24 1 96 4
Yr 8/ 6* Avocet S 8 22 41 34.9 65.1 40 23 63 37
Carstens V CV 52 11 82.5 17.5 97 2 98 2
Effectiveness of Yr-RG at seedling and adult growth stages
Effectiveness of Yr-RG at seedling and adult growth stages
Seedling Stage Adult Stage
GenotypesR-
Genes R S %R %S R S %R %S
Yr 18/ 3* Avocet S 18 28 35 44.4 55.6 9 60 13 87
Jupateco R 18+ 23 40 36.5 63.5 25 44 36 64
YrSk / 3* Avocet S 27 50 13 79.4 20.6 12 41 23 77
Yr 17/ 4* Avocet S 17 34 29 53.9 46.1 25 36 41 59
YearDefeated Gene Combinations Races
2003 Yr9, Yr27Yr18
199 E 132
2006 137 E 158
2007 101 E 128
Year Defeated Gene Combinations Races
2003Yr8, Yr18Yr9, Yr27
31 E 150
2004 110 E 182
2005 54 E 248
2006 22 E 245 4 E 190 128 E 248
Recent Defeated Resistance GenesBroad spectrum Pst races
Year Defeated Yr 10 Gene
(location)Races
2003 Syria 255E112 247E16
2003 Lebanon 31E150
2005 Yemen, AzerbaijanPst. Isolates virulent on durum wheat (seedling growth stage)
2006 Syria 191E163
2007 Syria 189E48
Defeated Yr10 across the regionPst. Virulent on durum wheat
Under favourable weather conditions;
Potential of wheat yellow rust epidemics
from new emerging virulent rust (Pst) races
Remains a real threat to the wheat
producing countries
WheatWheat
Partnerships & Communications
Regional Yellow rust ConferencesIran 2001: SPII & R.Johnson (>200 P) $ Iran, ICARDA, CIMMYT”
Pakistan 2004; PARK & O.Abdalla (>150 P) $ ACIAR, DANIDA, ICARDA, CIMMYT
Uzbekistan 2006: PFU & S.Rajaram (> 80 P) $ ACIAR, DANIDA, ICARDA
Turkey 2009: TAGEM & O.Mamluk (> 100 P) $ FAO, AFESD, ICARDA, CIMMYT
Syria 2013: ICARDA &….
Acknowledgment
NARS Collaborators: Rust Networks
NVRS: Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan & Yemen, Eritrea
West Asia: Turkey, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Pakistan
Central Asia & Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
North Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
Advanced Research Institutions & UniversitiesDIAS, & KVL-DenmarkPBI, AustraliaWSU, MSU- USAUniv. Aleppo & Damascus, Syria
Research SupportICARDA-Maha,Munzer, ShafiqDIAS: Ellen, AnneMarie-DK
SPII: Torabi et al- IranCREFCI; Lutfi et al..- TurkeyEIAR: Ayele et al--EthiopiaARC: Sherif et al---Egypt
IAV: Ezzahiri et al-- Morocco
DonorsIFAD (NVRS)DANIDA (IDM)ACIAR AFESD (Rust Mgt)FAO (LoA’s)
ContributorsICARDACIMMYTSPIIDIAS, Flak
Thank You