Pascal and Archimedes P=P o + gh F buoy =W fluid_displ.

Pascal and Archimedes

P=Po+gh

Fbuoy=Wfluid_displ

Typical content of the atmosphere (ppm by volume near the surface)

• N2 780,900 • O2 209,400• H2O variable (<20,000)• Argon 9,300• CO2 380*• Neon 18• Helium 5.2• Methane 1.7*• Krypton 1• Hydrogen 0.5

NAAQS pollutants (ppm)• CO 9 (Prim. standard)• NO2 0.05 (NOx??)• O3 0.075• SOx 0.03• P10 150 g/m3

• P2.5 15 g/m3

• Lead 0.15 g/m3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg

* Occur naturally, but variable due to human activity

http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/images/Erb/components2.gif

Atmospheric structure

http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html

Average dT/dh = -6 K/kmThe region of weather!

T relatively constant, increasing toAbout 200K at the stratopause

T up to 1500 K due to intensesolar radiation

Chemical composition changes to bericher in lighter gases, gravitational stratification almost no H2O or ozone

Troposphere and Ozone


10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!

http://www.weatherquestions.com/troposphere.jpg

Temperature Inversion

http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_is_a_temperature_inversion.htm

In extreme casesthe temperature canactually increase withheight.

Temperature Inversion

http://daphne.palomar.edu/calenvironment/smog.htm

Example of an inversion (Scotland)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_inversion

Schanghai Dec. 1993

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sha1993_smog_wkpd.jpg

Aerosols

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Aerosols/

http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html (2) As of Oct. 2008

Health Effects: Time and concentration

Sulfur dioxide as an example

On Road Vehicles

Non Road Equipment

Fires

Residential WoodCombustion

Industrial Processes

Waste Disposal

Fossil Fuel Combustion

Electricity Generation

Miscellaneoushttp://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm

CO




Non Road Equipment

On Road Vehicles

Fires

Waste Disposal


Solvent Usehttp://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm

SO2

On Road Vehicles


Non Road Equipment



Fires

Waste Disposal


Solvent Usehttp://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm

NO2

Fires

Road Dust




Non Road Equipment

Waste Disposal

Miscellaneous


PM2.5

On Road Vehicles

Solvent Use

Fires

Non Road Equipment



Miscellaneous

Waste Disposal


http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm

VOC’s

Air pollution profile for typical cities

What are the key trends you observed here, and what is behind those trends?

http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html (2) As of Oct. 2008

Summary of Tuesday• Six pollutants controlled under NAAQS: CO,

NO2, SO2, O3, PM-(2.5,10), Pb; VOC contributes to the formation of O3. Amounts released:~15 (NO) - 110 (CO) million tons/yr.

• Coal is a major source of PM-X and SO2

• Vehicles are major source of NO2, CO, VOC (and therefore O3).

• Temperature inversions concentrate pollution, they are not caused by pollution nor are they responsible for the pollutants in the first place.

K&H fig 8.13

Typical TRACE Impurities in Coal (does not include

sulfur, which is not a trace impurity, but can be several %!)

•How much lead, mercury, and uranium is emitted per year in the US by power plants burning this stuff?

Solution I: Build taller smoke stacks

http://science.howstuffworks.com/clean-coal.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas_stack

World’s tallest smoke stack (420 m) in Ekibastusz Kasakhstan at a 1GWe coal-fired power plant (second tallest, at 380m) is at a nickel smelter in the North American Midwest. There are LOTS of tall stacksIn the Midwest (many at power plants).

Global wind patterns

http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/wwhlpr/hurricane_globalwinds.rxml?hret=/indexlist.rxml

Acid rain patterns in

the US

NOTE: neutral water is pH=7; the lower the number, the stronger the acid.

ca. 2000

Pollution control devices: Power plant

Control of particle emissions:Filters and precipitators

Cyclonic (better for large >50 m particles) Electrostatic

(better for small particles)

H.V. on a wire in the center

http://www.dukepower.com/environment/air/scrubber_diagram.pdf

http://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v20n3/p9.html

See also an IU articleOn coal and limestone:

Auto emission controls

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/catalytic-converter.htm

•Catalytic Converter:

•Reduce CO, NOx, VOC

•Emission Gas Recirculation valve (EGR)

•Reduces NOx

•Electronic ignition control

•Reduce CO, VOC

•Positive Crankcase Vent. Valve

•Reduce VOC emission

•Gas vapor capture

•Reduce VOC emission

Emission Standards for cars(grams/mile)

Pollutant 1975 1990 2004

VOC 3.4 0.41 0.15

NOx 3.1 1.0 0.43

CO 34 3.4 3.4

Chapter 9 Global Climate Change

http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/images/Erb/components2.gif

Quiz 5

• Three of the seven pollutants (the six NAAQS substances plus VOC’s) we discussed on Tuesday are produced in greater quantities through natural processes than through activities associated with mankind (so-called anthropogenic sources). Identify two of these three, and provide a BRIEF explanation for why we are more concerned with the anthropogenic sources than the natural sources of these pollutants.

Spectrum of Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface

H&K fig 6.2

Absorption bands due to gasses like CO2, H2O, CH4 etc. These are the so-called green-house gasses.

COCO22 Concentrations and Temperature Change Concentrations and Temperature Change

Note that total temperature change across several ice ages was only about 12oC or about 22oF.

http://www.whrc.org/carbon/ (Woods Hole Research Center)

http://www.whrc.org/carbon/

Carbon Cycle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.jpeg

http://www.whrc.org/carbon/ (Woods Hole Research Center)

Sediments and sedimentaryRocks could account for another6x107 Petagrams! (www.physicalgeography.net/9r.html)

1 petagram = 1.1x109 tons

CO2 emissions are some 65 times the CO emissions

http://www.whrc.org/carbon/

http://www.whrc.org/carbon/images/GlobalCarbonCycleLG.gif

Carbon Sequestration (“Clean coal” as of ~ 2000)

Research and Creative Activity, Oct 2008, IU OVPR publication

Note that “clean coal” is a term that has been around for a long time, but ithas only recently morphed into this incarnation. Originally it referred simply to using low-sulfur coal, then to including emission control measures, and finally to include limits on CO2 emissions. It’s true meaning in the mind of the useris therefore to be taken with some appropriate degree of skepticism!

Ozone in the atmosphere: good and bad


10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!

http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html

Ozone levels at Halley Bay station (Antarctica)

http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/tour_images/total_ozone.gif

TOMS Satellite movie(Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)

http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/anim_toms.html

TOMS Satellite movie(Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)

http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html

http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/imagemap/toms_data

Hurricane Interior

http://hurricanes.noaa.gov/prepare/images/structure1b.jpg

Global warming: What is the controversy?

http://www.junkscience.com/GMT/index.htm

Interesting NPR story on recently rejected coal power plant in Kansashttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15546026

Pascal and Archimedes P=P o + gh F buoy =W fluid_displ.

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