Part II: Post-Petrine Consolidation (4)

Nationalities & Culture

VI. Nationalities

1. Themes

a. Turning point

b. Diversity

c. Administrative russification

d. Agricultural Settlement

2. Structure of Minority Populations

a. Internal Muscovite groups

b. Uralic and Siberian peoples

c. Central Asia

d. Caucasus

e. Ukraine

f. Polish territories

g. Baltics

German Colonist and Wife

Kamchatka Woman, 1770s

Crimean Tatars(Pallas Sketch, 1770s)

3. Conclusions

a. Diversity, complexity

b. Strain toward integration (“administrative russification”)

c. Cultural limits: religious and cultural assimilation

VII Culture

1. Themes

a. Elite acculturation

b. Creation of cultural institutions

c. National self-consciousness

d. First radicals

e. Orthodox enlightenment

2. Science and Scholarship

a. Academy of Sciences

b. Moscow University

Peter S. Pallas: Academician and Explorer of Siberia

Rychkov, Daily Notes (1770)Sketch of Tatar Village

M.V. Lomonosov

Moscow University Charter (1755)

Moscow University 1790

Moscow University

3. Education

a. Pre-Petrine

b. Catherine’s Public Schools (1786)

Betskoi and Smolnyi Institut

4. High Culture

a. Elizabethan era

b. Catherinean

Book Publishing, 1725-1800

Interval Annual average Percent in civil script

1725-9 17 54

1750-4 35 54

1771-5 192 94

1786-90 387 96

1796-1800 306 93

Ezhemesiachnye sochineniia (Monthly Works)

Mikhail Lomonosov, Poetry Collection (1751)

Fedor Volkov, Founder of Russian Theater (1756)

Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin

Nikolai Karamzin

V.L. Borovikovskii Portrait of M. Lopukhina (1797)

5. National Consciousness

a. Why?• Decline of religious identity• Foreign travel• Foreigners in top state positions

b. Reactions• Critique of francomania• Discovery of the folk• Inventing history

Novikov: Satire on Russian Dandy

“Young Russian pig, who has travelled in foreign countries for enlightenment of his mind and, having completed his travels without profit, has returned a complete swine. Those wishing to inspect him may see him on the boulevards of St. Petersburg.”

Dmitrii Iv. Chulkov: Collection of Popular Songs

M.M. Shcherbatov, History of Russia (1771)

Historical ConsciousnessAleksandr Sumarokov, 1760

“Those who proclaim that we were nothing but barbarians before Peter the Great . . . Do not know what they are talking about. Our ancestors were in no way inferior to us.”

6. First Dissenters

a. Novikov and masons

b. Critical public opinion

c. Alexander Radishchev, A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow (1790)

Nikolai I. Novikov

Novikov’s Truten’ (1769-70)

Alexander Radishchev

Radishchev’s Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow (1790)

7. Popular Religion

a. The Faithful: Rechristianization

b. The Dissenters: Old Believers and Sectarians