Parker Dale W 1985 - University of Saskatchewan
Transcript of Parker Dale W 1985 - University of Saskatchewan
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
INHABITING SELECTED PRAIRIE PONDS IN SASKATCHEWAN
A thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
Master's of Science
in the Department of Biology
University of Saskatchewan
by
Dale Wilbert Parker
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
December 1985
The author claims copyright. Use shall not be made of the
material contained herein without proper acknowledgement, as
indicated on the following page.
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UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN
�: OF GRADUATE STUDIES ArID RESEARCH
Saskatoon
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CERnFICATlor� OF THESIS' HORK
..
We .. the undersigned, certify that---------------------------------
Dale Wilbert PAllEa
( full name) . (degrees). candidate for the degree of MASua 0" seIDCB
-------------------------------------
: has presented his thesis with the follow1ng title.
.
. --------------
Bio.,.t... ti�. of Cbironoaidae (Diptera) inhabitinl .elected prairie pond.
in Sa.katcbevan.
(as it appears on title page of thesis)
�h�.�_ the thesis is acceptable in form arid' content, and that a satisfactory
knowledge of the field covered by the thesis wa� demonstrated by the•
candidate through an oral examination held on ·"rid.,. Dece.b�r 13. 1985 •
•
External Examinerc> z'!?�q.dDr. L. Burle••
Internal
•
,Date '. DlC_IHIl"\3. 1985
------ --- .- ----'"--
The author has agreed that the Library, University of
Saskatchewan, may make this thesis freely available for
inspection. Moreover, the 'author has agreed that permission
for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes
may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised
the thesis work herein or, in their absence, by the Head of
the Department or the Dean of the Gollege in which the thesis
work was done. It is understood that due recognition will be
given to the author of this thesis and to the University of
Saskatchewan in any use of the material in this thesis.
Copying or publication or any other use of the thesis for
financial gain without approval by the University of
Saskatchewan and the author's written permission is
prohibited.
Requests for permission to copy or make other use of
material in this thesis in whole or in part should be
addressed to:
Head of the Department of Biology
University of Saskatchewan
SASKATOON, Saskatchewan, Canada
S7N CWO
i
ABSTRACT
Thirty-six species of Chironomidae from a single
semipermanent pond near Floral Saskatchewan and four species
from other ponds were collected in the study. Seven species
and five genera were not previously recorded from
Saskatchewan ponds.
Identification keys to genera .and species are provided.
For each genus, diagnoses of larval and pupal stages are
provided as well as a taxonomic, biological and
distributional distributional. For each species,
descriptions of the immature stages collected are provided
along with taxonomic remarks, biological notes and
distribution.
Pond habitats and classification systems are described
and discussed. Chironomid communities are discussed in
relation to pond types, and difficulties of working with
Chironomidae are presented.
Water depth and water and air temperatures are given for
selected dates for the primary study pond. Effects of flood
conditions on the pond chironomid community are presented
discussed.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank my supervisor Dr. O. M. Lehmkuhl for
accepting me as his graduate student. He provided lab space,
research funding, and many helpful suggestions throughout the
course of the study. I also thank him for allowing me the
freedom to learn on my own.
I also wish to thank Peter Mason for his taxonomic help
and for many useful discussions we have had on chironomids
and other subjects.
I would like to thank Dr. D. R. Oliver, M. E. Dillion,
and B. Bilyj for verifying my identifications and making many
valuable comments about my slides.
Thanks are due to the people I shared the laboratory'with
during my study: Lloyd Oosdall, Blair �arvis, Douglas Smith
. and Eric Whiting. They all provided support and many
enjoyable hours of discussion on a wide range of topics.
Thanks to Dennis Dyck for his assistance with the
photographic plates.
I would also like to thank my brother, James Parker, for
flying over pond A so I could take aerial· photographs.
Special thanks -to Vicki Keeler for assisting me on many
field trips and helping me with the photography, in
particular for allowing me to use her photograph for the
frontispiece. I would also like to thank her for her support
during most of the thesis.
Finally I wish to thank my parents, Bert and Margaret
Parker, for their patience and constant support during this
study and my previous studies.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• iii
LIST OF TABLES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• vi
LIST OF FIGURES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• vii
INTRODUCTION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
POND ECOLOGY •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
a. Temporary ponds ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
·
••••• 5
b. Semipermanent ponds ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9
c. Permanent ponds •••••••••••••• � ••••••
·
••••••••••••• 10
d. Aestival ponds •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11
INTRODUCTION TO CHIRONOMIDAE ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12
a. Chironomidae life histories •••••••••••••••••••••• 15
b. Difficulties studying Chironomidae ••••••••••••••• 20
c. Pond Chironomidae •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23
STUDY SITES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27
MATERIALS AND METHODS •••••••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • •••• 29
a. Sample collection •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29
b. Environmental information •••••••••••••••••••••••• 30
c. Rearing •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31
d. Slide preparation •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31
e. Illustration methods ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 34
VERIFICATION AND DISPOSITION OF SPECIMENS •••••••••••• 34
INTRODUCTION TO BIOSYSTEMATICS SECTION ••••••••••••••• 35
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a. Family terminology ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 36
b. Measurements and ratios •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 39
KEY TO SUBFAMILIES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40
SUBFAMILY TANYPODINAE
a. Subfamily diagnosis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41
b. Larval and pupal keys •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 42
c. Genus Ablabesmyia Johannsen •••••••••••••••••••••• 43
d. Genus Derotanypus Roback ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 47
e. Genus Procladius Skuse ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50
f. Genus Psectrotanypus Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••• 55
g. Genus Tanypus Maigen ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 58
SUBFAMILY CHIRONOMINAE
a. Subfamily diagnosis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 62
b. Larval and pupal keys •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 64
c. Genus fbironomu1 Meigen •••••••••••••• � ••••••••••• 67
d. Genus Cladopelma Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 77
e. Genus f!yptochironomu1 Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••• 81
f. Genus Dicrotendi� Ki�ffer •••••••••••••••••••••• 84
g. Genus Einfeldia Kieffer •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 86
h. Genus Endochironomus Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••• 89
i. Genus Glyptotendipes Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••• 93
j. Genus Parachironomus Lenz •••••••••••••••••••••••• 98
k. Genus Phaenopse� Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••• 102
1. Genus Cladotanytars� Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••• 10S
m. Genus Paratanytar�1 Bause •••••••••••••••••••••• 107
n. Genus Tanytarsus van der Wulp ••••••••••••••••••• 109
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SUBFAMILY OTHOCLADIINAE
a. Subfamily diagnosis. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••• 11 6
b. Larval and pupal keys •••••••••••••••••••••••• � •• 117
c. Genus Acricotop� Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••••• 119
d. Genus .£2!ynonet..ira Winnertz •••••••••••••••••••••• 122
e. Genus Cricotopus van der Wulp ••••••••••••••••••• 125
f. Genus Hydrobae� Fries ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 130
g. Genus bimnophyes Eaton •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 134
h. Genus Psectocladi� Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••• 136
i. Genus Pseudosmittia Goetghebuer ••••••••••••••••• 143
ADDITIONAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
a. Temperature ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 146
b. Water depth •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ; •••• 146
c. Microhabitats in Pond A ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14B
d. Feeding ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 149
e. Emergence ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 150
f. New records of Saskatchewan pond Chironomidae ••• 151
SUMMARY ••••••••••••••• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • ••••• 152
CONCLUSION •••••••••• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •• 153
LITERATURE CITED •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 155
FIGURES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 171
TABLES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 255
•
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Air and Water temperatures for pond A ••••• 255
Table 2: Chironomid species list ••••••••••••••••• ••257
•
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
Figure 5:
Figure 6:
Figure "7:
Figure 8:
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LIST OF FIGURES
Map of pond A ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 171
Microscope slide showing positions of
a reared specimen.................... 172
Lateral view of larva� ••••••••••••••• 173
174Ventral view of tanypod head capsule.
Ventral view of 'a Chironominae,
head capsule ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 174
Ventral view of pupal cephalothorax.. 175
Dorsal view of pupal abdomen......... 175
�blabesmyia pulchripennis larval
antenna.............................. 176
Ablabesmyia pulchripennis larval
hypopharyngis, paraligula and ligula.
Figure 10: Ablabesmyia pulchripennis larval
Figure 9:
176
mandible............................. 176
Figure 11: Ablabesmyia pulchripennis larval
maxillary palp ••••• �................. 176
Figure 12: Ablabesmyia pulchripennis pupal
anal lobes........................... 176
Figure 13: Ablabesmyia pulchri�ennis
thoracic horns and thoraxkamm........ 178
Figure 14: Ablabesmyia pulchripennis pupal
abdominal tergites I to IV........... 178
Figure 15: Ablabesmyia pulchripennis pupal
..
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abdominal tergites V to VIII and anal
lobes........... ..•..•.. .•••.•.... ... 178
Figure 16: �rotan� �laskensis larval
antennae ••••••• ;..................... 179
Figure 17: Derotanypu� �laskensis larval
hypopharyngis, ligula and paraligula. 179
Figure 18: Derotanypus alaskensis larval
dOFsomentum.......................... 179
Figure 19: Oerotan� �skensis larval
mandible............................. 179
Figure 20: perotanypus alaskensis simple
claw of larval posterior parapod..... 179
Figure 21: Oerotanypus alaskensis arched
claw of larval posterior parapod..... 179
Figure 22: Oerotanyp� alaskensis pupal
thoracic horn........................ 181
Figure 23: Oerotan� alaskensis pupal
abdominal tergites I to IV........... 181
Figure 24: �rotan� alaskensis pupal
abdominal tergites VI to VIII and
anal lobes........................... 181
Figure 25: Procladi�·�.!d.2 larval antenna..... 182
Figure 26: Procladiu� nietus larval para-
ligula and ligula.................... 182
Figure 27: Procladius nietus larval
dorsomentum.......................... 182
.....
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Figure 28: Erocl�iu� �iet� larval mandible.... 182
Figure 29: Procla� �� pupal thoracic
horns. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 184
Figure 30: Pro c 1 a .s!l�. niet� pupal abdominal
tergites V to VIII and anal lobes •••• 184
Procladius (Jj) • SPa larval antenna ••• 185
.Erocladiu� (Jj) • Spa larval ligula
Figure 31:
Figure 32:
and paraligula....................... 185
Figure 33: .Erocladius (Jj). SPa larval hypo-
pharyngis ••·•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 185
Figure 34: Procladiu� (Jj). SPa larval dorso-
mentum. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ... • • • • • • • • 185
Figure 35: Procladius (Jj). SPa larval
mandible............................. 185
Figure 36: Procladiu� (Jj). sp. pupal thoracic
horn'. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 187
Figure 37: Procladius (Jj). SPa pupal
tergites V to VIII and anal lobes.... 187
Figure 38: Psectrotan� ,2yari 'larval
antenna.............................. 188
Figure 39: Esectrotanypus ,2�i larval
dorsomentum, paraligula, ligula and
hypopharyngis........................ 188
Figure 40: Psectrotanypus dyari larval
mandible............................. 188
Figure 41: Psectrotan�pus dyari pupal
..
Figure 42:
Figure 43:
x
thoracic horn........................ 190
Psectrotanypus £lari pupal
abdominal tergites I to V ••••••••••••
Psectrota�� dyarl pupal
abdominal tergites VI to VIII and
190
anal lobes........................... 190
Figure 44: Tan� eunctip�nis larval
antenna.............................. 191
Figure 45: TanYE� £unctipennis larval para-
ligula and ligula.................... 191
Figure 46: �� Eunct1E�nis larval
Figure 47:
Figure 48
Figure 49:
dorsomentum.......................... 191
Tan�pus Eunctieennis larval
mandible............................. 191
Chironomus ��lla larval 51 •••••••••
Chironomus atrella larval ventro-
192
mentum and mentum.................... 192
192·Figure 50: Chironomus atrella larval mandible •••
Figure 51: �ironomus atrella pupal cephalic
Figure 52:
Figure 53:
Figure 54:
tubercle •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• � 192
Chl££D�� atrell� spur on pupal
abdominal segment VIII............... 192
Chl££n�� ripariu� larval
antenna.............................. 193
Chiron�� ripariu� larval mentum
and ventromentum..................... 193
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Figure 55: Chl££n�� !iEari�� larval 51....... 193
Figure 56: Chiro�� ripari� larval pecten
epipharyngis......................... 193
Figure 57: Chironom� ripari� larval
mandible............................. 193
Figure 58: Chironomus riparius pupal
cephalic tubercle •••• �............... 193
Figure 59: Chiro�� ripari� spur on pupal
abdominal segment VIII............... 193
Figure 61:
Chiro�� atrella pupal
abdominal tergites II to VI ••••••••••
Chironom� !iparius pupal
abdominal tergites 'III to VI •••••••••
Chironomus tentans larval antenna� •••
Chironomus te�� larval SI •••••••••
Chironomus �ntans larval pecten
195
Figure 60:
Figure 62:
Figure 63:
Figure 64:
195
196
196
epipharyngis.;....................... 196
Figure 65: Chironomus tentans larval pre-
mandible............................. 196
Figure 66: Chironom� tentans larval
mandible............................. 196
Figure 67: Chironom� tenta� larval ventro-
mentum and mentum.................... 196
Figure 68: Chironomus tentans pupal cephalic
tubercle ••·••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 196
Figure 69: Chironom� tent� spur on pupal
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abdominal segment VIII............... 196
Figure 70: Chironomus tentans pupal.
abdominal segments III to V.......... 198
Figure 71: Chironomus ten tans pupal
abdominal segments 'VII and VIII and
anal lobes •••••••••••••• � •••••••••••• 198.
Figure 72: Chironomus SPa pupal abdominal
segments III to V.................... 200
Figure 73: Chironomus sp. pupal abdominal
segments VII and VIII................ 200
Figure 74: Cladopelma SPa 1 pupal abdominal
segments............................. 202
Figure 75: Cladopelma sp. 2 larval antenna ••• �.. 203
Figure 76: Cladopelma sp. 2 larval
ventromentum and mentum.............. 203
Figure 77: Cladopelma sp. 2 larval mandible..... 203
Figure 78: Cryptochironomus digitatus larval
antenna ••• � •••••••••• o.�............. 204
Figure 79: Cryptochironrimus digitatus larval
pr�mandible •••••••••••••••••••••• o.o. 204
Figure 80: Cryptochironomus digitatus larval
Figure 81:
ventromentum and mentum ••••••••••••••
Cryptochironomus digitatus larval
204
mandible............................. 204
Figure 82: Cryptochironomus digitatus pupal
cephalic tubercles................... 206
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Figure 83: Cryptochironomus digitatu2 pupal
abdominal segment VIII and anal lobes 206
Figure 84: £!yptochironomus digitatus pupal
abdominal tergites III and IV........ 206
Figure 85: Dicrotendipes sp. larval antenna..... 207
Figure 86: Dicrotendipes sp. larval pecten
epipharyngis ••••••• �............... 207
Figure 87: Dicrotendipes sp. larval
premandible.......................... 207
Figure 88: Dicrotendipes sp. larval ventro-
mentum and mentum•••••••••••••••••••• 207
Figure 89: Dicrotendipes sp. larval mandible •••• 207
Figure 90: Einfeldia sp. larval antenna ••••••••• 208
Figure 91 : Einfeldia sp. larval 5 I •••••••••••••• 208
Figure 92: Einfeldia sp. larval frontal
apotome................................ 208
Figure 93: Einfeldia sp. larval ventromentum
and mentu�........................... 208
Figure 94: £lnfeldia sp. larval mandible........ 208
Figure 95: Einfeldia sp. spur on pupal.
abdominal segment VIII............... 208
Figure 96: Einfeldia sp. pupal
abdominal tergites II to V........... 210
Figure 97: Endochironomus nigricans larval
antenna.............................. 211
Figure 98: Endochironomus nigricans larval
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pecten epipharyngis.................. 211
Figure 99: Endochironomus nigricans larval
premandible.......................... 211
Figure 100: Endochironomus nigricans larval
ventromentum......................... 211
Figure 101: Endochironomus nigricans larval
mentum............................... 211
Figure 102: Endochironomus nigricans larval
mandible............................. 211
Figure 103: Endochironomus nigricans pupal
abdominal tergites III to V.......... 213
Figure 104: Endochironomus nigricans pupal
abdominal,tergites VI to VIII and
anal lobes........................... 213
Figure 105: Glyptotendipes barbipes larval
antenna.............................. 214
Figure 106: Glyptotendipes barbip�s larval 51 ••••
Figure 107 : Glyptotendipes barbipes larval
pecten epipharyngis ••••••••••••••••••
Figure 108: Glyptotendipes barbipes larval
ventromentum and mentum ••••••••••••••
Figure 109 : Gl�ptotendipes barbipes larval
214
214
214
mandible............................. 214
Figure 110: Glyptotendipes barbipes pupal
abdominal tergites III to V.......... 216
Figure 111: Glyptotendipes sp. pupal abdominal
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tergites III to VI................... 216
Figure 112: Parachironomus SPa 1 pupal
abdominal tergites IV to VIII and
anal lobes........................... 218
Figure 113: Parachironomu� SPa 2 pupal
abdominal tergites V to VIII and anal
lobes................................ 218
Figure 114: Parachironomus SPa 3 larval antenna.. 219
Figure 115:. Parachironomus SPa 3 larval pecten
epipharyngis......................... 219
Figure 116: Parachironomus SPa 3 larval ventro-
mentum and mentum.................... 219
Figure 117: Parachironomu� SPa 3 larval
mandible............................ 219
Figure 118: Phaenopsectra SPa larval antenna..... 220
Figure 119: Phaenopsectra SPa larval pecten
epipharyngis......................... 220
Figure 120: Phaenopsectra �p. larval mentum and
ventromentum......................... 220
Figure 121: Phaenopsectra SPa larval mandible.... 220
Figure 122: Cladotanytarsus SPa larval antenna... 221
Figure 123: Cladotanytars!!2 SPa larva1· 51........ 221
Figure 124: Cladotanytarsus SPa larval pecten
epipharyngis......................... 221
Figure 125: Cladotanyta�!!2 SPa larval mentum
and ventromentum..................... 221
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Figure 126: Cladotanyta� SPa larval mandible.. 221
Figure 127: Cladotanytarsus SPa claw on
posterior parapod of larva........... 221
Figure 128: Paratanytarsus Spa larval antenna.... 222
Figure 129: Pa!atanytarsus SPa larval 51......... 222
Figure'130: Paratanytarsus SPa larval
premandible......................... 222
Figure 131: Paratanytarsus SPa larval mentum
and ventromentum..................... 222
Figure 132: Paratanytarsus SPa larval mandible... 222
Figure 133: Tanytarsus SPa 1 pupal
cephalothorax....................... 224
Figure 134: T�nytarsus SPa 1 pupal abdominal •••
tergites III to VIII and anal lobes.. 224
Figure 135: Tanytarsus SPa 2 pupal abdomen....... 226
Figure 136: Tanytarsus SPa 3 larval antenna...... 227
Figure 137: Tanytarsus SPa 3 larval SI............ 227
Figure 138: .Tanytarsus SPa 3 larval pecten
epipharyngis......................... 227
Figure 139: Tanytarsus SPa 3 larval mentum and
ventromentum......................... 227
Figure 140: Tanytarsu� SPa 3. larval mandible..... 227
Figure 141: Acricotopus senex larval antenna..... 228
Figure 142: Acricotopus �� larval SI......... 228
Figure 143: Acricotopus senex larval
premandible.......................... 228
xvii
Figure 144: Acricotopus senex larval mentum
and ventromentum..................... 228
Figure 145: Acricotopus senex larval
mandible............................. 228
Figure 146: Acricotopus senex pupal thoracic
horn ••• �............................. 230
Figure 147: Acricotopus senex pupal abdominal
tergites III to VIII and anal lobes ••
Figure 148: Corynoneura SPa 1 pupal abdominal
tergites III to VIII and anal lobes ••
Figure 149: Corynoneura SPa 2 larval antenna •••••
Figure 150: Corynoneura SPa 2 larval mentum ••••••
Figure 151 : Corynoneura SPa 2 larval mandible ••••
Figure 152: Cor:tnoneura SPa 2 spur on larval
procercus ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Figure 153: Cricotopus ornatus larval antenna ••••
Figure 154: Cricotopus ornatus larval 51 •••••••••
Figure 155 : Cricotopus ornatus larval pecten
230
232
233
233
233
233
234
234
epipharyngis......................... 234
Figure 156: Cricotopus ornatus larval
premandible.......................... ·234
·Figure 157: Cricotopus ornatus larval mentum •••••---
Figure 158: Cricotopus ornatus larval
mandible •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Figure 159: Cricotopus ornatus L-4 seta on
234
234
larval abdominal segment V........... 234
-
xviii
Figure 160: Cricoto� ornatus pupal thoracic
horn................................. 236
Figure 161: Cricoto� ornatus pupal
abdominal tergites II to VIII and
anal lobes........................... 236
Figure 162: Cricotopus sp. 1 pupal thoracic
horn. • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 238
Figure 163: Cricotopus sp. 1 pupal abdomen....... 238
Figure 164: Cricatopus sp. 2 pupal thoracic
horn................................. 240
Figure 165 : Cricoto� sp. 2 pupal abdominal
tergites III to VIII and anal lobes •• 240
Figure 166 : Hydrobaenus sp. 2 larval antenna ••••• 241
Figure 167 : Hydrobaenus sp. 2 larval 5 I •••••••••• 241
Figure 168: H�drobaenus sp. 2 larval
premandible.�........................ 241
Figure 169: Hydrobaenus sp. 2 larval mentum and
ventromentum......................... 241
Figure 170: Hydrobaenus sp. 2 larval mandible.... 241
Figure 171: Hydrobaenus· sp. 1 pupal abdominal
tergites III to VIrI and anal lobes�. 243
Figure 172: Limnophyes sp. pupal abdominal
tergites III to VIII and anal lobes.. 243
Figure 173: Esectrocladius flavus larval
antenna.............................. 244
Figure 174: Psectrocladius flavus larval 51...... 244
xix
Figure 175: Psectrocladius !1� larval
premandible •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 244.
Figure 176: Psectrocladius flavus larval
mentum and ventromentum.............. 244
Figure 177: Psectrocladius flavus larval
mandible............................. 244
Figure 178: Psectrocladius flavus spur on
larval procercus..................... 244
Figur. 179: Psectrocladius flavus pupal
thoracic horn........................ 246
Figure 180: Psectrocladius flavus pupal
abdominal tergites II to V •••••••• �.. 246
Figure 181: Psectrocladius flavus pupal
abdominal tergites V to VIII and anal
lobes................................ 246
Figure 182: Psectrocladius sp. 1 larval
antenna.............................. 247
Figure 183: Psectrocladius sp. 1 larval SI....... 247
Figure 184: Psectrocladius sp. 1 larval
premandible.......................... 247
Figure 185: Psectrocladius sp. 1 larval mentum
and ventromentum..................... 247
Figure 186: Psectrocladius sp. 1 larval
mandible............................ 247
Figure 187: Psectrocladius sp. 1 pupal thoracic
horn................................. 249
xx
Figure 188: Psectrocladius sp. 1 pupal
abdominal segments II to VIII and
anal lobes.......................... 249
Figure 189: Psectrocladius sp. 2 pupal thoracic
horns................................. 251
Figure 190: Psectrocladius sp. 2 pupal abominal
tergites II to VIII and anal lobes ••• 251
Figure 191 : Pseudosmittia sp. pupal abdomen •••••• 253
Figure 192 : Graph of water depth in pond A ••••••• 254
..
1
INTRODUCTION
Ponds have received very little attention from the
scientific community. As a result there is a lack of
detailed information on pdnd inhabitants, their life
histories and ecologies and how the pond ecosystem functions
as a whole. Past studies on temporary and semipermanent
ponds have shown them to be different from more permanent
water bodies (Wiggins et ale 1980; Kenk 1949). Temporary and
semipermanent ponds, in �articular, are extreme habitats
which place severe stress on their inhabitants. Organisms
living in these habitats must not only survive the
environmental fluctuations which occur during the wet phase,
but also must adapt to the dry phase of the basin (Wiggins �!
ale 1980; Hartland-Rowe 1966).
The increased ·usage of agricultural chemicals and
destruction of many pond habitats has led environmentalists
and, water fowl management groups to examine the effects of
these practices on pond inhabitants and the environment.
Questions raised by these groups have largely gone unanswered
because most information on pond inhabitants is
supraspecific, leading to incomplete, ambiguous and
inaccurate ecological assessments (Lehmkuhl et �1. 1984).
To fully understand and assess a pond habitat, each
species must be identified and studied in relation to the
physical and chemical parameters of the pond as well as the
2
intraspecific and interspecific interactions occurring
between the organsims within the pond. Studies of this type
will provide accurate and complete assessments of pond
ecosystems and improve predictions made by environmental
impact studies •
.The present study had three objectives: The first was to
review the literature on North American temperate ponds. The
second was to identify Chironomidae inhabiting selected ponds
in Saskatchewan. The third was to provide identification
keys to the larval and pupal stages collected and provide
preliminary biological information.
The underlying theme of this research project was to
provide basic species level taxonomic information for pond
inhabiting Chironomidae to assist future research in pond
ecology.
POND ECOLOGY
Ponds - or marshes, shallow lakes, sloughs, potholes,
buffalo wallows- may be defined as small, shallow, usually
isolated, lentic bodies of water that lack a beach and are
shallow enough that rooted submerged hydrophytes can grow
throughout the basin (Brower and Zar 1984; Thompson �� �1.
1984; Wetzel 1983). In the prairie and parkland region,
ponds form in shallow depressions left behind by the last
glaciation (Mitsch �� �1. 1982). In Saskatchewan, ponds are.
often a major feature of the landscape, reaching densities of
•
3
over SO/square kilometer in some areas (Driver 1977).
Pond basins hold water from a few days to many years. An
important aspect of pond research has been an attempt to
develop a classification system which will predict the
permanence of surface water in pond basins. Such a
classification system would be useful in assessing and
managing water� land and waterfowl resources.
Because water permanence is not strictly related to water
depth and water area (Stewart and Kantrud 1969), a number of
criteria �ave been used to classify ponds� Millar (1973)
used species composition of submerged aq�atic macrophytes.
Vegetation and water chemistry were used by Stewart and
Kantrud (1969). Driver and Peden (1977) developed a
classification based on water chemistry. Driver (1977) found
chironomid diversity could be used as an indicator of pond
permanence.
Each of these classification methods have shortcomings in
their predictive capabilities because the major factors
determining water depth' in a pond is the rate of
precipitation and rate of evaporation (Manson et �1. 1968).
Therefore, predictions on water permanences are similar to
predicting the weather a year in advance. A short period of
very hot, dry weather or a severe rainfall may greatly alter
water permanence and in turn affect the flora and fauna of
the pond.
The following descriptive classification of ponds has
4
been modified from a number of sources (Wiggins et �1. 1980;
Driver 1977; Driver and Peden 1977; Daoorn and Clifford 1974;
Donald 1971).
There are three basic types of ponds: temporary,
semipermanent and permanent, based on the length of time
surface water is present in the basin.
Temporary ponds or pools are those basins which have two
phases; a wet phase which is suitable for aquatic life, and a
dry phase which is more conducive to terrestrial organisms.
The wet phase may last from a few days to a few months, and
the dry phase occurs during the remainder of the year.
Temporary ponds can be divided into two types; temporary
vernal ponds, which have a short spring wet phase, and
temporary autumnal ponds, which have spring and autumn wet
phases (Wiggins et �1. 1980).
Semipermanent ponds contain water for a number ·of years
consecutively but occasionally the basins dry out (Driver and
Peden 1977).
Permanent ponds are depressions which contain water for
25 years or more and essentially never have a dry phase
(Driver 1977).
The fauna of a pond is determined by a number of
interrelated factors that can be summarized into five general
groups: (1) length of wet phase and dry phase; (2) amount
and type of vegetation and its shading efrect; (3) amount and
type of vegetation within the basin and its role in
5
autotrophy, production of detritus and development of
habitats; (4) dissolved ion levels from the surrounding
watershed and (5) seasonal fluctuations in temperature
(Wiggins �! ale 1980; Driver 1977; Hartland-Rowe 1966;
Dickinson 1949).
TEMPORARY PONDS
Temporary vernal ponds have a wet phase of a few weeks to
a few months in the spring and early summer. During the
remainder of the year surface water is absent (Wiggins et ale
1980; Daborn 1976). The characteristic feature of the
temporary vernal pond is the very brief wet phase.
In the Saskatchewan prairies and parklands, basin
vegetation is dominated by plants such as Ca£�� ath�Eod�
Spreng., Scoloch12� fest��� Willd., El�2charis £al�tris
(L.) and Pol�££D� £2��� Mahl. (Driver 1977; Millar 1973).
The basin is surrounded by grasses in the prairies and ringed
by Sali� spp. and E£Eulu� !£��loid�� Micht. in the parkland
(Driver 1977; Daborn 1976; Mozley 1932). The trees provide
shading, allochthonous material and increase the amount of
('
snow caught by the basin during the winter.
In vernal ponds water chemistry varies throughout the wet
phase. Generally there is an inverse relationship between
water levels and conductivity; as water levels decrease
conductivity increases (Driver and Peden 1977; Daborn 1976).
Daborn (1976) found this inverse relationship also valid for
bicarbonate alkalinity, total hardness (Ca hardness/Mg
-
6
hardness) and chlorides. Ions such as sulphates,
orthophosphates, silicates and iron showed no relationship
with evaporation (Daborn 1976). Sulphates increase during
initial filling of the basin in the spring due to
redissolving and oxidation of sulfides left in the basin and
surrounding watershed by the aerobic decay of terrestrial
macrophytes, and later decline due to uptake by the renewed
growth of vegetation within the basin (Daborn 1976).
Water temperature of vernal ponds closely follows that of
the air 'temperature (Daborn 1976). Dry basin temperatures
depend on the amount of shading in summer and snow cover in
winter; the less there is of each, the more extreme and
severe the temperature and the harsher the �abitat.
Temporary autumnal ponds have a wet phase during the
spring and early summer, followed by a short dry phase during
the late summer and early autumn. In late autumn the basins
are partially filled by autumn rainfall and overwinter with
surface water present (Wiggins �1 ale 1980)�
Kenk (1949) studied two temporary autumnal ponds in the
Ann Arbor, Michigan area. The two autumnal ponds had similar
ranges of pH values and temperature as the two permanent
ponds studied. There was a greater variability in dissolved
oxygen levels, low levels of 1.3 to 1.5 p.p.m. occurred in
January and rose slowly until a few weeks before the ponds
dried to values of 9.3 and 8.0 p.p.m •• Alkalinity in the
autumnal ponds was more variable than in the permanent ponds.
.....
7
Fauna of temporary ponds has been divided into four major
categories based on life history strategies (Wiggins et �1.
1980).
Group I organisms have only passive dispersal abilities
and therefore are year round residents of the pond basin.
They are resistant to dessication in some stage of their life
cycle or avoid it by burrowing deep into the substrate. The
group includes species of Turbellaria, Oligochaeta,
Hirudinoidea, Bryozoa, Anonstraca, Conchostraca, Cladocera,
Copepoda, Ostracoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda, and Mollusca.
Group II organisms arrive in the spring and oviposit
before the surface water disappears. The progeny overwinters
in the dry basin as eggs or larvae. This group includes
species of Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera,
and Acari.
Organisms in group III oviposit independently of water.
Eggs are laid in 'the dry basin and overwinter. These
organisms include species of Odonata, Trichoptera, and
Diptera.
Group IV organisms lack drought resistant stages in their
life cycles. They must enter the temporary pond basin when
water is present develop rapidly, matur�··to· adult and leave
the basin before it drys. Most species overwinter in
permanent habitats. This group includes species of the
Odonata, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Acari and
Amphibians.
8
Temporary ponds are harsh habitats, however many
organisms are more abundant in temporary ponds than in more
permanent ponds. There appear to be two reasons for this;
the first is reduced predation pressure and the second is
large amounts of available nutrients reducing food
competition for most of the pond food web (Wiggins et �1.
1980) •
In temporary ponds the dry phase eliminates predatory
fish. This allows increases in the diversity and population
densities of many aquatic insects and crustaceans (Macan
1977; Macan 1966; Kenk 1949). The dry phase also eliminates
or causes emigration of a number of predatory insect species
that are unable �o survive the pond's dry phase or cannot
overwinter in the temporary pond basin. In the spring, these
predators must im�igrate back into the temporary ponds. The
delayed arrival of the predators give overwintering prey
species an opportunity to complete their life cycle and reach
high population levels before the predators arrive (Wiggins
et a L;. 1980).
The second reason for inhabiting temporary ponds is the
large amount of food available to detritivores and filter
feeders (Wiggins �! �1 1980). 8arlocher�! �1. (1978) found
the protein level in detritus from temporary vernal ponds was
much higher than detritus from temporary autumnal ponds or
permanent ponds. This is due to the terrestrial vegetation
growing in temporary pond basins during the dry phase. When
9
the vegetation dies in the autumn it decomposes aerobically
increasing the amount of decay by fungi and making the
decomposition process more complete (Barlocher �! ale 1978).
When the basin is reflooded the following spring there is a
"pulse" of decomposed plant nutrients available to the
detritivores and the filter feeders. These organsims
increase in number and develop rapidly and in turn provide
abundant food for the immigrating predators.
Reduced food competition and predation pressure for all
trophic levels outweigh the problems of inhabiting temporary
ponds (Wiggins et �1. 1980).
SEMIPERMANENT PONDS
Semipermanent ponds contain water for a number of yea�s
continuously but during periods of drought dry out
completely. Usually during the wet phase the water surface
area is greatly reduced by autumn but does not disappear
completely.
In the parkland semipermanent ponds have a ring of
isolated stands of Sal1� and £�1� (Driver 1977).
Vegetation within the basin is more aquatic than in temporary
ponds, dominated by Scolo.s.bl.2.2, 2.sirp.!d.§, Poto.!!!�lE.!:!, f��,
and Dr��.££l�_giu�.
Driver and Peden (1977) studied the water chemistry of a
semipermanent pond at the end of local groundwater flow.
Groundwater accounted for 95 % of the mineralization of the
pond's water. They found the salinity increased 93 % with a
10
decrease of 16 % in water volume. Precipitation had less of
a diluting effect than it had on temporary ponds. The ionic
hierarchy was continuous from May through August; Mg > Na >
Ca > K and S04 > HC03 > CI. There were steady increases in
magnesium, sodium, and sulphate during the year (Driver and
Peden 1977). Temperature was a function of water depth and
surface area, as the water level decreased water temperature
followed air temperature more closely (Driver and Peden
1977) •
PERMANENT PONDS
Permanent ponds contain water for 25 consecutive years or
more (Driver 1977). Usually the pond has an open water zone
in the central region with submerged and floating hydrophytes
such as �Y!l£Ebyllum spp., E����� richa£dsoni (Benn.)
and b�� trisulc�� (L.) growing in it. The peripheral
regions of the pond are c.haracterized by stands of l.Y£ha
1.§.Ei foll.§ L., 2ci££� .§.£!:!tu_2 Mahl. and .§.£olocblo.§ f� tu.£.2�'§
Willd. (D�iver 1977; Driver and Peden 1977; Stewart and
Kantrud 1969).
Permanent ponds are less variable than temporary ponds in
respect to pH, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity (Kenk 1949).
Salinity also fluctuates less (Driver and Peden 1977). The
ionic hierarchy of a permanent pond in the Floral area was Ca
> Mg > Na > K and HC03 > S04 > CI (Driver and Peden 1977).
Organisms from all four groups described by Wiggins �.E
.§1. (1980) are able to survive in the permanent pond habitat.
12
overwintering in the wet phase which are completely frozen
and those which are not. If a pond freezes completely to the
bottom, it is termed an aestival pond (Daborn 1974).
Aestival ponds are considered to be temporary ponds by
some researchers because the water·is· unavailable during the
winter (Daborn 1974; Daborn and Clifford 1974). Wiggins et
ale (1980) points out that although the water is in an
unuseable form during ·the winter the organisms are never
exposed to dessiccation and therefore aestival ponds should
be considered as part of permanent water bodies.
Daborn (1974) found several distinguishing biological
features which separate aestival ponds from other lentic
habitats. They have limited primary production, low
phytoplankton population, an unstable fauna and a
vulnerability of the species present to be replaced by
.immigrant species. Daborn (1974) suggests that the flora and·
fauna of a particular year is a "fortuitous assemblage,
determined by the successful immigrants and the remaining
inhabitants of the summer before and the previous winter".
One group of organisms common to all types of ponds is
the Chironomidae (Driver 1977). This group forms an
important part of.the·�o·nd· macroinvertebrate community but
has been neglected or studied only superficially in many pond
studies.
INTRODUCTION TO CHIRONOMIDAE
13
The family Chironomidae is made up of ten subfamilies.
The distribution of each is determined by the availability of
suitable habitats for the larval stages (Oliver and Roussel
1983).
The subfamilies Aphroteniinae and Podonominae are found
most commonly in the southern hemisphere; Aphroteniinae is
completely restricted to this hemisphere. Both subfamilies
inhabit cold, swift flowing waters (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
The subfamilies Prodiamesinae and Oiamesinae are common
in high altitude and circumpolar cold lakes and rivers of the
world (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
Members of the subfamily Telmatogetoninae are marine
(Oliver and Roussel 1983). They inhabit the peripheral
regions of the temperate oceans. Some species also occur in,
swift running streams in Hawaii (Cranston 1983).
The subfamilies.Buchonomyiinae and Chilenomyiinae are
poorly known. Specimens of Buchonomyiinae are known from
rivers in Europe (Wilson and McGill 1982) and some have been
found in amber from Burma (Brundin and Saether 1978). The
subfamily Chilenomyiinae is known only from adults collected
near small brooks in Chile (Brundin 1983).
The remaining three subfamilies are the most common and
contain the majority of the species in the family (Oliver and
Roussel 1983).
The Tanypodinae and Chironominae are most abundant in
warm lentic and lotic habitats of the world. Their numbers
Edwards, and Baust 1983; Peckham 1971). Zealandochlus-------.---
14
decline in the colder waters (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
The subfamily Orthocladiinae is found in colder regions
of the world and decrease in abundance in warm areas.
Members inhabit both lentic and lotic habitats and many
semiaquatic habitats (Oliver and. Roussel 1983).
The family has radiated from the primitive habitat of
cold mountain streams (Brundin 1966) to almost every aquatic
habitat. Many species have adapted to specialized and
extreme habitats. For example; �el£i� �ntarctica Jacobs is
the largest indigenous organism found on Antarctica (Sugg,
l�lEalpis Brundin, a species of Podonominae, has been found
breeding in glacier meltwater at temperatures of 0.5 Celsius
(Oumbleton 1973). Many species are able to survive high
temperatures, greater than 50 Celsius, which occur in
Australian rock pools (Edward 1968).
A number of species have formed close relationships with
other organisms. Certain species of Cric�!£E�� live in
colonies of Nosto£ (Brock 1960; Wirth 1957). A few species
mine into aquatic macrophytes (Berg 1950) and decomposing
wood. Species of the genus ��tri��� live in pitcher
plants (Paterson and Cameron 1982). Many species form
phoretic or parasitic relationships with other aquatic
invertebrates including; ectoprocts, molluscs, and other
'aquatic insects (Oosdall and Mason 1981; Furnish et ale 1981;
Svensson 1980; White �1 �l. 1980; Mancini 1979; Forsyth and
15
McCallum 1978; Soldan 1978; Kurazhkovskaya 1971; Steffan
1965; Gillies 1951; Claassen 1922).
The family Chironomidae is a very important part of
aquatic �ystems, often being the most abundant and most
diverse insect group present. Densities of 50 000
individuals per square meter are common (Coffman 1984) and
densities of over 100 000 individuals have been reported
(Fagan and Enns 1966). In some systems, such as the
Saskatchewan River, they make up over 2/3 of the aquatic
insect species diversity (Mason 1983).
Most larvae are microphagous, feeding on algae and
detritus, forming an important basic link in the aquatic food
chain by converting algae �nd recy61ing detritus into the
food chain.
Many species are now being used as part of water
surveillance studies because they have specific tolerences to
various forms of pollutants (8eck 1977).
Chironomid adults sometimes form large mating swarms
which are annoying, often causing reduced usage of
recreational areas (Ali 1981, Johnsson and Mulla 1982,
Burrill 1913). In many areas of the world people suffer from
allergenic responses to these swarms (Cranston, �! ale 1981).
CHIRONOMIDAE LIFE HISTORY
Chironomidae are holometabolous insects. Their life
cycle consists of four life stages; egg, larva, pupa, and
adult.
16
Eggs are laid in a gelantinous matrix which expands to
several ·times its size upon contact with �ater. The shape
and number of eggs in the matrix are species dependent
(Olivet 1981)�
Hatching usually occurs within a few days after the eggs
are laid •. In some species the egg shell is ruptured by the
swelling of the prolarva (Danks 1971b). In Einfeldia-----
!lnchrona Oliver an "egg burster" is used to wear away an
initial hole in the egg shell then the larva swells by
ingesting water and ruptures the egg shell (Danks 1971b).
Eggs of Chironomus .2.2£.§.2.!is Meig. are laid in masses of
400 to 500 and half the eggs have hatched in about one and a
half days at 25 degrees Celsius (Sugimoto 1966). Eggs of
£infeldi� synchro� are laid.in masses of 500 and require
about three days to hatch at 10 degrees Celsius (Danks
1971b). About sixteen hundred eggs were found in each egg
mass of GIIPtot�.2iE� ��rb1E� (Staeg.); these r e qu I r ed
thirty hours to hatch at 32 degrees Celsius (Fagan and Enns
1966).
The larval stage is the longest stage of the life cycle
passing through four instars. The different instars can be
separated by the width of the head capsule (Reist and Fischer
1979; McCauley 1974).
The first larval ins tar or larvule spends a few days
within the gelatinous matrix before beginning a pelagic life
style (Danks 1971b). During this latter period the larvuie
17
is positively phototactic (Luferov 1971). It obtains
nourishment from the remaining yolk (Alekeyev 1965, cited in
Oliver 1981) and by feeding on suspended particles in the
water column (Danks 1971b; Oliver 1971). This pelagic period
is important in the dispersal of the larvae throughout the
water body (Davies 1973). When an appropriate habitat is
found the larvule becomes nega-tively phototactic and settles
into the life style of the later instars (Oliver 1971).
The life style of the remaining instars can be classed
into two basic types: sedentary and free-living. Many of
the Chironominae and Orthocladiinae build burrows on or in a
substrate and remain in these burrows until pupation (Oliver
and Roussel 1983). If the immediate microhabitat around the
burrow deteriorates these sedentary larvae are able to move
to more favourable microhabitats (Hynes 1961). Most
Tanypodinae and some species from other subfamilies are
free-living throughout the larval stage (Oliver and Roussel
1983).
The larval stage is the only feeding stage of the life
cycle. Food reserves accumulated by the larvae are used as
energy for the pupal and adult stages. Chironomid larvae
feed in four ways. The method employed depends on the
species, its life style and the microhabitat which it
inhabits (Walshe 1951).
The most primitive feeding methods used by later instars
is deposit feeding and scraping (Yoshimatsu 1967). This
18
method of feeding is used by both free living and burrowing
larvae (Walshe 1951). The main sources of food are detritus
and algae. There is still some argument as to whether these
larvae are selective feeders or not (Gerking, �! �1. 1975;
Davies 1975; and Alfred 1974).
A second feeding method used is filtering of suspended
particles from the water using nets made of salivary
secretions (Yoshimatsu 1967; Walshe 1951; Berg 1950; Leathers
1916). The larva builds a "Un shaped or straight burrow into
or on a substrate. It then spins a net across the diameter
of the burrow and undulates its abdomen causing a current of
water to pass through the burrow. Particles in the water
current are caught by the net. At regular intervals the net
and adhering particles are eaten by the larva and a new net
is spun to replace it (Walshe 1951).
, Species of the subfamily Tanypodinae and some species of
other subfamilies are either facultative or obligate
predators (Armitage 1968). Larvae in this group usually have
modified mouthparts 'for grasping prey. Smaller species and
early instars feed on algae and detritus as well as small
crustaceans and other chironomids. In larger larvae the
faunal component makes up a major part of the diet (Armitage
1968). Prey is consumed in two ways depending on its size.
If the prey is small it is engulfed whole by the larva, but
if it is larger the body contents are sucked out through a
break made in the body wall (Morgan 1949).
19
A number of species from many genera and subfamilies are
parasitic on other aquatic insects and molluscs (Steffan
1965).
Mature fourth instar larvae have swollen thoracic
segments which contain the developing cephalothorax of the
pupa. Pupation of burrow dwelling species usually occurs in
the last larval burrow. Pupae of free-living species are
also free-living. The pupal stage lasts for about two or
three days (Seattie 1978; Oliver 1981). When mature the pupa
swims to' the water surface where eclosion occurs.
Adults emerge from the pupal exuviae in a few seconds and
then flyaway. Adult emergences of a species from a single
habitat are usually synchronised with the season of the year,
time of day and environmental conditions (Oliver 1971).
Most species do not feed as adults, although some imbibe
sugary substances such as nectar and honeydew (Downes 1974).
The life span of these adults appears to be significantly
lengthened by feeding (Weissman and Edmein 1980).
Most chironomids form mating swarms to bring the sexes
together (Downes 1969). Swarms are formed over a marker
during a particular time of day. The type of marker, shape
of the swarm and time of·day the swarm.f6rms··is species
specific (Gibson and Lloyd 1945). Swarms are usually made up
of males of one species, mating pairs and fe�ales entering
the swarm (Gibson and Lloyd 1945). In some species, mating
is completed in midair, and lasts a few seconds. In other
20
species the mating pair falls to the ground and remains in
copula for several minutes. After mating the females fly to
an appropriate oviposition site. Egg maturation time is
poorly known but in most species the adult females emerge
f r om the pupae with well developed .f o Ll.Lc Le s (Oliver 1971).
Oviposition usually occurs over the water surface (Oliver
1981).
The length of the life cycle is determined by the
environment (Oliver 1971). In warm areas, species are
usually multivoltine and life cycles shorter than two weeks
have been reported (Syrja�aki 1965). Chironomids in
temperate regions have development interrupted by winter so
they are univoltin� or bivoltine (Oliver 1981). In these
regions of the world the larval stage is usually the
overwintering stage of the life cycle (Danks 1971a). In
severe climates, such as the high arctic, chironomids may
take seven years to complete their life cycle (Sutler 1982).
DIFFICULTIES STUDYING CHIRoNoMIDAE
Although the importance of the Chironomidae is usually
recognized, the family is usually dealt with at a superficial
taxonomic level in ecological and faunal studies. There are
many reasons for this neglect by chironomid nonspecialists,
but most are due to difficulties in classification and
species level identifications.
The family Chironomidae was first named in 1800 by Meigen
in a paper with very limited circulation. In it Meigen
21
referred to the family as Tendipedidae and two of the
subfamilies as Tendipenae and Pelopiinae with the respective
type genera as Te�di�� and E�£1� (Oliver and Roussel
1983). In 1803 Meigen published a second paper on the family
but referred to it as Chironomidae, the subfamilies as
Chironominae and Tanypodinae and the respective type genera
as Chl£g��� and TanYE�. The 1803 paper was widely
circulated and the names were in common usage (Oliver and
Roussel 1983). In the early 1900's, Meigen's 1800 paper was
"rediscovered" and a controversy developed over which
nomenclature was official. The problem was resolved in 1966
when the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
ruled to suppress the nomenclature of Meigen's 1800 paper in
favour of the nomenclature in his 1803 paper (Fittkau 1966).
A further classification problem is the concept of genus
within the family (Pinder 1983; Beck and Beck 1968). In most
of continental Europe, chironomid taxonomists were influenced
by a German school which emphasized the larval and pupal
stages when making taxonomic decisions. This resulted in
"narrow". generic limits (Beck and Beck 1968). In Britain and
North America, taxonomists generally placed emphasis on the
ad�lt �ale to decide taxonomic affinities (Pinder 1983).
This resulted in "wider" generic limits (Beck and Beck 1968).
Adult chironomids are usually more uniform than their
immature stages, because they are short lived, and only
disperse and reproduce (Fittkau 1962, cited in Oliver and
22
Roussel 1983). The immature stages, particularly the larvae,
have adapted to a wide range of microhabitats and are the
longest lived stage of the life cycle (Oliver and Roussel
1983). Adults which appear to have close taxonomic
affinities may have very diverse larval stages and the
opposite situation also occurs (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
The two systems produced massive synonomy problems
because larval specimens identified as one genus would often
belong to a different gen�s in the other taxonomic school.
In recent years the two schools of taxonomy have been slowly
amalgamated into one in which all life stages are considered.
As well as classification problems, there are a number of
practical problems which plague the study of this family.
Firstly, in most aquatic systems the larval density i� so
high that the numbers overwhelm the researcher. Secondly,
most species are small and appear superfically similar.
Identifying specimens, even to tribe, requires them to be
cleared, dissected and mounted onto microscope slides and
then examined using a compound microscope. Thirdly, because
the larval stage is the longest stage of the life cycle, it
is usually the most often collected. However most species
are described only from the adult stage. Often the immature
stages are not described, have not been collected, or can not
be distinguished from other species. To confirm
identifications using immature stages and to identify other
immatures to species, the immature stages must be reared to,
....
23
and associated with, adult males.
The above problems make chironomid species level taxonomy
very time consuming. In many studies, time and funding for
species level identifications is not available, so the family
is dealt with superficially as supraspecific taxa or
neglected all together.
POND CHIRONOMIDAE
Pond inhabiting Chironomidae have been poorly studied.
They are �sually studied as part of a regional survey such as
Roback (1976, 1957) and Gillespie (1974) for example, or, as
part of a pond ecological or faunal study such as Kenk
(1949), Judd (1964), Daborn (1974) and Wiggins et ale (1980).
Studies which deal specifically with pond chironomids are
few, but Rasmussen (1984, 1985), Driver (1977) and Danks
(1971b) are notable. Although pond chironomid studies are
few, they show that the family forms a major part of the
aquatic insect fauna of ponds (Rasmussen 1985; Daborn 1974;
Judd 1964).
Driver (1977) found that the chironomid fauna of a pond
was closely correlated to its permanence because of its
effect on the complexity of the plant community. The
chironomid diversity and the plant community complexity
'generally increases from temporary ponds, through
semipermanent ponds to permanent ponds (Driver 1977).
Driver found temporary ponds in the Floral area had 5.0
(+ or - 1.95 sd) species, and that the population was very
...
24
unstable, with a 50 to a 100 % turnover between years.
Generally temporary ponds were dominated by one or two
species; the most common species were from the subfamily
Orthocladiinae; �£!lcot£E� �itid��� (Mall.), bim�b��
cf. vunalis and Pesctr�cl�dius barbima� (Edwards) (Driver
1977).
The great changes in water levels of temporary ponds
result in simplified plant communities. This has an effect
on habitat subdivision, limiting the available microhabitats
and chironomid diversity (Driver 1977).
Chironomids have developed three strategies to live in
temporary ponds (Wiggins et �1. 1980). The first strategy is
to overwinter in the dry basin as larvae. Eggs are laid
during the short wet phase of the pond and development
continues until the basin dries out. To survive the dry
phase of the basin most of the species form cocoons made of
secretions. These cocoons are important in moisture
retention and protection from extremes in temperature
(Grodhaus 1980; Grodhaus 1976; Danks 1971c). Cocoon
formation is not restricted to temporary pond inhabitants as
larvae of many species in permanent habitats form cocoons for
protection from extfeme� in··temperature or low oxygen levels
(Danks 1971c). A further adaptation of many overwintering
species is a photoperiod regulated diapause in the fourth
instar larvae which prevents the larvae from pupating if the
basin is reflooded in the fall, and synchronizes the
25
emergence of adults in the spring (Wiggins �� �1. 1980).-
Chironomids which use this strategy include species of
Chi�!!!..!d.2' Endochir.2.!l2!!!..!d.2, Gli�otendi��, E�achironomus,
Earat..2.!2n���, _acricotopus, Crl.£ot.£E�' 's.!dkiefferiella,
��dro���, Psectrocladi�, Quttlpelo£ia and ££.2di�mesea
(Wiggins �! �1. 1980).
A second strategy of Chironomidae is to oviposit in the
dry basin. Species included in this group belong to the
genera Li�.£Ehx��, �£baenocladius and Smi�i!�, which
belong to the semiaquatic tribe, Metriocenemini of the
subfamily Orthocladiinae (Wiggins �� ale 1980).
The third strategy is to avoid the dry phase (Wiggins ��
al 1980). These include predatory and multivoltine species
in the genera .a.E1:abe�myia, E.!:ocl�di�, and Ps��!.2!..2.!2.l.E�.
Larvae overwinter in permanent habitats, adults emerge in the
spring, and mate, and .the females disperse to temporary ponds
where they oviposit. Larval development coincides with
abundant prey species. The immature stages develop rapidly
and the adults emerge before the pond dries. In ponds with
longer wet phases a number of generations may occur. These
species avoid food competition and predator pressures in the
permanent habitats by immigrating to the temporary ponds
where they exploit the rich food resources (Wiggins �! �1.
1980) •
Semipermanent ponds near Floral were characterized by a
larger number of species than temporary ponds, 19.9 (+ or -
26
6.26 sd) species (Driver 1977). These ponds were more stable
with a 25 % annual turnover rate in chironomid species
(Driver 1977). They may have one, two or several dominant
species. The most common species found in these ponds are
Ablabesmyia Eulchri�nnis (Lundbeck), fbl£2�� !���
Fab., lanytarsu� cf. lestagei and l��arsus sp. (Driver
1977).
During the wet phase of semipermanent ponds, water
fluctuations are not great enough to eliminate hydrophytes
which have complex morphologies (Driver 1977). These plants
subdivide the pond habitat more than plants with simpler
morphologies and provide a number of microhabitats suitable
for a more diverse chironomid community (Driver 1977).
Permanent ponds also have a more diverse chironomid
community than temporary ponds, 21.3 (+ or - 1.85 sd) species
(Driver 1977). The chironomid fauna is more typical of those
species which also inhabit lakes. The annual turn over rate
of species was the same as the semipermanent ponds, 25 %
(Driver 1977). However permanent ponds may change
dramatically in the chironomid fauna. Driver (1977) found
that during a three year period a permanent pond changed from
being a relatively homogeneo�s community with no species
dominating to a community where only two species dominated.
In permanent ponds low water fluctuations make the flora
and chironomid communities more stable. However this
stability also provides conditions suitable for a wider range
27
of organisms to live, increasing competition for. living space
and food. Of particular importance is the survival of
predators such as fish, which can affect the abundance and
diversity of pond inhabitants (Kenk 1949). Low water
fluctuations also reduce the amount of vegetation in the
basins which is exposed to aerobic decomposition. This
reduces the spring "pulse" of organic nutrients which occurs
in other pond types (Mackey 1979) and reduces the amount of
food available to the detritivores and filter feeders which
are fed upon by predators (Wiggins et ale 1980).
STUDY SITES
Pond A (SW-14-36-4-W2), the prima�y study site, is a
semipermanent fish free pond located 3.5 km North of Floral,
Saskatchewan. The pond basin (Fig. 1) covers an area of
about 1.8 hectares. It is bordered on the west by a gravel
road and on the other three sides by cultivated agricultural
land. Around the margin of the pond are isolated clumps of
Salix sp , and thick stands 'of Carex spp , and Sclorochia sp ,-- --- ----
This area was usually submerged during the early part of each
year and during flood conditions. Within this marginal area
is a five meter band of Typha �folia L. surrounding a
central open water area in which isolated clumps of 2�£2is
sp grow. The central area has an abundant growth of
submerged hydrophytes including �riophyllum spp.. The
substrate is a fine silty muck covered by a thick mat of the
28
water moss ��nocladi� sp •• As the water recedes the open
water area is slowly filled in with emergent vegetation
including £ol�� sp. and B��� sp. and mats of the alga
Cladophora sp •• On the water surface large populations of
Le� miD£! L. and b. trisulc� L. developed during the year.
Seven microhabitat types were distinguished in pond A:
central and peripheral benthos, Dre��Eladi� mat, submerged
vegetation, algal mats, emergent vegetation, and decaying
wood.
The basin of pond A was dry in the fall of 1981. In 1982
it contained about 20 cm of water at freeze-up. ' On June 24,
1983 the pond was filled to a depth of 120 cm due to a
torrential rainfall. At this time a small pond (pond F)
about 100 meters northeast of pond A flowed into the basin.
By freeze up there was still 70 cm of water in the basin. In
1984, after the initial spring peak of 100 cm, the pond
slowly lost water until September 10 when surface water had
completely disappeared from the basin. In late September
snow fall and rain refilled the basin to about 20 cm by the
time freeze up occurred.
To supplement the collections made from pond A,' other
ponds were sampled periodically during the study.
Pond B (SW-20-37-4-W3) is located 3.6 km north of
Kernan's prairie near Saskatoon. It is a large, shallow,
semipermanent pond covering an area of about to.O hectares.
During flood conditions it is part of a long network of
29
depressions, dugouts and intermittent creeks.
Pond C (NE-21-36-15-W2) is located 15.5 km Northeast of
Quill Lake, Sask •• It is a temporary pond with a maximum
area of about 0.8 hectares. The basin is almost entirely
covered by a stand of dead and decaying Sali� and is
surrounded by pastureland.
Pond D (NW-20-36-15-W2) is located about 1.6 km East of
pond C. The pond is semipermanent, covering an area of about
2.0 hectares. It drains cultivated cropland. In the fall of
1982 the pond basin was dry, at which time a small ditch.
about 2 meters deep was dug on the west side of the pond.
The ditch has extended the length of time the basin contains
water and may have made the pond permanent.
Pond E (SW-20-36-15-W2) is a temporary pond; pond F
(SW-14-36-4-W3) is of unknown permanence; pond G
(SE-15-36-4-W3), pond H (SE-13-36-4-W3), pond I·
(NW-9-36-4-W3) and pond J (SE-21-36-15-W2) are temporary
ponds and were all sampled once or twice during the course of
the study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
SAMPLE COLLECTION
Pond A was visited a few times during late summer in 1982
and at approximately weekly intervals from April to September
or October in 1983 and 1984. Other ponds were visited once,
or at most a few times during the course of the study •
....
30
Qualitative samples of the benthos, submerged vegetation,
algal mats and open water were taken using a D-shaped aquatic
dip net with a mesh size of 1 mm; and two sieves with a mesh
size of 2.5 mm. Samples were washed free of silt and preser
ved in 95 % alcohol for sorting under a stereoscopic
microscope in the laboratory.
Representative fourth instar larvae, distinguished by the
swollen thoracic segments, and pupae, used for rearing were
transported to the laboratory in pond water.
The water surface was sampled for emerging chironomids
and pupal exuviae by sweeping with a small sieve. The
specimens collected were used for taxonomic study and to
qualitatively determine the approximate emergence times of
the more common species.
An aerial sweep net was used to'collect adult chironomids
from.the emergent vegetation that surrounded the pond.
Submerged decaying �li� sp. branches were examined for
associated chironomid larvae.
ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
Each time a pond was visited the date and time were
recorded, and air and water temperatures (at 35 cm below the
water surface if possible) were measured (Table 1). A number
of environmental parameters were also noted: cloud cover
(clear, scattered cloud, partly cloudy, overcast); wind
direction and speed (calm, light, moderate, strong).
Observations on pond conditions were also recorded;
31
chironomid emergences, extent of emergent vegetation growth,
presence of algal blooms, and any abundant fauna.
Photographs were taken on various dates to document the
pond's development throughout the year.
REARING
In the laboratory, individuals used for rearing were
placed in four dram vials with about six ml of dechlorinated
tap water. The vials were stoppered with cork or cotton
plugs and placed in an incubator with a 16 hr/8 hr light/dark
photoperidd. The temperature was kept at the current
temperature of the pond to a maximum of 20 degrees Celsius -
above this temperature bacterial and fungal growth greatly
reduced rearing success. When an adult emerged it was
transferred to a dry vial and left for about a day to allow
the cuticle to harden. The adult was then preserved in 70 %
ethanol with its larval and pupal exuviae.
SLIDE PREPARATION
Representative reared adults, larvae, pupae and pupal
exuviae were dissected and mounted on microscope slides for
taxonomic identification. The two procedures used in this
study were adapted from Mason (1983), Oliver and Roussel
(1983), and Simpson and Bode (1980).
Larvae and pupae were cleared in two ways. (1); By
passing the specimens through the following series of baths:
cold 10 % KOH for eight to 24 hours (depending on specimen
size); distilled water for ten minutes; 2-proponal for 15
.....
32
minutes; and 2-proponal layered over cedarwood oil for 15
minutes and then mounted on the microscope slide in Canada
Balsam. Or (2), by placing the specimens in a bath of warm
(50 degrees Celsius) 10 % KOH for ten to twenty minutes (for
large larvae the abdomen was punctured a number of times
along its length with a pin; large pupae were dissected
before being placed in the 10 % KOH), next, a distilled water
rinse for five minutes, and then 95 % ethanol for ten
minutes. Specimens were then mounted on a microscope slide
in Euparal.
Pupal and larval exuviae were mounted directly into
Euparal.
After a larva was cleared it was placed on a microscope
slide in mounting medium and decapitated. The width of the
head capsule was measured using an ocular micrometer at 100
x, and the presence or absence of tubules on the tenth and
eleventh body segments was noted. The head capsule was
placed under a coverslip ventral side up and then squashed to
spread the mouth parts. The abdomen was placed laterally
under another coverslip on the same microscope slide. Larval
exuviae were not dissected. They were positioned with the
head capsules ventral side up and then squashed under a
coverslip.
The cephalothorax and abdomen of pupae were dissected
apart before clearing. After clearing the cephalothorax was
placed laterally in a drop of mounting medium on a microscope
.....
33
slide and the abdomen was positioned dorsal side up. The
slide was then placed in an oven at 45 degrees Celsius for 24
hours to harden the mounting medium before more medium and
the coverslips were put on. This was done to reduce
distortion of certain taxonomically important features by the
weight of the coverslip •.
Pupal exuviae were dissected in the same manner as pupae,
but the cephalothorax was split down the ecdysial suture,
then turned over and spread out so the ventral side was up.
The abdomen was postioned dorsal side up on the microscope
slide. These specimens were also allowed to bake for 24
hours before coverslips were placed over them to reduce
distortion.
Adult specimens were dissected as follows: the head,
thorax and abdomen were dissected apart; the left legs and
the wings were pulled off (the left wing complete, the right
wing with the squama left attached to the thorax); and the
antennae were pulled off the head. The head, thorax and
abdomen were cleared using cold KOH; the left legs, wings and
antennae were cleared by placing them in 2-proponal layered
over cedarwood oil. The cleared parts were then mounted in
Cana6a ��lsam or Euparal. If Euparal was used the 2-proponal
layered over cedarwood oil bath was deleted.
The adult parts were positioned on the same microscope
slide as follows: the head anterior side up; the thorax
right side up; and the abdomen dorsal side up. Coverslips
....
34
were placed over the specimens after they were baked for 24.
hours to reduce distortion.
For reared material, each of the life stages was placed
on the same microscope slide as shown in Fig. 2.
The completed slides were baked in an oven at 45 degrees
Celsius for three weeks for slides made with Euparal and six
weeks for slides made with Canada Balsam. After this time
the microscope slides were ready for examination.
ILLUSTRATION METHODS
Line drawings were made using an American Optical
compound microscope equipped with a drawing tube.
Photomicrographs were taken using a Ziess photographic
microscope.
VERIFICATION AND DISPOSITION OF SPECIMENS
Identifications of specimens were verified by Mr. B.
Bilyj of the Freshwater Institute in Winnipeg and by M. E.
Dillion and Dr. D. R. Oliver of the Biosystematics Research
Institute, Ottawa.
Specimens will be placed in the collections of the
author, Dr. D. M. Lehemkuhl, B. Bilyj and the Canadian
National Collection.
35
INTRODUCTION TO BIOSYSTEMATIC SECTION
Chironomid systematics have greatly improved in recent
years due to the concentrated efforts of a number of
researchers around the world; Brundin, the Beck's, Cranston,
Fittkau, Oliver, Roback, Saether, and the Sublette's to name
a few. Two of the major achievements of these researchers
has been the slow. amalgamation of the two schools of taxonomy
into one in which all life stages are considered in making
taxonomic decisions. The other achievement has been the
initiation of a three volume work on the Holarctic
Chironomidae including keys, diagnoses, ecological notes and
distributions. In 1983 the first volume, dealing with the
larvae, was published as a series of supplements of the
journal Entomologica Scandinavica. The other two volumes
covering the pupae and adults will be in print soon.
In Canada Oliver and Roussel (1983) have written a work
on chironomid larvae of Canada which has greatly improved the
understanding of larval Chironomidae at the genus level in
this country.
In Saskatchewan most work on chironomids has been
superficial, usually as part of an ecological study.
Examples are Hamilton (1961), Gregory and Loch (1973),
MacMillan (1971), Mendis (1956), Tones (1970) and Warwick
(1979, 1967). Exceptions are work done by Rempel (1936,
1937) describing individual species, Swanson's (1978) study
of f!icotoE� �at�� in Waldsea Lake, Driver's (1977) work
.....
36
on pond chironomids as indicators of pond permanence, and
Mason's (1978, 1983) studies on the Chironomidae of the
Saskatchewan River system and Tobin Lake. As noted above
Saskatchewan pond chironomids have been studied only by
Driver (1977).
FAMILY TERMINOLOGY
The family, subfamily and generic diagnoses appearing in
this work have been compiled from a number of sources, the
most important being; Cranston �! a1. (1983), F i ttkau and
Roback (1983), Mason (1983), Oliver and Roussel (1983),
Pinder and Reiss (1983), Wilson and McGill (1982), Mason
(1978) and Gillespie (1974).
The terminology of the taxonomic characters follows
Saether (1980).
LARVA: The larva is divided into three parts (Fig. 3): a
�ell defined, sclerotized head capsule and twelve body
segments, three thoracic segments and nine abdominal
segments. The head capsule has most of the important
features on it.
Head capsule: (Fig. 4 and 5).
Antenna: Length ranges from longer than head capsule to
shorter than mandibles •... They··are made up of four to eight
segments. In the subfamily Tanypodinae the antennae are
retractile into the head capsule (Fig. 4). In the tribe
Tanytarsini the antennae are situated on antennal tubercles
(Fig. 122). A ring organ (Fig. 62) and sensory hairs (Fig.
37
149) are found in some species. On the apex of the first
segment is an antennal blade. A pair of Lauterborn's organs
are usually present on the apex of the second antennal
segment; sometimes they are located on long petioles (Fig.
136) in the Tanytarsini.
Labrum: Usually has a number of seta anteriores, SI and SII
(Fig. 5) being the most important. In.some species a
vari�bly developed pecten epipharyngis (Fig. 56) are present.
The Chironominae and Orthocladiinae have a pair of apically
toothed, premandibles (Fig. 5)'which may have premandibular
brushes on them (Fig. 130).
Mentum: In the Chironominae and Orthocladiinae it is a
sclerotized anteriorly toothed plate (Fig. 5) with an
associated ventromentum.
Prementohypopharyngeal complex: In the Tanypodinae it is
well developed. It is made up of a variably toothed ligula,
pecten hypoharyngis and paraligula (Fig. 4). Associated with
these structures are a variably developed dorsomentum.
Anterior to this is a lobed M-appendage, 'often with a
pseudoradula running down its length.
Maxillary palp: Usually one segmented.
Mandible: With an apical tooth of varying length and color.
Some species have a single dorsal tooth or a series of teeth
on the dorsal surface (Fig. 19). The inner margin may have a
series of inner teeth (Fig. 40). Below the last inner tooth
is a variably developed seta subdentalis. Also present in
...
38
some species are two groups of seta referred to as the pecten
mandibularis and seta interna.
Body segments: (Fig. 3).
The thorax and abdomen do not differ in shape until late
in the fourth instar when the thoracic segments become
swollen •. The first segment usually has a pair of anterior
parapods each with an apical crown of claws. Body segments
II to VI often have variably developed setae, sometimes
forming a setal fringe. In the Chironominae body segment IX
may have a pair of lateral tubules on the posterior corners,
and body segment X may have one or two ventral tubules. The
dorsal surface of body segment XI usually has a pair of
procerci each with anal setae and sometimes a spur (Fig.
178). Body segment XII usually has two separate apically
clawed posterior parapods and one or two pairs of anal
tubules�
PUPA: The body of the pupa is divided into two parts; the
anterior cephalothorax and the �bdomen.
Cephalothorax: (Fig. 6).
On the anterior surface there are usually a pair of
cephalic tubercles which may have a frontal seta on each
(Fig. 51). The dorsal surface may be nodulated or smooth.
On the dorsal-lateral surface are.usually a pair of thoracic
horns which may be trumpet shaped with a plate on the apex
(Fig. 13), plumose (Fig. 6), tubular (Fig. 133), club shaped
and covered with spines (Fig. 160) or absent.
......
39
Abdomen: (Fig. 7).
The abdomen is made up of nine segments. The tergites
usually have a variably developed armature of small spinules,
spines and/or maces like processes. T�rgite II usually has a
variably developed row of hooks on the posterior margin of
the tergum. Pedes spurii B, small humps on the lateral edges
of segment II, are often present (Fig. 190). Most segments
have a varying number of lateral setae. A spur or comb is
usually present on the caudolateral corners of segment VIII.
The abdomen ends in a pair of variably formed anal lobes
which may be bare, with a hair fringe and/or �acrosetae (Fig.
24, 71, 147, 180)�
MEASUREMENTS AND RATIOS:
All measurements refer to maximum lengths of the
structures and are explained in the text.
One ratio, the antennal ratio (A. R.), is an important
taxonomic character. It is the length of the basal antennal
segment divided by the total length of the terminal antennal
segments.
40
KEY TO CHIRONOMIDAE SUBFAMILIES
collected in study
LARVAE
1a. Antennae retractile into head capsule ••• Tanypodinae
1b. Antennae nonretractile •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
2a. Ventromental plates well developed, with striations •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Chironominae
2b. Ventromental plates poorly developed, never with
striations, sometimes with a beard ••• Orthocladiinae
PUPAE
1a. Thoracic horns plumose, branched wide-Iumened tubes
or a single lang tube. Anal lobes never with macro
setae but with a hair fringe ••••••••••• Chironominae
1b. Thoracic horns club-shaped, tubular or absent, often
covered with spines or reticulations. Anal lobes with
macrosetae and/or hair fringe present or absent •••• 2
2a. Anal lobes usually large, never with terminal macro
setae. Scar present an abdominal tergite one.
Thoracic horns large often with a large plate
structure on'terminal end •••••••••••••••• Tanypodinae
2b. Anal lobes smaller bare or with a hair fringe and/or
terminal macrosetae. Thoracic horns without plate an
terminal end ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Orthocladiinae
-
41
TANYPODINAE
LARVA: Small to large in size. Color creamy white and
yellow to red or green.
Antennae: Usually four segmented, rarely five segmented.
Second segment always longer than third. Capable of
retracting into the head capsule. Antennal ratios vary from
2.5 to 16. Ring organ usually present. Lauterborn's organs
usually indistinct. Antennal blade and accessory blade about
as long as terminal segments.
Labrum: Weakly sclerotized, with a series of seven pairs of
ventrally oriented sensory hairs and pegs. Premandibles
absent.
Prementohypopharyngeal complex: Ligula usually with five
dark teeth, anterior margin concave, straight or slightly
convex. Paraligula usually bifid. Dorsomentum present, as
low toothed plates or a sclerotized complex with anteriorly
directed teeth. M-appendage triangular with vesicular lobes
laterally and a pseudoradula. Pecten hypopharyngis usually
with ten to twenty teeth.
Mandibles: With a long acute apical tooth and usually a
basal tooth, with seta subdentalis inserted in it, and an
inner ventral accessory tooth. Rarely with a series of inner
teeth.
Maxillary palps: Well developed, one to six segments, basal
segment with a ring organ.
Body: With paired apically clawed anterior and posterior
42
parapods. Body segments may have a well developed lateral
fringe of swim setae. Procerci well developed.
PUPA: Medium sized, 2 to 11 mm long. Color creamy yellow to
light brown.
Cephalothorax: Thoracic horns variably developed, with open
spiracles and plastron (sieve) plates present or absent •. In
some species a toothed comb, the thoraxkamm, is present at
the base of the thoracic horn.
Abdomen: A scar on tergite I may be present. Abdominal
tergites usually with sparse" uniform shagreen. A variable
number of lateral setae present on the abdominal segments.
Anal lobes may be short and rounded, or almost triangular;
with a hair fringe and/or two pairs of macrosetae.
KEY TO TANYPODINAE GENERA
collected in study
LARVAE
1a. Ligula with 5 teeth •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
1b. Ligula with 4 teeth� ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4
2a. Maxillary palp with two segments (Fig. 11) ••••••••
••• ••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••• •• Ablabesmvia---�-
2b. Maxillary palp with one segment •••••••••••••••••• 3
3a. Teeth of ligula concave (Fig. 32) ••••••• Procladius
3b. Teeth of ligula convex (Fig. 45) ••••••••••• lanypus
4a. Dorsomentum distinctly concave (Fig. 18). Most
lateral two teeth fused •••••••••••••••• Derota���
-
-
43
4b. Dorsomentum straight or slightly concave.
(Fig. 39) Most lateral two teeth not fused ••••••••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Psectro�n�pus
PUPAE
1a. Thoracic horn sac-like, with a small plastron
plate (Fig. 13) •••••• � ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
1b. Thoracic horn trumpet shaped, with a relatively
large platron plate (Fig. 22) •••••••••••••••••••• 3
2a. Anal lobes small and rounded, shorter than VIII
segmen ••
'
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Tanypus
2b. Anal lobes medium sized, triangular and pointed
( Fig. 12, 15) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ll�be�tl.§!
3a. Anal lobes biconvex, margins fringed with hairs
internally and externally (Fig. 24) •••••••••••••• 4
3b. Anal lobes with inner side straight and the outer
side rounded (Fig. 30, 37) •••••••••••••• Procladius
4a. Thoracic horns narrow L/W ratio 3.34 to 4.45.
Respiratory atrium fills horn (Fig. 41) •••••••••••
. . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £� c t rot a nX.P.!:!�
4b. Thoracic horns wider L/W ratio 2.9 or less.
Respiratory atrium slightly narrowed at junction
of plastron plate. Internal supporting .s t-r uc t ur e s
visible (Fig. 22) •••••••••••••••••••••• Derota!!.l.E.!:!.§.
Ablabesmyia Johannsen
Johannsen 1905. Bull N. Y. State Mus. 86:135
44
Larva: Medium to large, up to 11 mm. Head capsule longer
than wide. Antennae four segmented. Antennal ratio greater
than 4. Ligula with five teeth, anterior margin concave.
Paraligula bifid. M-appendage a vesicular structure with a
pseudoradula. Dorsomentum reduced, teeth absent. Maxillary
palp's basal segment divided into two to six segments.
Anterior parapods separate, each crowned with small claws.
Abdominal segments without setal fringe. Procerci twice as
long as wide, each with 7 anal setae.
Pupa: Thoracic horns large and ovate, with a small plastron
plate. Thoraxkamm present at base of thoracic horns. A scar
present on tergite I. Anal lobes almost triangular, with one
pair of setae in anteiior portion, inner margins smooth.
REMARKS: The genus Abla�m�i� has more species than any
other in the subfamily Tanypodinae (Fittkau and Roback 1983).
It has been divided into three subgenera; �bl�esmyia (s.
str.) and�. (��ia) and�. (2artaia) (Roback 1983, 1971).
The immatures of most species are not well known and cannot
be separated into species without associated adult material
(Fittkau and Roback 1983).
Larvae inhabit warm lentic waters and the slower areas of
lotic habitats (Oliver and Roussel 1983). Some species are
tolerant of low oxygen levels and·pollution (Wilson and
McGill 1982, Beck 1977).
�blabesm�ia is a Holarctic genus. Thirteen species have
been identified from the Nearctic and four from the
45
Palearctic (Fittkau and Roback 1983). In North America the
genus is widespread south of the treeline (Oliver and Rousell
1983).
In this study one species was collected.
Ablabes��ia (�arelia) pulchripenni� (Lundbeck)
(Figures 8 to 15)
Lundbeck. 1898. Vide Med. Nat. For. Kjobehavn: 293
LARVA: n = 10
Antenna: Length of first segment 638 (560-740) urn; antennal
ratio 6.3 (5.6-6.7). Ring organ 0.50 (0.47-0.56) from the
base of the first segment. Blade as long as terminal
segments.
Prementohypopharyngeal complex: Ligula with five dark teeth,
most lateral teeth splayed outward; length 130.0
(120.0-137.5) urn. Paraligula short, unequally bifid, inner
tooth one third length of outer tooth. Pecten hypopharyngis
with 19 (15-23) teeth.
Mandible: Length 233.5 (212.5-260.0) urn; with an accessory
tooth and inner tooth present. Apical tooth dark.
Maxillary palp: Two segmented; first segment 49.5
(40.0-60.0) urn long, second segment 59.0 (50.0-66.3) urn long.
B6dy: :Pos�erior parapods separate, each with a crown of
claws. Two claws darker than the others, one dark claw
larger than the other.
PUPA: n = 10, unless otherwise stated.
Color: Yellowish brown •
.....
.....
46
Length: Total length 7.5 (6.9-8.3) mm; abdomen 5.7 (5.3-6.5)
(n=9) mm.
Cephalothorax: Thoracic horn length 693.6 (580.0-840.0)
(n=7) urn, width 322.0 (280.0-390.0) um; plastron plate
reduced to a small apical protuberence; surface reticulate
with spines. Thoraxkamm a well developed comb of teeth.
Abdomen: Tergites I to VIII with fine uniform shagreen.
Tergite I with an elongated scar 273.2 (260.0-330.0) um long.
Segments VII and VIII with 4 and 5 lateral setae
respectively. Anal lobes two times longer than genital sacs;
outer margins with two medial macrosetae; apex with small
teeth on outer margin.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Ablabesmyia pulchrip�nis was commonly
collected in pond A from submerged macrophytes and algae.
Larval guts contained detritus, small crustaceans and
chironomid larvae. In 1983 pupal exuviae were collected from
pond A most often during June and early July.
REMARKS: The adult specimens key to �. �Eh!l�nnis in
Roback (1971). The immatures have not been previously
described.
DISTRIBUTION: �. pulchripennis has been collected from
Greenland; AB, SK, MB, PO in Canada and from WA, CO, SO, MT
and FL in the United States (Driver 1977; Roback 1971; Beck
and Beck 1966; Sublette and Sublette 1965).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 4 reared males, 5 males with
associated pupa, 2 pupa with associated larva, 1 pupa, 37
47
pupal exuviae, 52 larvae.
Derot�� Roback
Roback 1971 Mon. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 17:91
LARVA: Large, up to 13 mm. Antenna four segmented, antenna 1
ratio 5.9 to 9.0. Ligula with four teeth, anterior margin
straight. Paraligula pectinate. Dorsomentum distinctly
concave on each side. Maxillary palps with a single basal
segment. Abdominal segments with a setal fringe. Smallest
claws of posterior parapods highly arched or simple.
PUPA: Thoracic horns with supporting rings and rods visible.
Thoraxkamm absent. Scar on tergite I semiquadrate. Lateral
setae on VII and VIII, 6 and 5 respectively. Anal lobes
biconvex, slightly asymetrical; hair fringe on both' inner and
outer margins, two macrosetae present on anterior half of
each lobe.
REMARKS: The status of �.!ot�1.E� as a genus appears to be
in question. Roback (1971) elevated it to full generic
status based on adult characters, but in a later paper
(Roback 1978) he reduced it to a subgenus of Ps�rotanypus
based on immature characters. DerotaDX� was again raised
to generic status in Fittkau and Roback (1983) and Oliver and
Roussel (1983). The immature stages of all species are
poorly known (Fittkau and Roback 1983).
The larvae inhabit small ponds and slower areas of lotic
conditions (Oliver·and Roussel 1983). Some species are able
48
to tolerate high salinities (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
�otanypus is Holarctic in distribution. In the
Palearctic three or four species are known from Europe,
China, and the northern Alps (Fittkau and Roback 1983).
Three species are known from the Nearctic (Fittkau and Roback
1983).
One species was collected in this study.
Derota��� alaskensis (Malloch)
(Figures 16 to 24)
Malloch. 1919. Can. Arctic. Exped. 3:35C
LARVA: n = 10, unless otherwise stated.
Antenna: First segment 302.6 (281.0-330.3) urn long; antennal
ratio 7.3 (6.2-9.7); ring organ position 258.4 (242.0-283.5)
(n=7) urn from base of first segment. Antennal blade subequal
or slightly shorter than terminal segments.
Prementohypopharyngeal complex: Ligula 133.2 (108.8-164.5)
urn long; with four light brown to pale yellow teeth.
Anterior margin of ligula, outer teeth slightly splayed
outwards. Paraligula with ten or more branches, often
subsequently branched, almost the same length as ligula.
Pecten hypopharyngis with 25 or more teeth. M-appendage as a
rounded dome with lateral. 16bes� . Dorsomentum with five or
six teeth, the outer two teeth partially fused and directed
anteriorly.
Mandible: Length 263.6 (240.4-288.4) urn; with three or more
inner teeth and a patch of small teeth on the dorsal surface
49
of the mandible. Apical tooth dark.
Maxillary palp: Basal segment; 64.0 (54.4-73.5) um long.
Ring organ 42.5 (36.7-50.6) um from base of segment.
Body: Procerci about 3.5 times as long as wide, with 20 anal
setae or more. Posterior parapods long, crowned with light
colored claws, the smallest claws highly arched.
PUPA: n = 10, unless otherwise stated.
Color: Light brown, each abdominal segment with a posterior
median region dark brown.
Length: Total length 9.5 (8.1-10.5) (n=8), abdominal length
7.5 (6.3-8.6) (n=9) mm.
Cephalothorax: Thoracic horns dark brown 676.9 (645.0-720.0)
(n=8) um long, and 283.8 (246.5-330.0) (n=7) um wide. The
surface is covered by fine spines. Respiratory atrium is
slightly narrowed just below plastron plate.
Abdomen: All tergites with uniform minute spinules. Lateral
setae VII-6, VIII-5. Anal lobes about twice as long as wide,
biconvex, apical point medial, two large lateral setae in
anterior of each anal lobe.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Pupae and late larval instars were
collected from shallow benthos, algal mats, and
Dr��cladius sp. mats in pond A. The digestive tracts of
the larvae contained, detritus, diatoms, ostracods and
chironomid larvae and pupae.
REMARKS: The adult male specimens examined are slightly
smaller than those described by Roback (1971).
50
DISTRIBUTION: Q. ���nsis has been collected from Alberta,
Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Yukon and Northwest
Territories, and from Ala�ka (Roback 1971).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 3 reared males, male associated
with pupa, 2 reared females, 4 pupae, 4 pupae associated with
larvae, 2 pupal exuviae, 9 larvae. Pond B: 2 larvae. Pond
D: 2 larvae.
Erocladius Skuse
Skuse 1889. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 2:283
LARVA: Medium sized, 6 to 11 mm long. Antennae four
segmented, about as long as mandibles. Dorsomentum with six
to eight teeth. M-appendage with distinct pseudoradula.
Ligula with five teeth, anterior margin concave. Paraligula
with a long apical branch and a variable number of inner and
outer branches. Pecten hypopharyngis with 10 to 15 large
teeth. Mandibles with one inner and one accessory tooth.
Anterior parapods separate with an apical crown of claws.
Body with fringe of swim setae. Procerci two to four times
longer than wide.
PUPA: Exuviae hyaline or slightly pigmented. Thoracic horns
vase shaped, with obvious plastron plates. Respiratory
atrium narrow and tapering, or medially expanded. Anal lobes
large, with fine sawlike teeth on outer margin, inner margin
bare. Apices of anal lobes rounded or pointed, two
macrosetae present on anterior half of each lobe.
51
REMARKS: E£££ladius has been divided into three subgenera;
_e roc 1 ad i u� (s. s t r • ), 1:. ( HoI 0 t�� ) and _e. ( Psi 1.Q.E tan y�� )
(Fittkau and Roback 1983).
Larvae inhabit all types of freshwater (Oliver and
Roussel 1983). Most species prefer the muddy sediments of
lentic waters and slow flowing areas of lotic environments
(Fittkau and Roback 1983). The larvae are tolerant to low
oxygen levels (Wilson and McGill 1982).
Procladi� has a world wide distribution. Eighteen
species of E. (�lotanypus) and three species of _e.
(PsiloBtanxpus) are known from the Nearctic (Roback 1971).
_erocladius (s. str.) is not found in the Nearctic (Fittkau
and Roback 1983).
Two species were collected in this study.
KEY TO SPECIES
LARVA:
1a. Anterior margin of ligula very concave (Fig. 32).
Pecten hypopharyngis with 15 or more teeth •••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••£rocladius (�olot���) sp.
1b. Anterior margin of ligula slightly concave
(Fig. 26). Pecten hypopharyngis with five or
fewer teeth ••••••• Procladiu§ (Psiloptan�) nietu�
PUPA:
1a. Abdomen clear to dark. Inner corners of anal lobes
produced to a slight point (Fig 37) ••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••£rocladiu§ (Holotanxpus) sp.
-
52
1b. Abdomen clear. Inner corners of anal lobes rounded
(Fig. 30) ••••••••••£!£cladius (Esilotan�) niet��
Procladius (Psilotan�) nietus Roback
(Figures 25 to 30)
Roback. 1971. Mono. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiadelphia 17:168
LARVA: n = 1
Antenna: First segment 142.0 um, antennal ratio 4.54. Ring
organ 120.0 um from base of first antennal segment. Antennal
blade length 28.0 um.
,Prementohypopharyngeal complex: Ligula with apical'half
black, length 75.0 um, width 48.0 um. Paraligula 37.5 um
long, four outer lateral teeth no inner teeth. Pecten
hypopharyngis greatly reduced, five teeth present.
M-appendage broken and obsc�red. Dorsomentum with seven
lateral teeth present on each side, slightly concave.
Mandible: Length 130.0 um. ,Apical tooth dark near apex.
Maxillary palp: Single basal segment 29.0 um long.
Body: Procerci 2.5 times longer than wide with 14 anal
setae. Smallest claws of posterior parapods short and
slightly ovoid in shape, none have toothed inner margins.
PUPAE: n = 1
Color:
Length:
Cephalothorax light brown, abdomen pale.
Total length 6.03 mm, abdominal length 4.32 mm.
Cephalothorax: Thoracic horn 270.0 um long, L/W ratio 1.8.
Respiratory atrium narrower than thoracic horn, narrows
......
53
distinctly just below plastron plate.
Abdomen: Without lateral hair fringe. Tergite I with long
narrow scar, length 231.7 um, width 24.7 um. Shagreen on
tergites uniform, of small, sparse spinules. Lateral setae
on VII-4, VIII-5. Anal lobes 690.0 um long, mediocaudal
corners rounded, inner margins straight, external margins
rounded, two anterior macrosetae. About 56 saw like teeth on
caudal and external margins of lobes.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES� The specimen collected emerged in May.
REMARKS: The adult male keyed in Roback (1971).
DISTRIBUTION: £. ni�� has previously been recorded from
British Columbia and Manitoba (Roback 1971).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: reared male.
E!£cladius (Holotanypus) sp.
(Figures 31 to 37)
Roback. 1971. Mono. Aca. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 17:188
LARVA: n = 1
Antenna: First segment 198.0 um long, antennal ratio 5.27.
Ring organ 150.0 um from base of first segment. Antennal
blade 32.5 um long.
Prementohypopharyngeal complex: Middle tooth of ligula much
smailer than lateral teeth; toothed area dark. Ligula 127.0
um long, 86.0 um wide. Paraligula with one inner tooth and
three teeth on lateral side of main branch, length 50.0 um.
Pecten hypopharyngis with 15 or more teeth. M-appendage, a
large vesicular structure with two lateral lobes;
54
pseudoradula distinct. Each side of the dorsomentum is
slightly concave, with seven teeth.
Mandible: Mandibles 190.0 um long. Apical tooth brown and
acute.
Body: Procerci three times as long as wide, bearing more
than 25 anal setae. Smallest claws of posterior parapods
highly arched.
PUPAE: n = 1
Color: Exuvium pale; thoracic horns brown.
Length: Total length 7.1 mm, abdominal length 5.3 mm.
Cephalothorax: Thoracic horn 550 um long, L/W ratio 3.38,
dark with fine retculations. Respiratory atrium distinctly
narrower than thoracic horn, becoming narrower just below
plastron plate.
Abdomen: Without lateral hair fringe. 'Shagreen on all
tergites.uniform and sparse. Scar on tergite I obscured.
Lateral setae VII-4, VIII-5. Anal lobes 920 um long, with
about 60 sawlike teeth on outer edge; inner margin straight,
mediocaudal corner slightly produced; outer margin rounded;
two large setae on anterior half of lobes.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The larva was collected from the central
benthos of Pond A.
REMARKS: The specimen keys to Prolcadius (Holotanypus) in
Fittkau and Roback (1983). The larvae key to � (�.) pOSSe
prolo�� in Roback (1980). The pupal exuvium also keys to
E. E!olongatus with slight descrepanices which may be due to
.....
-
55
geographical variation. The adult male is needed for
positive species identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: reared female.
Psect�nypus Kieffer
Kieffer. 1909. Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Metz. 26:42
LARVA: Large, up to 11 mm. Color greenish, yellow or
reddish. Antennae four segmented, antennal ratio greater
than 6. Ligula with four teeth, anterior margin concave;
paraligula pe�tinate. Dorsomentum straight or slightly
concave with six to eight teeth. Mandibles with four to
eight saw-like inner teeth. Anterior parapods separate, each
with a crown of claws. Abdominal segments with a setal
fringe. Procerci three or more times longer than wide.
Small claws of posterior parapods simple or with an oval
base.
PUPA: Medium sized, chestnut brown. Thoracic horns almost
parallel sided. Scar on tergite I circular to quadrate.
Anal. lobes symetrically biconvex, inner and outer margins
fringed with large tooth like hairs.
REMARKS: Psectrotanypus has been divided in into two
subgenera on two ocassions; �ctrota!!1�' .(.s.· .. st r , ); and E.
(�tanypus) based on adult characters (Roback 1971;) and £.
(s. str.) and E. (,t!psectrotanypus) based on. immature
characters (Roback 1978). Recently �rotan� and
,t!psectr£!anypus have been raised to full generic status
56
(Fittkau and Roback 1983).
The larvae prefer small, warm, eutrophic, lentic waters
and the slower areas of rivers (Fittkau and Roback 1983;
Oliver and Roussel 1983). Larvae of some species can
tolerate polluted conditions (Wilson and McGill 1982).
Three species are known from the Nearctic and one from
the Palearctic (Fittkau and Roback 1983). In North America
the genus is distributed from Alaska to Newfoundland and into
the southern United States (Oliver and Roussel 1983; Roback
1978).
One species was collected in this study.
Psectrotanypus dxari (Coquillet)
(Figures 38 to 43)
Coquillet. 1902. Ent. News 13:85
LARVA: n = 8
Antenna: First segment 278.5 (255-305.7) um long; antennal
ratio 7.24 (6.8-7.85). Ring organ 208.9 (187.2-231.7) um
from base of first segment. Antennal blade reaches to
midpoint of third segment.
Prementohypopharyngeal complex: Ligula with light colored
teeth, outer teeth splayed slightly; length 127.0
(117.5-139.0) um, width 67.5 (60.0-75.9) um. Paraligula 69.7
(63.3-77.5) um long; two main branches each distally bifid
plus one small outer tooth. Pecten hypopharyngis with 18 or
more long teeth. M-appendage about 125 um long, pseudoradula
distinct. Dorsomentum with six or seven teeth in a slightly
57
concave plate, most lateral teeth small.
Mandible: Length 246.4 (224.0-269.5) um; apical dark, inner
teeth six or more.
Maxillary palp: A single basal segment 67.2 (58.2-72.5) um
long.
Body: Procerci about 3.5 times longer than wide, with 18 or
more anal setae. Some of the larger claws on the posterior
parapods have small spines on the inner margin.
PUPA: n = 4
Color: Dark brown. Each abdominal segment has an anterior
dark line.
Length: Total length, 7.6 (7.1-8.0) mm; abdominal length 5.6
(5.3-6.0) mm.
Cephalothorax: Thoracic horn 607.5 (570.0-650.0) um long,
192.3 (172.6-221.9) um wide, slightly flared distally,
plastron plate small on terminal surface; surface with small
spines.
Abdomen: Scar on tergite I approximately circular with a
deep posterior notch. Sparse uniform shagreen on tergites II
to VIII. Lateral setae on segments VI-1, VII-6 or 7, VIII-5.
Anal lobes 1020 (970-1050) um long, two macrosetae in
anterior:hai� of each lobe.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Larvae were collected from the shallow
benthos in pond·A and the culvert inflow of pond B. The
digestive tracts contained diatoms, detritus, ostracods,
orthoclads, cladocerans and coleopteran or trichopteran
....
58
remains.
Psectrotan� g�ari is tolerant of a wide range of
ecological conditions (Roback 1971).
REMARKS: Reared males keyed easily in (Roback) 1971.
However the measurements and ratios of the immatures were
much larger than those given for E. near dyari, but Roback
(1978) mentions that specimens from higher latitudes are
often larger.
DISTRIBUTION: Psectrot�� g�ri is the most widespread
and abundant species in the subtribe Macropelopia (Roback
1971). It has been collected from BC, MB, ON, PQ, SK, and YT
in Canada. In the United States it is known from CA, CO, CT,
DC, FL, IL, lA, KS, KY, MI, MN, MS, MT, NV, NH, NJ, NY, PA,
RI, SC, SO, TN, UT, WV, WA, WY. (Roback 1978, Driver 1977,
Roback 1971).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 2 reared males, reared female
from pupa, pupal exuvium, larva. Pond B: 5 larvae. Pond F:
larva.
Tanypu§ Meigen
Meigen. 1803. Mag. F. Insektenkunde: 261
LARVA: Large from 10 to 12 mm. Antennae four segmented,
slightly longer than mandibles. Ligula with five teeth,
anterior margin straight or concave. Dorsomentum with five
or six teeth on each side. M appendage divided into five
lobes. Paraligula large, with two to nine long apical and
.....
.....
59
lateral branches. Pecten hypopharyngis reduced. Maxilla
with a single basal segment. Mandibles with enlarged base
and two or three inner teeth. Anterior parapods with a crown
of claws. Abdominal segments fringed with setae. Procerci
about five times longer than wide.
PUPA: Thoracic horns saclike. Scar on tergite I absent.
Shagreen on tergites as fine spinules. Lateral setae on
abdominal segments variable in number. Anal lobes small and
rounded with a pair of anal setae.
REMARKS: Roback (1971) divided �� into two subgenera;
Tanypus (s. str.).and I. (�lopi�) based on adult
characters.
Larvae of Ianypus prefer the soft sediments of shallow,
warm, lentic and lotic waters (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
Some species can tolerate a variety of environmental
conditions including organic pollutation (Oliver and Roussel
1983). The larvae feed on chironomid larvae, plant material
and algae (Fittkau and Roback 1983).
The genus has a world wide distribution, 11 species are
known from the Nearctic (Fittkau and Roback 1983).
One species was collected in this study.
Tanypus (�nypus) punctipennis Meigen
(Figures 44 to 47)
Meigen. 1818. Forstman Aachen:61
LARVA: n = 1
Antenna: First segment 190.0 urn long, antennal ratio 6.9.
......
60
Ring organ 142.5 um from base of first segment. Antennal
blade 12.5 um long.
Prementohypopharyngeal complex: Ligula with five light brown
teeth with a convex anterior margin; length 80 um, width 27
um. Paraligula 65.0 um long, made up of five branches, the
medial two branch 0.46 from base. Pecten hypopharyngis
greatly reduced, with two or three medial teeth. M-appendage
obscured, appears to have five lobes. Dorsomentum composed
of six lateral teeth in a concave plate, first lateral teeth
appressed to median tooth.
Mandible: Length 110 um. Apical tooth light brown. Base
greatly enlarged.
Body: Procerci four times longer than wide, bearing 16 anal
setae. Claws of posterior parapods simple, none with
expanded bases.
PUPA: No pupae were collected.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The single specimen was collected from a
culvert flowing into pond B on June 28, 1983.
Larvae are indifferent to pH, tolerant to low oxygen
levels, and can live on the substrate or be freeliving (Beck
1977).
REMARKS: The. larval specimen:keys easily in Roback (1977).
DISTRIBUTION: The species has been reported from BC, MB, ON,
and SK in Canada, and from CA, FL, GA, IL, MD, MA, MI, NJ,
NY, NE, NV, PA, SO, WA, and WI in the United States (Roback
1977, Roback 1971).
61
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond B: 1 larva.
....
62
CHIRONOMINAE
LARVA: Color ranges from white to green to dark red. Size
from small to large.
Antennae: Five to eight segmented. In the tribe Chironomini
the antennae are directly articulated to the head capsule,
but in the ttibe Tanytarsini the �ntennae are articulated on
antennal tubercles. Ring organ present on the first antennal
segment. Antennal blade usually shorter than combined
lengths of terminal segments, accessory blade much shorter
than blade. Lauterborn's organs of the Chironomini are
usually sessile on the second antennal �egment and very
small. In the Tanytarsini the Lauterborn's organs are
sometimes large and located on the apex of petioles of
varying lengths.
Labrum: 51 variable, in the Tanytarsini bases are fused or
almost fused. 511 usually simple. Pecten epipharyngis made
of three toothed scales or a single toothed bar.
Premandibles almost always present, with one to seven teeth
and often with a well developed premandibular brush.
Mentum: With nine to sixteen anteriorly directed teeth.
Ventromental plates well developed with distinct striations.
Mandibles: With an apical tooth and often a distinct dorsal
tooth. Inner margin usually has three to five inner teeth.
Pecten mandibularis, seta subdentalis and seta interna are
all usually present.
Body: Anterior parapods usually separate with a crown of
......
63
claws on the apex of each parapod. In some species of
Chironomini the eighth abdominal segment has a pair of
lateral tubules and none, one or two pairs of ventral tubules
on the ninth segment. Procerci usually well developed with a
number of anal setae. Two pairs of anal tubules usually
present. Apex of each posterior parapod with a number of
strong claws.
PUPA: Size 3 mm to 20 mm long. Color green to red or brown.
Cephalothorax: Thoracic horns of the Chironomini are usually
plumose or a number of wide lumened branches. In the
Tanytarsini the thoracic horns are a single tube or absent.
The cephlic tubercles are variably developed, frontal setae
may be present or absent. The dorsal surface may be nodulose
or slightly wrinkled.
Abdomen: In the Chironomini the abdominal tergites may have. .
a uniform or patchy shagreen pattern. Tergite II usually has
a hook row which may be interrupted medially. Pedes spurii 8
on segment II may be present or absent. A variable number of
lateral setae are present on segments V to VIII. Segment
VIII often has a variably developed spur. The anal lobes
have hair fringe.
The abdominal tergites of the Tanytarsini may have paired
spine patches present, which in a few cases are fused
medially. The spur of segment VIII is usually well
developed. The anal lobes have a well developed hair fringe.
64
KEY TO CHIRONOMINAE GENERA
collected in study
LARVAE
1a. Antennae on tubercles (Fig. 128). Ventromental
plates closely appressed together medially (Fig.
131 ) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• �anytarsini ••••••••• 10
1b. Antennae not on tubercles. Ventromental plates
separated by at least width of median tooth or
teeth of mentum(Fig. 120) •••• Chironomini •••••••••• 2
2a. Premandibles with six teeth (Fig. 79) ••••••••••••••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • Cryptochir.!2!:!.2.!!!Us2b. Premandibles bifid (Fig. 65) •••••••••••••••••••••• 3
3a. Sixth lateral tooth of mentum enlarged (Fig. 75) •••
•• •• • • • • •• • • •• •• •• • • • • • • •• •• •• •• • • • • • • •• • Cladonelma--�-
3b. Sixth lateral tooth of normal size (Fig. 53) •••••• 4
4a. Mandibles with two distinct inner teeth (Fig 117) ••
•••••••••• •••• •• •••••• •• •• •••••••••• • �chironomus
4b. Mandibles with two or three inner teeth (Fig. 121)5
5a. Mentum with an even number of teeth (Fig. 120) •••• 7
5b. Mentum with an odd number of teeth (Fig. 54) •••••• 6
6a. Median tooth distinctly trifid (Fig. 54 •• Chironomus
6b. Median tooth simple (Fig. 88) ••••••••••••••••••••• 8
7a. Pecten epipharyngis divided into three scales
(Fig. 98) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Endochironomus
7b. Pecten epipharyngis appearing as a single plate·
with long teeth (Fig. 119) ••••••••••••�enop��
-
1a. Thoracic horns simple tubes (Fig. 133). Tergites
65
8a. Pecten epipharyngis with five or fewer teeth •••••••
•••••••• •••• •••• •••••• •••••••••• •• •••• Dicrotendines----------,----.�---
8b. Pecten epipharyngis with ten or more teeth
(Fig. 56) •.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9
9a. Frontal apotome with a circular depression (Fig 92)
••••••••••••••••••••••••.................... Ei�ldia9b. Frontal apotome without a circular depression ••••••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •�totendiE�
10a.Petioles of Lauterborn organs longer than the
combined lengths of the third to fifth antenna 1
segments (Fig. 136) •••••••••••••••••••••• Tanytarsus
10b.Petioles of Lauterborn organs shorter than
combined lengths of the third to fifth antennal
segments (Fig. 122, 128) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11
11a.Middle tooth of mentum notched laterally (Fig. 125)
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Cladotanyta�'us11b.Middle tooth of mentum simple (Fig. 131) •••••••••••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • E��.!::!X t a��
PUPAE
with paired spine tracts (Fig. 134) •••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Tanytarsini •••••••• 11
1b. Thoracic horns tufts of fine filaments or a number
of larger tubules. Tergites not as above ••••••••••
••••••••••••••••••••••
·
•••••••• Chironomini ••••••••• 2
2a. Thoracic horns a series of tubules •••• Eha�£E�£1!�
-
-
66
2b. Thoracic horns a tuft of fine filaments ••••••••••• 3
3a. Caudolateral corner of segment VIII without a
distinct spur (Fig. 112) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4
3b. Caudolateral corner of segment VIII with a distinct
variable spur (Fig. 59, 71) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7
4a. Tergites pale yellow or dark amber. Anal lobes
with central forked process (Fig. 83) ••••••••••••••
•••• •• •••••• •••••• •• •• •• •• •• •••••• • Crlltochi.£Q!!�
4a. Tergites dark brown. Forked process absent ••••••• 5
Sa. Mace-like processes present on one or more tergites
(Fig. 74, 110, 111) 6
5b. Tergites without mace-like processes ••••••.•••••••• 7
6a. Tergites II or III to VI with medial mace processes
(Fig. 110, 111) •••••••••••••••••••••• Glx.Etotendipes
6b. Mace process present on tergite ·VI only (Fig. 74) ••
• • • • • •
'
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• C lad.2.E�
7a. Hair fringe on anal lobes uniform (Fig. 57) •••••• 8
7b. Hair fringe with dark caudal tufts (Fig. 104) ••••••
•• •• • ••• •• •• • ••• •••• •• •• •• •• •••• ••••• En�chironomus
8a. Segments II to VI with three transverse bands of
shagreen. On segement II the posterior band is
u - s hap e d • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 i .E.!:!2� n d i p�
8b. Shagreen more uniform (Fig. 70, 72) ••••••••••••••• 9
9a. Spur on segment VIII large (Fig. 59, 69, 71) •••••••
•• •• •• •• •••••••.••••• •••••• •• •••• •••• ••••• Chironomus
9b. Spur small or absent (Fig. 95, 112, 113) ••••••••• 10
67
10a.Spur small, usually one or two spines, sometimes
branched (Fig. 95). Shagreen increases in size
medially and caudally on tergites IV, V, VI
(Fig. 96) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Einfeldia
10b.Spur absent, if present, larger with more spines.
Shagreen not as above (Fig. 11,2, 113) •
• ••• •• •••• •• •••• •• •••••••••••••• •••• ·E�chironomus
11a.Spine tracts on abdominal tergites laterally placed,
never joined medially (Fig. 134) ••••••••••••••••• 12
11b.Spine tracts on segments IV and V single or paired
close to midline ••••••••••••••••••••• Parata�tars�
12a.Segments II to IV with paired longitudinal spine
tracts. Segment VIII with a spur of eight or fewer
teeth ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Cladotanyta�
12b.Spine tracts on segments III to VI (Fig. 134, 135).
Spur on segment VIII ·with eight to ten fine teeth ••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ta���
Chi£2�� Meigen
Meigen. 1803. Mag. f. Insectenkunde 2:260
LARVA: Antennae five segmented. Median tooth of mentum
trifid with six pairs of lateral· teeth. Ventt���ri�al plates
usually smooth on anterior margin, with striations.
Mandibles with two or three inner teeth, dorsal tooth and.
pecten mandibularis present� inner margins with spines. SI
and SII usually pectinate. Premandibles usually bifid.
-
....
68
Pecten epipharyngis a simple bar with 10 to 20 teeth along
posterior margin. Anterior and posterior parapods separate
each with a crown of claws. Seventh abdominal segment with
posterior lateral process present or absent. Abdominal
segment eight with two pairs of ventral tubules present or
absent.
PUPA: Cephalic tubercles with frontal seta present.
Thoracic horns plumose. Hook row on tergite II complete.
Abdominal tergites with variable shagreen patterns.
Conjunctives bare or with small spinules present. Lateral
setae, V-4, VI-4, VII-3 or 4, VIII-5. Spur on segment VIII
made of one to twenty spines. Anal lobes with well developed
hair fringe.
REMARKS: fbl��� has a world wide distribution consisting
of several hundred species. The three subgenera known from
the Holarctic, Chironomus (s. str.); f. (Ca�tochir���)and f. (Chaetaboli�) cannot be separated in the larval stage
(Pinder and Reiss 1983), but recent work by Webb et. ale
(1985) has shown that some European Chi£2�� larvae can be
identified to species using morphological characters. f.
(Camptochironomus) has been considered by some workers as a
separate genus (Ashe 1983, Pinder and Reiss 1983). However
this has not been generally accepted by taxonomists.
Larvae of Chi��� are found in all types of freshwater
habitats, especially in eutrophic conditions (Wilson and
McGill 1982). They are most common in lentic environments
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Chi .!:!2!J�'§' atrella----
69
and the slower areas of lotic habitats (Oliver and Roussel
1983). The larvae feed on detritus by deposit feeding and/or
filter feeding (Pinder and Reiss 1983).
Four species were collected in this study.
Key to species of Chironomus
LARVAE:
1a. Large. Antennal ratio more than 2.5. First
antennal segment longer than 152 urn. Mandible
longer than 250 um •••••••••••••• Chironomus tenta�
1b. Larvae smaller in all measurements •••••••••••••••• 2
2a. Antennal ratio about 1.9. First antennal segment
125 urn long. Mandible 248 urn long •••••••••••••••••
2b. Antennal ratio about 1.75. First antennal segment
137 urn long. Mandible 225 urn long ••••••••••••••••••
Ch'..
• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _'!!.E.!J.2'!!!� .!: 1. par 1. !:!.§.
PUPAE:
1a. Exuvium large about 12 mm long. Dark brown •••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Chi.!.2nomus tentans
1b. Exuvium smaller and paler ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
2a. Exuvium about 11.8 mm long. Anterior and lateral ••
margins of tergites II to VI without shagreen ••••••
• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• f.b.!ronomus sp ,
2b. Exuvium small�r, under 9 mm long •••••••••••••••••• 3
3a. Exuvium length about 7.6 mm •••••• Chironomus �trel�
3b. Exuvium length about 8.08 mm •••• Chlronomu.§. ripari�
-
70
Chironomus (s. str.) ��la Townes
(Figures 48 to 52, 60)
Townes. 1945. American MidI. Nat. 34:124
LARVA: n = 5, unless otherwise stated.
Antenna: First segment 125.0 (12�.5-127.5) um long; antennal
ratio 1.9 (1.7-2.2). Ring organ 42.3 (30.0-53.8) um from
base of first segment. Antennal blade reaches to mid-point
of fourth segment. Lauterborn's organs reduced, sessile on
the apex of segment two.
Labrum: SI pectinate, SII simple, about 1.5 times as long as
SID Pecten epipharyngis made up of a bar with .14 teeth.
Premandibles bifid.
Mentum: Thirteen teeth, median tooth distinctly trifid;
first two laterals partially fused. Ventromental plates
200.3 (192.5-208.8) um long, 59.5 (�6.3-62.5) um wide;
posterior band of strong striations, anterior surface smooth.
Mandible: Length 248.8 (242.5-252.5) um. One dorsal tooth
present; apical tooth and first two inner teeth dark, third
tooth pale. Seta subdentalis short·. Seta interna well
developed with four major branches. Pecten mandibularis well
developed. An arc of crenulations is present on the base.
Two or three spines are present on the inner margin.
Body: Anterior parapods separate, each with a apical crown
of claws. Abdominal segments destroyed. Procerci with six
anal setae. Posterior parapods separate, each with a crown
.....
....
71
of simple claws.
PUPA: n = 5, unless otherwise stated.
Color: Brown.
Length: Total length 7.7 (7.3-B.1) (n = 4) mm, abdominal
length 6.0 (5.7-6.2) (n = 4) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercle� acute, apex appears
slightly cupped; a preapical frontal seta is present. Dorsal
surface covered with nodulations.
Abdomen: Hook row on tergite II complete, extending almost
the total width of the segment. Pedes spurii B present on
segment II. " Tergites II, III, IV, V, and VI with shagreen
absent in the anterior part, shagreen increases toward the
posterior of each tergite, as well as caudally. Tergite VII
with two areas of sparse shagreen in the anterior porti6n of
the segment separated medially. Tergite VIII with paired
shagreen areas in the posterior part, separated medially.
Lateral setae V-4, VI-4, VII-4, VIII-5. Spur on segent VIII
dark brown, made of 3 or 4 spines. Anal lobes with a hair
"fringe of 75 or more hairs per lobe.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Specimens examined were collected as
larvae from the benthos of the shallow areas of pond A during
mid August to September in 1983.
Larvae of Chironomus atrella have been found in a wide
range of aquatic habitats from small ponds and reservoirs to
lakes, rivers and coastal coves (Gillespie" 1974; Anderson and
Hitchcock 1968).
72
The biology of the species has been studied in
association with a mixohaline cove in Connecticut (Anderson
and Hitchcock 1968).
REMARKS: The five reared male specimens key to Chlronomu�
atrel� in Townes (1945) and Gillespie (1974). Gillespie's
descriptions of the larvae and pupae agree with my material
except in the antennal ratio of the larvae, the length of the
antennal blade and the number of lateral setae on the eighth
abdominal tergite of the pupae.
I was unable to find any significant differences between
the immature stages of Chir£�� !lEari� and f. at�la to
separate all specimens of these two species I examined. The
characters in the key should be used with caution.
DISTRIBUTION: Chir�� �tr� has not previously be
reported from Saskatchewan. It has been collected from AB,
MB, and PE in Canada; and from CA, CO, MA, MN, NV, and SO, in
the United States (Gillespie 1974, Sublette and Sublette
1965, Johannsen and Townes 1952).-
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 5 reared males.
Chironomus (s. str.) rip�ius Meigen
(Figures 53 to 59, 61)
Meigen. 1804. Etster Band. �pt�- I�13
LARVA: n = 2, unless otherwise stated.
Antenna: First segment 136.0-137.5 um long; antennal ratio
1.7-1.8. Ring organ 43.8 (n=1) um from base of first
segment. Antennal blade reaches to apex of fourth segment.
73
Lauterborn's organs sessile on apex of second segment.
Labrum: SI pectinate; SII simple, about 1.5 times the length
of SI. Pecten epipharyngis with 13 teeth. Premandible
bifid.
Mentum: First two lateral teeth partially fused.
Ventromental plates 177.5-197.5 u� long, 55.5-57.5 um wide;
posterior band of strong striations, anterior edge smooth.
Mandible:. Length 222-225 um. One pale dorsal tooth, apical
and two inner teeth dark. Third inner tooth pale, may be a
pseudotooth. seta interna with four main branches. Pecten
mandibularis well developed. Seta subdentalis short. Base
with an arc of grooves. Inner margin with two or three
spines.
Body: Seventh abdominal segment does not have posterior
lateral tubules, eighth abdominal segment bears two pairs of
ventral tubuli (Bryce and Hob�rt 1972; Simpson and Bode
1980). Procerci short, bearing 7 anal setae •.
PUPA: n = 2, unless otherwise stated.
Color: Light brown.
Length: Total length 7.4-7.9 mm, abdominal length 5.6-6.3
mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles acute, 103 (n = 1) um
long, with preapical frontal seta. Dorsal surface covered by
fine nodulations.
Abdomen: Segment II with pedes spurii B present. Anterior
portion of tergites II, III, and IV bare. Tergites V and VI
74
are uniformly covered by shagreen. Tergite VII has an
anterior band of sparse shagreen. Tergite VIII has two
medial patches of sparse shagreen, spur appears to be one
spine. Lateral setae V-4, VI-4, VII-4, VIII-5. Anal lobe
with 75 hairs or. more on each lobe.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The larvae of the two reared males were
collected from pond A on July 27, 1983. The immature stages
inhabit lentic and lotic conditions (Beck 1977; Gillespie
1974; Simpson and Bode 1980). Larvae tolerate high levels of
organic pollution and may have potential as a pollution
indicator (Paine and Gaufin 1956). The larvae live on or in
the substrate feeding on dead plants or animals (Beck 1977).
REMARKS: The reared adult males key in Townes (1945),
Gillespie (1974), Edwards (1929) and Pinder (1978).
Gillespie (1974) describes the immature stages of the
species. The pupal exuviae of the collected material has one
more lateral seta on VII and VIII than Gillespie's·material.
Immature specimens of this species could not be
distinguished from those of Chironomus atrella unless reared
to adult males. The immature keys should be used with
caution.
DISTRIBUTION: Chir��� ri£arius is a Holarctic species.
In North America it inhabits· the continent from Alaska to
Newfoundland south to California and Florida (Gillespie
1974).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 2 reared males.
75
Chironomus (famptochiron��) te�tan� (Fabricus)
(Figures 62 to 71)
Fabricus. 1805. Systema antiliatorum secundum ordines,
genera, species Brunswick: 38.
LARVA: n = 8, unless otherwise stated.
Antenna: First segment 159.8 (152.0-171.5) (n=6) um long;
antennal ratio 2.6 (2.5-2.8) (n=4). Ring organ 51.4
(41.7-57.8) (n=6) um from base of first segment. Antennal
blade slightly longer than terminal segments. Lauterborn's
organs reduced.
Labrum: SI pectinate; SII simple, about twice as long as SI.
Pecten epipharyngis with 12 to 14 teeth. Premandibles bifid.
Mentum: First two laterals partially fused. Ventromental
plates 252.1 (230.0-274.4) um long and 73.2 (68.6-78.4) um
wide; anterior margin smooth, posterior band of striations
distinct.
Mandible-: Length 296.4 (264.6-328.5) urn. One pale dorsal
tooth, apical tooth and two inner teeth dark. Pecten
mandibularis, well developed. Seta subdentalis short. Seta
interna made up of three main branches, each of which is
further subdivided. Basal area of mandible has an arc of
grooves. Two or three spines present on the inner margin.
Body: Seventh abdominal segment with a posterior lateral
process. Eighth abdominal segment has a pair of ventral
tubules. Procerci short with 7 anal setae.
PUPA: n = 9, unless otherwise stated.
76
Color: Dark brown.
Length: Total l�ngth 12.0 (11.4-13.1) (n=8) mm; abdominal
length 9.2 (8.8-10.0) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles acute with a frontal seta.
Dorsal surface nodulate.
Abdomen: Segment II with Pedes spurii B present. Segments
II to VI and VIII with uniform shagreen, progressively
increasing in size in the posterior of each segment.
Shagreen of VII reduced to anterior portion only. Lateral
setae, V-4, VI-4, VII-3, VIII-5. Segment VIII with a dark
b�own spur made of about five spines fused together. Anal
lobe with a hair fringe of about 50 hairs on each lobe.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: This species was very abundant in pond A.
The immatures were collected from the central benthos region
of the pond. Gut 'contents of the larvae were mostly
detritus. The peak emergence period in pond A was from June
to mid July 1983 and 1984.
REMARKS: The reared males keyed easily in Townes (1945).
Larvae of .£. tent..2!!.2 were the only species collected, from
pond A, with two ventral tubules.
DISTRIBUTION: The species is Holarctic and widespread in
North America (Sublette and Sublette 1965).
MATEERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 9 reared males; 2 reared
females; 3 larvae associated with pupae; 37 pupal exuviae; 65
larvae.
Chironomus sp
77
\
(Figures 72, 73)
Larvae: No larvae were associated.
Pupa: n = 4
Color: Cephalothorax dark brown, abdomen pale.
Length: Total length 11.8 (11.3-12.2) mm; abdominal length
9.3 (8.9-9.6) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles conical, acute with a
short preapical frontal setae. Dorsal surface with nodules.
Abdomen: Tergite I bare. Pedes spurii B present on segments
I and II. Hook row on tergite II complete, about as wide as
segment. Tergites II to VI with lateral and anterior margins
bare, and a central shagreen patch. Conjunctives bare.
Tergite VII with a pair of anterior shagreen patches.
Tergite VIII with a pair of posteriolateral shagreen patches.
Lateral setae VIII-S, VII-4, VI-4, V-4. Spur on segment VIII
well developed, made of about ten spines. Anal lobes with
extensive hair fringe.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Pupae were collected in late July 1984
from pond A.
REMARKS: The pupal exuviae key to Chironomus ���� group
in Wilson and McGill (1982); f. �£� in Mason (1983); and
f. nr sta��l ? in Mason (1978). Reared material will be
required to identify the specimens to species.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 4 pupal exuviae.
Cladopel�� Keiffer
,-78
Kieffer. 1921. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Metz. 29:63
LARVA: Antenna five segmented. Mentum usually with two
medial teeth, or a notched single median tooth, and five
pairs of lateral teeth, most lateral teeth enlarged.
Ventromental plates narrow. SI simple. Pecten epipharyngis
with a long medial scale and two �horter toothed scales.
Premandibles with four to six teeth. Mandibles with two
inner teeth, dorsal tooth and pecten mandibularus absent.
Ventral tubules on abdominal segment eight absent. Procerci
present.
PUPA: Exuviae pale. Thoracic horns plumose. Cephalic
tubercles with spinules. Conjunctives III/IV and IV/V with
spinules. Tergite VI with a mace-like process on the
posterior margin. Segment VIII with a single or double,
thin, pale spine laterally.
REMARKS: CI�doeelma belongs to the Harnischl� complex
(Saether 1977). Most species are unknown or inadequately
described as larvae (Pinder and Reiss 1S83).
Larvae inhabit sandy or muddy substrates of shallow
lakes and rivers (Oliver and Roussel 1983, Pinder and Reiss
1983). Some species are tolerant to low oxygen levels
(Wilson and McGill 1982).
CI�doeelma has been reported from the Holoarctic and
Afrotropical regions (Pinder and Reiss 1983). About 17
species have been reported from the Holarctic (Pinder and
Reiss 1983), and seven from the Nearctic (Oliver 1981). In
79
Canada the genus is known from British Columbia and Yukon
Territory to Quebec (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
In this study larval and pupal stages were collected
which may be the same species or two species.
Cladopelm� sp. 1
(Figure 74)
LARVA: None were associated.
PUPA: n = 1.
Color: Pale yellow brown.
Length: Total length 4.5 mm, abdomen length 3.4 mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles acute, 63.3 urn long with
very minute apical spinules. Dorsal surface sparsely
nodulated.
Abdomen: Tergite I with medially paired patches of pale
spines. Tergite II with an anterior band of stout pale
spines. Hook row on segment II consisting of about 50 hooks,
medially interrupted. Tergites III to VI with uniform,
sparse points, and a posterior row of points. Tergite VI has
a toothed posteriomedial mace-like process. Tergites VII and
VIII almost bare. Lateral setae, VIII-4, VII-4, VI-4, V-3 or
4. Caudolateral corner of VIII with a single, thin pale
spine set lateraliy on the s����nt. Anal lobes with hair
fringe of about 50 hairs.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The single specimen was collected from
pond A on June 15, 1983.
REMARKS: The specimen does not fit any of the species
,
80
descriptions provided by Beck and Beck (1969). The specimen
keys to CI�doRelma in Wilson and McGill (1982). The female
is in very poor condition, other associated material will be
needed for species identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: female associated with pupa.
CladoR'!u:� ,sp. 2
(Figures 75 to 77)
LARVA: n = 1
Antenna: First segment 62.0 urn long, terminal segments 41.0
urn long, antennal ratio 1.5. Third antennal segment half as
long as fourth segment. Ring organ 15.0 urn from base of
first segment. Antennal blade 5.5 urn long.
Labrum: SI and SII simple, SI half as long as SII. Pecten
epipharyngis a simple plate. Premandible unevenly bifid,
with well developed brush.
Mentum: Thirteen teeth, median tooth notched in the middle,
sixth lateral tooth enlarged, three times larger than fifth
lateral. Ventromental plates twice as long as wide,
striations very distinct in the posterior half.
Mandible: Length 127.0 urn. Apical tooth light brown. Two
inner teeth broad and flat. Seta interna with three main
branches, two not subdivided but pectinate at apex., Seta
subdentalis 22.0 urn long. Dorsal tooth absent.
Body: Anterior parapods separate with a crown of claws.
Procerci short, with eight anal setae. Posterior parapods
with simple claws.
1--,
81
PUPA: None were associated.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The larval specimen was collected from an
algal mat in pond A in 1982. The digestive tract of the
larva contained detritus and a number of diatoms.
REMARKS: Cladopelma is described as Harns� in Beck and
Beck (1969). The larval specimen ,fits the description for
.!:!arnischia galeat£_E in Beck and Beck (1969). The specimen
keys to f. late�lis group in Pinder and Reiss (1983). More
material is needed to positively identify the specimen.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: larva.
f!1ptochiro�� Kieffer
Kieffer. 1918. Ent. Mitt. 7:46
LARVA: Antennae five segmented. Mentum with single light
colored, dome shaped medial tooth and five pairs of lateral
teeth arched antereomedially. Ventromental plates narrow.
SI and SII simple. Pecten epipharyngis a triangular plate
divided into three lobes, posterior margin serrated.
Premandibles with four to six apical teeth. Mandibles with
two inner teeth. Seta interna and seta subdentalis present.
'Dorsal tooth and pecten mandibularis absent. Procerci
present. Ventral tubules absent.
PUPA: Cephalic tubercles may be large and often with a
distinctive shape. Thoracic horns plumose. Hook row on
tergite II interupted medially. Tergites yellow or amber
with cuticular recticulations. Tergites III to VIII with a
,-82
posterior transverse row of short strong spines. Segment
VIII lacking a spur. Anal 'lobes with a medial cuticular
projection between the lobes.
REMARKS: Cr1Btochironomus belongs to the Harnischi� complex.
Larvae inhabit shallow areas of lentic and lotic
conditions (Oliver and Roussel 19�3). They are tolerant to
low levels of oxygen (Wilson and McGill 1982).
The genus is distributed throughout the world, with about
30 species known from the Holarctic (Pinder and Reiss 1983).
Six species are known from the Nearctic (Oliver 1981).
One species was collected in this study.
Cr1Etochironomus digitatu� Malloch
(Figures 78 to 84)
Malloch. 1915. Ill. State. Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull. 10:4B3
LARVA: n = 1
Antenna: First segme�t 80.0 urn long, antennal ratio 0.9.
Third segment subequal to second. Fourth and fifth segments
subequal. Ring organ 55.0 urn from base of first segment.
Labrum: SII twice as long as SI. Pecten epipharyngis a
serrated scale with median tooth longest. Premandibles with
six teeth.
Mentum: Thirteen teeth, median tooth light, six lateral
teeth obliquely pointing inwards making mentum appear
concave. First laterals closely apressed to median tooth,
sixth laterals notched on the apex. Ventromental plates
240.0 urn long, and 48.0 urn wide; striations very distinct.
83
Mandible: Length 235.0 um. Apical tooth and two inner teeth
dark' brown. Seta i�terna with three main branches. Seta
subdentalis 33.0 um long.
Body: Anterior parapods separate with a crown, of claws.
Posterior part of, abdomen missing.
PUPA: n = 3, unless otherwise st�ted.
Color: Yellow.
Length: Total length 15.1-15.8 (n = 2) mm; abdominal length
11.2-11.6 (n = 2) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles 490.0 (n=1) um long,
acute, frontal seta absent. Entire surface of the
cephalothorax covered by nodulations.
Abdomen: All segments with very distinct recticulations.
Pedes spurii 8 present on segment II. �ow of points on
tergites III, IV, V, VI, and VII. Intersegmental
conjunctives with fine spinules. Shagreen on the tergites
sparse or absent. Four lateral setae on segments V to VIII.
Anal lobe with a hair fringe of 70 or more hairs per lobe,
and a medial bifurcated appendage.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The pupal specimens were collected in June
1983. Food consists of organic detritus, diatoms, algal
spores, and chironomid larvae (Curry 1958).
REMARKS: The specimens key easily in Mason (1983) and Curry
(1958).
DISTRIBUTION: Saskatchewan to Ontario and Maine, south'to
Texas, Georgia and California (Sublette and Sublette 1965).
84
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 2 pupal exuviae and a pupa with
associated larval exuvium.
Dicrotendie� Kieffer
Kieffer. 1913. Voyage de Ch. Allmand et R. Jeannel en Afrique
orientale 5:23
LARVA: Antennae five segmented. Mentum with a single median
tooth and six pairs of lateral teeth. Ventromental plates
narrow, striated, anterior margin smooth or crenulate. SI
plumose, SII simple. Pecten epipharyngis a plate with three
to seven teeth. Premandibles bifid. Mandibles with three
inner teeth. Dorsal tooth, pecten mandibularis, seta interna
and seta sub dental is present. Procerci present. Ventral
tubules absent.
PUPA: Cephalic tubercles acute. Thoracic horns plumose.
Tergite II with hook row complete. Pedes spurii present 'on
IV and/or V. Tergites II to VI with variable shagreen
patterns. Conjunctives bare. Four lateral setae are present
on segments V, VI, VII, VIII. Spur on segment VIII made up
of several spines. Anal lobes with 25 to 90 hairs on each
lobe.
'REMARKS: The' Lmmatu r e s usually inhabit the littoral
sediments of lentic habitats (Pinder and Reiss 1983). They
are tolerant of low oxygen levels (Wilson and McGill 1982).
The genus has a world wide distribution. Twenty species
are known from the Holarctic (Pinder and Reiss 1983). Nine
�-
,85
LARVA: n=3
Antenna: First segment 75.4 (68.8-80.0) urn long, antennal
ratio 1.25 (1.2-1.29). Fourth segment four times as long as
wide. Ring organ 19.2 (16.3-21.3) urn from base of first
segment. Antennal blade reaches to midpoint of fourth
segment.
Labrum: SI plumose; SII simple, one and a half times the
length of sr. Pecten epipharyngis a plate with four or five
large teeth. Premandible bifid.
Mentum: Middl� tooth simple, same length as first laterals,
fifth and sixth laterals fused together. Ventromental plates
widely separated; length 105.8 (105.0-107.5) urn, width 40.8
(37.5-42.5) urn; striations prominent ��sely, becoming less
prominent anteriorly, anterior margin minutely crenulate.
Mandible: Length 199.2 (197.5-200.0) urn. Three inner teeth
and one dorsal tooth. Pecten mandibularis well developed.
Seta subdentalis reaches apex of third inner tooth. Seta
interna with' three major branches.
8ody: Anterior parapods separate, each with a crown of
claws. Procerci small, with 7 anal setae. Four anal tubules
species are reported from the Nearc�ic (Oliver 1981). In
Canada the genus is widespread south of treeline (Oliver and
Roussel 1983).
One species was collected in this study.
Dicrotendi� sp.
(Figures 85 to 89)
r
86
present. Posterior parapods with simple claws.
PUPA: No pupae collected.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The larvae were collected from submerged
decaying Sali� branches on July 25, 1983.
R�MARKS: The larvae keys easily in Mason (1983) to Q.
nervosus. In Simpson and Bode (1Q80) it keys to
Dic££�dipes ���1 Type II. Reared material will be
needed to confirm this identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 3 larvae.
Einfel� Kieffer
Kieffer. 1924. AnnIs. Soc. Scient. Brux. 43:393
LARVA: Antennae five segmented. Mentum with a single
median, trifid or simple tooth and six pairs of lateral
teeth. Ventromental plates two times as long as wide. SI
plumose, SII simple. Premandibles bifid. Pecten
epipharyngis a simple bar with fowr to eight, or 16 to 20
teeth. Mandibles usually with three inner teeth, inner
margin with spines. Dorsal tooth and pecten madibularis
present. Lateral tubules absent, ventral tubules absent or
only one pair present.
PUPA: Cephalic tubercles acute, frontal seta apical or
subapical. Thoracic horns plumose. Hook row on tergite II
complete. Anterior, medial and posterior bands of shagreen
present on tergites. Segment VIII without a spur but may···
have a pad of spines.
�--
,87
REMARKS: Larvae inhabit littoral, eutrophic sediments of
shallow lentic and slow areas of lotic �aters (Pinder and
Reiss 1983). The genus is absent from fast flowing waters.
The immatures are tolerant of low oxygen levels (Wilson and
McGill 1982).
There are 16 species known th�oughout the temperate
regions of the Holarctic (Pinder and Reiss 1983). In the
Nearctic there are seven species (Oliver 1981) widespread
south of the treeline (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
One species was collected in this study.
�infeldi� sp�
(Figures 90 to 96)
LARVA: n = 2
Antenna: First segment 87.4-97.4 um long, antennal ratio
1.54-1.59. Third and fourth segments subequal. Ring organ
27.5-30.4.um from base of first segment. Antennal blade
reaches to apex of fourth segment or beyond. Lauterborn's
organs sessile on apex of segment two.
Labrum: Pecten epipharyngis with sixteen teeth. Frontal
apotome with a shallow circular depression. SI plumose.
Mentum: Median tooth crenulate, first and second laterals
partially fused, remaining lateral teeth decreasing in size.
Ventromental plate 165.0-189.8 urn long, 52.5-55.7 urn wide;
anterior margin smooth, striations prominent reaching
two-thirds up the plates.
Mandible: Length 190.0-220.4 u�. Pale dorsal tooth, apical
r
88
·tooth and three inner teeth dark. Seta subdentalis simple
an� short. Pecten mandibularis well developed, in a slight
arc. Each seta interna with four major branches, repeatedly
subdivided.
Body: Anterior parapods separate, each with a crown of
claws. Procerci short, with eigh� anal setae. Posterior
parapods with apical crown of simple claws.
PUPA: n = 2
Color: Light brown to transparent.
Length: Total length 9.2-9.6 mm; abdominal length 7.1-7.7
mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles acute, length 73.5 (n=1),
apex cupped with a short frontal seta. Dorsal surface
nodulate.
Abdomen: Segment II with Pedes spurii B present. Hook row
on tergite II complete, three-quarters width of segment.
Shagreen on tergite II sparse. Tergites III, IV, V, and VI
with shagreen increasing in size posteriorly; to medial,
posterior patches of very strong spinules with a short seta
in the center of each patch. Tergite VII with an anterior
medial area of sparse shagreen. Tergite VIII with two
diffuse, sparse medial patches of shagreen. Lateral setae on
segments V, VI, VII, VIII are 4, 4, 4, 5 respectively. Spur
on segment VIII a small pale double spine or banched spine.
Anal lobes with 60 or more hairs on each lobes.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The larval specimens were collected in
89
late July and late August.
REMARKS: The larvae key to Ei�feldl� species group A in
Pinder and Reiss (1983) which includes ��� Meigen,
£ecto�li� Kieffer and �ch� Oliver. The larvae do not
completely fit the description for g. �� giv"en by Curry
(1961). Gillespie (1974) states �hat identification of
females is difficult without associated male material.
Reared males will be needed to definitely confirm the species
identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: reared female and a pupa with
associated larval exuvium.
En£2.£blronomus Kieffer
'Kieffer. 1918. Budapest Magyar Nemzeti Muz., Ana. Hist. Nat.
16:69
LARVA: Antennae five segmented. Mentum with three or four
elevated medial teeth and six pairs of lateral teeth.
Ventromental plates relatively narrow, with central and
anterior bands of striations. SI long and slender with inner
margin plumose or pectinate; SII plumose. Pecten
epipharyngis made of three teeth bearing scales.
Premandibles with two or three apical teeth. Mandibles with
three or four inner teeth, seta subdentalis simple, pecten
mandibular is present. Ventral tubules absent.
PUPA: Cephalic tubercles low, frontal setae absent.
Thoracic horns plumose. Pedes spurii 8 present on segment
---
,
90
II. Hook row on tergite II complete. Tergites II to VI with
and anterior and posterior row of coarse spinules. Lateral
setae on segments V to VII variable, on segment VIII there
are five. Spur on segment VIII a comb of weak spines. Hair
fringe on the anal lobes has a medial tuft of dark filaments.
REMARKS: Only two species are reqognized at present from the
Nearctic; �. nigrica.!2§. and �. subtendens (Simpson and Bode
1980). Although Simpson and Bode separate the two species in
the larval stage, Mason (1983) found his larval material
variable between the' two species. He suggests that the two
species may be a single highly variable species (Mason 1983).
The larvae prefer lentic or slow moving lotic conditions
(Oliver and Roussel 1983) where they inhabit the detrital
sediments of the littoral zone or mine into dead macrophytes
(Pinder and Reiss 1983).
The genus is represented in the Holarctic by fifteen
species widespread in the' temperate zones (Pinder and Reiss
1983). The two species found in the Nearctjc are found south
of the treeline (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
One species was collected in this study.
Endochironomus nigricans (Johannsen)
(Figures 97 to 104)
Johannsen. 1905. Bull. N.Y. State. Mus. 86:219
LARVA: n = 2
Antenna: First segment 111.3-116.3 um long, antennal ratio
1.5-1.8, third segment longer than fourth segment. Ring
91
organ 21.3 um from base of first segment. Antennal blade
reaches to apex of fourth segment. Lauterborn's organs
vestigial.
Labrum: SI broad serrate (Mason 1983). Pecten epipharyngis
made of three small scales, each toothed on the edge as well
as on the dorsal surface. Premanqibles unevenly bifid.
Mentum: Sixteen dark teeth; second laterals shorter than
third. Ventromental plate 184.7-195.0 um long and 38.0-45.0
um wide; prominently striated medially, much more distinct
than anterior striations; anterior margin very minutely
crenulated.
Mandible: Length 230.2-272.0 um •. Dorsal tooth present;
apical tooth and three inner teeth dark. Pecten mandibularis
well developed in a shallow arc. Seta subdentalis simple,
24.0-32.5 um long. Seta interna with three major branches.
Body: Anterior parapods separate, each with a crown of fine
claws. Procerci small, bearing 10 anal setae. Posterior
parapods each with a crown of simple �laws.
PUPA: n = 10
Color: Dark brown.
Length: Total length, 9.3 (8.6-10.3) mm; abdominal length
7.2 (7.0-8.0) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles low, with a apical frontal
seta. Dorsal surface of thorax smooth.
Abdomen: Tergite I bare. Tergite II with a complete hook
row made of about 37 dark hooks, about two-thirds the width
92
of the segment. Tergites II to V with strong anterior and
posterior bands of dark shagreen, interrupted medially.
Tergite VI with an anterior band of shagreen, but posterior
band diffuse. Tergites VII and VIII with sparse shagreen.
Conjunctives with spinules. Lateral setae V-3, VI-3, VII-4,
VIII-5. Spur of segment VIII with 5 to 8 spines on a short,
pale paw-like structure. Anal lobe with 60 or more hairs per
lobe, medial region of hair fringe with a distinct tuft of
longer, darker hairs.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Larvae of this species are found in small
lentic or slow moving lotic habitats with high concentrations
of organic nutrients and abundant aquatic macrophytes (Mason
1983; Simpson and Bode 1980; Beck 1977; Gillespie 1974; Paine
and Gaufin 1956; Johnannsen 1937b). The larvae mine into
leaves or stems of plants, or use them as a substrate for a
silken net to filter feed with (Berg 1950; Gillespie 1974r
Danks and Jones 1978).
REMARKS: The larval specimens keyed easily in Simpson and
Bode (1980). The characters of the specimens fit those of
Endochiro�� nigrican� except for the antennal ratio which
is intermediate between the g. nigrica� and g. �ubtend�.
The pupal exuviae examined key out easily in Roback
(1957), however he states that there is no frontal seta on
the apical tubercle, but the specimens examined have a
distinct apical frontal seta.
DISTRIBUTION: �dochi£�� ��ricans has been collected
,
j-
93
from British Columbia east to Quebec and south to California
and Florida (Gillespie 1974).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: reared male, 13 pupal exuviae, 1
pupa with associated larval exuvium. Pond H: 2 pupal
exuviae.
Gl1EtotendiE£§ Kieffer
Kieffer. 1913. BioI. Centbl. 33:325
LARVA: Antennae five segmented. Mentum with a broad, simple
median tooth and six pairs of. lateral teeth. Ventromental
plates with anterior margin crenulate. SI plumose, SII
simple. Ptemandibles bifid. Pecten epipharyngis a bar with
up to 18 teeth. Mandibles with three inner teeth. Apical
tooth, dorsal tooth, pecten mandibularis, seta subdentalis
and seta interna present. Procerci present. One pair of
ventral tubules on abdominal segment VIII present or absent.
PUPA: Cephalic tubercles present. Thoracic horns plumose.
Hook row on tergite II complete, Pedes spurii B present.
Abdominal tergites II/III to VI with mace-like processes.
Shagreen on tergites variable. Lateral setae on segments V,
VI, VII, VlII; 4, 4, 4, 5, respecitively. Spur on segment
VIII made of a variable number of spines or absent. Hair
fringe well developed on anal lobes.
REMARKS: The genus is divided into three subgenera,
Gl1Etot�diEes (s. str.), g. (Ehytoten�iEes) and g.
(Demeijerea) (Oliver and Roussel 1983). However Pinder and
L
94
Reiss (1983) raised Demeije£� to full generic status and
suggest that neutral terms be used until the genus
Gl1ptotendi� has been revised.
Larvae inhabit all types of lentic water and the slower
regions of lotic habitats (Oliver and Roussel 1983). They
prefer detritus rich littoral sediments, periphyton and
mining into decaying macrophytes (Pinder and Reiss 1983).
The genus has been reported from the Afrotropical region,
and the Oriental region as well as the Holarctic.
Twenty-five species have been reported from the Holarctic
(Pinder and Reiss 1983) including thirteen from the Nearctic
(Oliver 1981).
Two species were collected in this study.
Key to Pupae of �ptot�D£l�
1a. Maces on tergites II to VI (Fig. 110) ••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••• � •••••••••�11B!�ndi� barbi�
1b. Maces on tergites III to VI (Fig. 111) •••••••••••••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • _g.!J::.E£.g!£!2.2l�.2 s p •
�ptoten�ipes (Eh�totendiE�) ba£QiE� (Staeger)
(Figures 105 to 110)
Staeger. 1839. Naturhist. Tidsskr. 2:561
LARVA: n = 10, unless otherwise stated.
Antenna: First segment 55.5 (137.5-180.0) urn long; antennal
ratio 1.52 (1.35-1.97). Segments three and four subequal.
Ring organ 45.3 (33.0-67.5) urn from base of first segment.
95
Antennal blade 83.5· (72.5-95.0) (n=6) um long, accessory
blade �horter than haif of segment two.
Labrum: SI plumose, SII simple. Pecten epipharyngis a
single plate with over 18 irregular teeth. Premandibles
unevenly bifid, premandibular brush present.
Mentum: Middle tooth crenulate; first laterals same height
as middle tooth. Ventromental plates separated by 1 1/2
times the width of median tooth, striations distinct.
Mandible: Length 357.0 (304.0-387.0) um. Apical and first
two inner teeth dark, third inner tooth may be indistinct and
pale. Pecten mandibularis in a simple arc with 18 or more
lamalle. Seta subdentalis short and simple. Seta interna
made of four main branches each distally subdivided. Inner
and outer margins smooth.
Body: Anterior parapods separate each with a crown of claws.
Eighth abdominal segment with one pair of ventral tubules.
Procerci short bearing 7 anal setae. Posterior parapods with
a crown of simple claws.
PUPA: n = 10
Color: Dark brown or black.
Length: Total length, 11.3 (10.3-12.3) mm; abdominal length
8.8 (7.9-9.8) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles large and acute, apical
seta about three-quarters the length of the tubercle. Dorsal
surface with small nodulations.
Abdomen: All tergites have a dark background pigmentation.
96
Hook row on tergite II about 7/8's the width of the segment.
Shagreen relatively uniform, increasing in strength slightly
posteriorly on each segment. Tergites II to VI bearing a
mace-like process which increases in size caudally; maces are
dark, bearing a number of posteriorly directed spines; area
immediately around the maces is b�re. Segments V, VI, VII,
VIII, with 4, 4, 4, 5, lateral setae respectively. Spur on
segment VIII absent or with only a slight indication of
spines. Anal lobes with hair fringe of 60 or more hairs on
each lobe.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The digestive tracts of the larvae
contained detritus and diatoms. Gl�endi� barbipes
emerged throughout the year in pond A, but had a peak
emergence from late May to June.
REMARKS: The larva key to Gl1£totendip� species group A in
Pinder and Reiss (1983) and to Gl1£1£tendipes (Ph�tendi�)in Oliver and Roussel (1983). Reared adult males key to Q.
barbipes in Townes (1945).
DISTRIBUTION: Gl1ptotendiE� £�bi� is a Holarctic
species. In North America it has been reported from British
Columbia east to New York and south to Illinois and New
Je'rsey (Gillespie' 1974).'
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 5 reared males; 5 reared
females; 8 pupae with associated larval exuviae; 35 pupal
exuvaie and 23 larvae.
Q11ptotendi� sp.
97
(Figure 111)
LARVA: No larvae collected of this species.
PUPA: n = 1
Color: Dark brown
Length: Total length 6.9 mm; abdominal length 5.2 mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles obscured. Dorsal surface
smooth, but wrinkled.
Abdomen: Hook row on tergite II 7/8's width of segment,
hooks very fine. Pedes spurii B present on segment II.
Tergites II to VI with an anterior band of dark shagreen;
shagreen uniform over remainder of each segment. Tergite VII
with two anterior patches of sparse shagreen separated
medially. Tergite VIII with shagreen uniform and a medial
bare area. Tergites III to VI with mace processes. The size
of the maces increases slightly caudally, spines on maces
produced posteriorly as well as dorsally. Segments V, VI,
VII, VIII have 4, 4, 4, 4 lateral setae respectively. Spur
on segment VIII produced more laterally, made up of four
spines. Anal lobes with a hair fringe �( 80 or more hairs on
each lobe.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The single pupal exuvium was collected on
July 24, 1983.
REMARKS: The specimen is in poor condition. It keys in
Roback (1957) and Johannsen (1937b) to Glyptotendipes
�ilis. Reared material will be needed to confirm the
species identification.
�-98
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: pupal exuvium.
Pa�chi£.E�..2 Lenz
Lenz. 1921. Dt. ent 2:13
LARVA: Antennae five segmented. Mentum with 13 to 15 teeth.
Ventromental plates wi th distinct ,striations, about twice as
long as wide, anterior margin crenulate. Mandibles with two
inner teeth, seta subdentalis short, seta interna present or
absent. Dorsal tooth and pecten mandibularis absent. SI and
SII simple. Premandibles bifid. Pecten epipharyngis with
three or more teeth. Procerci present. Ventral tubules
absent.
PUPA: Cephalic tubercles short, with an apical seta.
Thoracic horn plumose. Hook row on tergite II complete.
Tergites III to VI with shagreen increasing in strength
posteriorly, and caudally. Shagreen most pronounced on
tergi te VI.
REMARKS: Larvae inhabit all types of water. Some are
ectoparasitic o� other invertebrates, others mine into
submerged macrophytes (Pinder and Reiss 1983) •.
The genus is distributed world wide, with over 30 species
in the Holarctic (Pinder and Reiss 1983). Sixteen of these
are found in the Nearctic (Oliver 1981).
Three species were collected in this study, the larva·
collected may be the larva of one of the pupal stages
collected.
99
Key to Pupae of Parachiro��
1a. Length less than 6.5 mm. Spur on segment VIII
absent (Fig. 112) •••••••••••••��hironom� sp. 1
1b. Length greater than 7 mm. Spur present on segment
VIII (Fig. 113) •••••••••••••••��hir.E�� sp , 2
��chironomus sp. 1
(Figure 112)
LARVA: None associated.
PUPA: n = 5.
Color: Yellowish brown to almost transparent.
Length: Total length 6.1 (5.4-6.4) mm; abdominal length 4.6
(4.1-4.9) mm.
Cepalothorax: Cephalic tubercles acute, frontal seta on apex
of tubercle, about half the length of the tubercle. Dorsal
surface nodulated.
Abdomen: Hook row on tergite lIon a posterior extension,
two-thirds the width of the tergite. Pedes spurii B present
on segment II. Shagreen on segments III to VIII sparse,
increasing in prominence posteriorly on each segment;
posteriorly shagreen forms two patches separated by a medial
bare area. Conjunctives bare. Lateral setae; V-4, VI-4,
VII-4, VIII-S. Spur absent on VIII. Anal lobe with hair
fringe of more than 110 hairs on each lobe.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The pupal exuviae were collected from pond
A during July and August 1983.
100
REMARKS: This species differs from Pa�hironomus �E. 2 in
bein� smaller, lighter, having sparse shagreen, no spur on
segment VIII and having more hairs on the anal lobes.
Specimens key in Mason (1983) to Parachir�� �bortiv�.
Reared male material will be needed to verify this species
identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 8 pupal exuviae.
Parachiro�� sp. 2
(Figure 113)
LARVA: No larva were collected.
PUPA: n = 10
Color: Light brown.
Length: Total l�ngth, 7.4 (7.1-7.9) mm; abdominal length 5.8
(5.4-6.5) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles acute, bearing an apical
frontal seta. Frontal seta three-quarters as long as
cephalic tubercles. Dorsal surface with nodules.
Abdomen: Hook row nn tergite II, 3/4 width of segment,
slightly elevated from the rest of the segment. Tergites II
to VI with shagreen, spinules becoming larger posteriorly in
each segment.
of spinules.
Tergite VII with only a sparse anterior band
Tergite VIII with two longitudinal areas of
shagreen. All segments with an anterior band and two
posterior patches of light brown pigmentation. Lateral setae
on segments V, VI, VII, and VIII are, 4, '4, 4, 5
respectively. Spur on segment VIII consists of one to five
101
pale brown teeth. Hair fringe of anal lobe with 75 or more
hairs on each lobe.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Pupal exuviae were collected from pond B
during mid-June 1983.
REMARKS: These specimens key in Mason (1983) to
£arachironomus fregue�. Reared material will be needed
verify this identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINIED: Pond A: 3 pupal exuviae. Pond B: 21'
pupal exuviae.
Parachironomus SPa 3
(Figures 114 to 117)
LARVA: n = 1
Antenna: First segment 87.0 urn long, antennal ratio 1.74,
third segment half as long as fourth. Antennal blade reaches
to midpoint of segment four. Ring organ just slightly less
than half way up the length of first segment. Lauterborn's
organs not visible.
Labrum: Pecten epipharyngis pale with about 14 teeth of
varible size. Premandibles bifid and large.
Mentum: Unicolorous, convex plate of 15 teeth. Median tooth
simple. Ventromental plates robust, anterior surface smooth,
striations sparse.
Mandible: 174.6 urn long. Two large and sharp inner teeth
present. Apical tooth slender, brown in color. Seta
subdentalis small.
Body: Anterior parapods separate. Procerci small bearing 6
,,-
102
(?) anal setae. Posterior parapods with crown of simple
claws.
PUPA: None were associated.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The single larval specimen was collected
on July 27, 1983 from pond A.
REMARKS: The specimen keys to Parachiron�� aborti�� in
Simpson and Bode (1980); P. �.£.!::@tus group in Pinder and
Reiss (1983); and to E. m�chr��� in Beck and Beck 1969.
It fits the description of £. �bortl�� in Mason (1983) but
is smaller in all dimehsions, suggesting that it is a third
instar.
Associated material will be required to determine the
identity of this specimen.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: larva.
Phaen�esect� Kieffer
Kieffer. 1921. Soc. Scienf. Brux. 40:274.
LARVA: Antennae five segmented. Mentum with four median
teeth, most median pair shorter than lateral median teeth,
seven pairs of lateral teeth. Ventromental plates with
medial corners directed anteriorly; striations present in two
bands. SI broad, plumose on both sides, SII plumose. Pecten
epipharyngis three toothed scales. Premandibles bifid.
Mandibles with three inner teeth, dorsal tooth small. Pecten
mandibularis, seta subdentalis and seta interna present.
Anterior and posterior parapods each with a crown of claws.
103
Abdominal segments with lateral and ventral tubules absent.
PUPA: Cephalic tubercles wartlike with spines and preapical
frontal seta. Thoracic horns wide lumened tubules. Pedes
spurii present on segment II. Hook row on tergite II
uninterrupted. Shagreen on segments III to VI fenestrated.
Conjunctives III/IV and IV/V with ,spinules. Lateral setae on
segments V-3, VI-3, VII-4,VIII-4. Spur on segment VIII
comblike with one major tooth and several smaller ones. Anal
lobes with well developed hair fringe.
REMARKS: The genus is in a state of confusion. Pinder and
Reiss (1983) suggest that there is only one subgenus, E. (s.
str.) and that Tribel.£2 is a separate genus. Oliver and
Roussel (1983) refers to Tribelos as a subgenus of
��£2sect�; but they do acknowledge the fact that Saether
(1977) made Tribelos a genus. Pinder and Reiss (1983)
suggest that the limits of Phae�£2��!� be broadened due to
recent discoveries. It should also be noted that the genus
2�entia is not a synonym of Phaen£2�£1£� (Oliver and
Roussel 1983).
Larvae inhabit the sandy and muddy substrates of small
lentic waters and flowing waters. They also occur in the
Aufwuchs (Pinder and Reiss 1983)�
Phaenopse� is restricted to the Holarctic. Twelve
species are known, three from the Palearctic and nine from
the Nearctic (Pinder and Reiss 1983). In the Nearctic the
genus is widespread and does occur north of the treeline
,
104
(Oliver and Roussel 1983)
One species was collected in this study.
��nopsectra sp.
(Figure 118 to 121)
LARVA: n = 1
Antenna: First segment 75.0 um lqng, terminal segments 52.5
um long, antennal ratio 1.43. Ring organ 20.0 um from base
of first segment. Antennal blade 46.3 um long reaching the
apex of the fourth segment. Lauterborn's organs vestigial.
Labrum: Pecten epipharyngis a single plate with 11 teeth.
Mentum: Sixteen teeth, all about the same size.
Ventromental plates 130.0 um long, 55.0 um wide; posterior
and anterior bands of striations; medial extension of plates
reach anteriorly almost separating the four medial teeth of
the mentum; anterior margin of plates is smooth.
Mandible: Length 162.5 um. Pecten mandibularis very short,'
with about five lamallae. Seta subdentalis does not reach
third inner tooth. Seta interna with three major branches,
each of which is distally subdivided. Inner margin with two
or three small spines.
Body: Procerci short, with 7 anal setae.
PUPA: No pupae were collected.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The gut of the larva contained detritus.
The single specimen was collected from pond F on July 25,'
1983.
REMARKS: The sp�cimen is in poor condition. Reared material
105
will be required for species identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond F: 1 larva.
Cladotany!arsus Kieffer
Kieffer. 1922. AnnIs. Soc. scient. Brux. 42:100
LARVA: Antennae five segmented, qn short tubercles.
Lauterborn's organs on short petioles, shorter than segment
three. Median tooth of mentum simple or trifid, flanked by
five pairs of lateral teeth. Ventromental plates closely
appressed together medially. SI comblike, bases fused; SII
plumose distally. Pecten epipharyngis with three serrated
scales. Premandibles with four or five teeth, brush well
developed. Mandibles with three inner teeth. Dorsal tooth,
seta subdentalis, seta interna and pecten mandibularis
present. Abdomen with plumose setae. Claws on posterior
parapods serrated on inner margin.
PUPA: Thoracic horns simple tubes. Tergite II with paired
point patches. Tergites II to IV with paired anterior,
longitudinal-oval spine patches. Segment VIII with spurs
consisting of 7 to 10 spines. Anal lobes with hair fringe.
REMARKS: Larvae of the genus have been found in all types of
lentic and lotic habitats (Pinder and Reiss 1983).
The genus .has a world wide distribution with 16 species
reported·from the Holarctic (Pinder and Reiss 1983). Oliver
(1981) reports that there is one widespread species in the
Nearctic, south of the treeline (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
,
106
However, Steiner ��. (1982) says there are over 10 species
and provides a key to five unnamed species.
One species was collected in this study.
Cladotanytar� sp
(Figures 122 to 127)
LARVA: n = 1
Antenna: Tubercle length 72 urn, spur absent. First segment
107 urn long; antennal ratio 1.78; second segment is
trapezoidal. Ring organ is less than 10 urn from base of
first segment. A sensory hair 36 urn long is located 61 urn
from the base of the first antenna I segment. Antennal blade
is subeq�al to the second segment •.Petiole of Lauterborn's
organs very short, not reaching the apex of the third
segment.
Labrum: Pecten epipharyngis made of three scales distally
palmate into six, four and six subdivisions. Premandible
with four teeth and a premadibular brush.
Mentum: Median tooth appears trifid because the first
laterals are appressed to it, the second laterals are longer
than the first or third laterals. Ventromental plates 98 urn
long and 18 urn wide; separated by 2 urn; lateral portion of
plates distinctly curved posteriorly.
Mandible: Length 105 urn. Apical tooth sub equal to inner
teeth. Pecten mandibularis with about ten lamallae. Seta
interna well developed.
Body: Length 5.08 mm. Anterior parapods separate, each with
107
an apical crown of fine claws. Procerci short with seven
anal s e tae , Poster ior ·parapods wi th a number of small claws,
some bearing small serrations on inner margin.
PUPA: No pupa were collected.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Gut of the larva contained diatoms,
detritus and filamentous algae. The specimen was collected
on July 15, 1982.
REMARKS: The larva keys to Cladot���tarsu� mancus group in
Pinder and Reiss (1983). In Steiner et al (1982) it keys to
f. sp. 2 which is near mancus group. Reared material will be
needed for species identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 1 larva.
�atan�ta� Bause
Bause. 1914. Arch. Hydrobiol. Supple 2:120
LARVA: Antennae five segmented, situated on the apex of
antennal tubercles. Spur on tubercles present or absent.
Lauterborn's organs small, if petioles are present they are
very short. Mentum with one simple or trifid median tooth
and five pairs of laterals. Ventromental plates long and
narrow, almost touching medially. Bases of SI close
together, SI comblike, SII distally plumose. Pecten
epipharyngis made of three to five lobes. Premandibles
bifid. Mandibles with two or three inner teeth. Dorsal
tooth, seta subdentalis, seta interna and pecten mandibularis
all present. Abdominal segments with plumose setae.
108
Posterior parapods with simple claws.
PUPA: Cephalic tubercles wart-like, frontal setae long.
Thorac�c horn absent or present as a tubular structure.
Pearl row on wing sheaths present. Tergite II with hook row
more than 3/4 width of segment. Tergite III with two
divergent spine patches. Tergite� IV and V with a single or
paired dark medial spine patch. Spur on segment VIII made of
four to seven small spines. Hair fringe of anal lobes
usually well developed.
REMARKS: Members of the genus inhabit a wide variety of
environmental conditions (Pinder and Reiss 1983). Many are
tolerant of low oxygen levels (Wilson and McGill 1983).
Several species are parthenogenic (Pinder and Reiss 1983).
The genus has a world wide distribution. Twenty species
are known from Europe (Pinder and Reiss 1983) and 5 are known
from the Nearctic (Oliver 1981). In Canada the genus is wide
spread, ocurring north of the treeline (Oliver and Roussel
1983).
One species was collected in this study.
�atanxtarsus sp
(Figure 128 to 132)
LARVA: n = 2, unle�s··ci�herwise stated.
Antenna: Tubercle 60.0-67.5 urn long, spur absent. First
antennal segment slightly curved, length 145.0-150.0 urn,
antennal ratio 1.9-2.0. Ring organ 10.0-15.0 urn from base of
first segment. Sensory hair 102.5-112.5 urn from base of
109
first segment. Antennal blade slightly longer than midpoint
of second segment. Lauterborn's organs small, petioles very
short.
Labrum: Pecten epipharyngis made of three scales •.
Premandible unevenly. bifid, premandibular brush well
developed.
Mentum: Eleven unicolorous teeth, median tooth simple, fifth
laterals small. Ventromental plates 130 (n=1) urn long, 30
(n=1) urn wide; striations distinct toward anterior margin;
lateral portions slightly curved posteridrly.
Mandible: Length 160.0-162.5 urn. Dorsal, apical and two
inner teeth dark. Pecten mandibularis well developed. Seta
subdentalis longer than apical tooth. Seta interna with four
main branches.
Body: Anterior parapods with a crown of claws. Abdomen with
compound setae. Procerci as long as wide, with 7 anal setae.
PUPA: No pupa were collected.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Digestive tract of larvae contained
diatoms and detritus. The larvae were collected in July 1982
from an algal mat in Pond A.
REMARKS: Specimens key to £. sp. 6 in Steiner � �1. (1982)
which is within the limits of £. dissimilis. Reared males
will be needed for species level identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 2 larvae.
Tanytarsus van der Wulp
110
van der Wulp. 1847. Tijdschr. v. Ent. 17:134
LARVA: Antennae five segmented, antennal tubercles long with
or without a spur. Lauterborn's organs small on petioles
longer than the combined length of the last three antennal
segments. Mentum with median tooth rounded or laterally
notched, with five pairs of laterql teeth. Ventromental
plates almost meeting medially. SI comblike, with bases
fused; SII plumose. Pecten epipharyngis made of three
serrated scales. Premandibles with three to five teeth,
premandibular brush well developed. Mandible with two or
three inner teeth. Seta subdentalis long and slender. Seta
interna and pecten mandibularus well developed. Abdominal
segments with plumose setae. Claws on posterior parapods
simple.
PUPA: Cephalic tubercles acute with a frontal setae.
Thoracic horns are single tubes. Tergites III to VI with
paired longitudinal or oval spine patches. Three, 3, 4, 4
lateral setae on segments V, VI, VII, and VIII respectively.
Spur on segment VIII comblike with eight to twelve teeth.
REMARKS: This genus is in great need of revision (Pinder and
Reiss 1983).
Larvae inhabit all types of freshwater, as well' as some
marine habitats and also some terrestrial conditions (Pinder
and Reiss 1983). Some species are intolerant to low oxygen
levels (Wilson and McGill 1982).
The genus has a world wide distribution with about 85
111
species occuring in the H�larctic region (Pinder and Reiss
1983). More than twenty species are to be found in the
Nearctic (Oliver 1981).
Three species were collected in this study, the larva may
be the larval stage of one of the pupal stages collected.
Key to Pupae of T�1!���
collected in study
1a. Cephalic tubercles conical with long frontal setae.
Tergite II with a pair of shagreen patches.
Tergite IV with parallel spine tracts (Fig. 134) •••
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Tanytarsus sp , 1
1b. Cepalic tubercles low, rounded with short frontal
setae. Tergite II bare. Tergite IV with spine
patches slightly divergent (Fig. 135)· ••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • �nytarsus sp. 2
Tanytars�� sp , 1
(Figures 133 to 134)
LARVA: No larva have been associated.
PUPA: n = 7, unless otherwise stated.
Color: Hyaline, with black outlines.
Length: Total length 5.1 (4.2-5.8) (n=6) mm; abdominal
length 3.9 (3.1-4.3) (n=6) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles long, conical with a
cupped apex and apical frontal seta which is more than twice
as long as the tubercle.
112
Abdomen: Tergite I with very sparse shagreen. Tergite II
with �n anterior and posterior pair of shagreen patches
separated medially, dark pigmentation extending from the
middle of the segment to the posterior. Pedes spurii B
present. Hook row on tergite II complete one-third width of
segment, on a posterior extension ,of the segment. Spine
patches of tergite IV longer than on V. Tergites VII and
VIII bare. Lateral setae on segments VII and VIII, 4 and 5
respectively. Spur of segment VIII dark brown, with 5 to 8
major teeth and ten or more small teeth. Anal lobe with two
dorsal hairs and a hair fringe of 40 or more hairs.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Pupae were collected in mid July. Pupal
exuviae were collected in mid August.
REMARKS: Adult males key to Calopsect£� neofla�ell� in
Johanssen and Townes (1952); and to l�ytar� �ofl�vell�
in Malloch (1915). The pupal specimens key in Roback (1957)
to £. �flavella but differ in the lengths of the spine
patches on tergites IV and V; the presence of hairs on the
basal region of the thoracic horns and the number of spines
on the spur on segment VIII. More material is needed to
determine the species identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 2 reared males; 5 pupal exuviae.
�nytarsus sp. 2
(Figure 135)
LARVA: No larva were collected.
PUPA: n = 1
113
Color: Transparent, hyaline.
Length: Approximately 3.5 mm total length.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles low and rounded with a
short frontal seta.
Abdomen: Tergite II bare, with a complete hook row almost as
wide as the segment. Tergite III with two longitudinal
tracts of very long spines, tracts diverge slightly. Tergite
IV with two slightly divergent longitudinal tracts of very
long spines with some short spines. Tergites V and VI with a
pair of subequal, parallel, longitudinal tracts of short
spines. Tergites VII and VIII bare. Segment VIII with a
spur of five large teeth and about 15 smaller teeth. Anal
lobe with two dorsal seta and 30 or more hairs.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The single pupal specimen was collected on
July 19, 1982 from pond A.
REMARKS: The specimen keys to couplet 10 in Roback (1957)
but does not agree with the descriptions of either choice in
the couplet, it appears to be closer to Cal£E�ct� nr
longiradius sp 1. More and better material is needed for a
positive identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 1 pupa.
�ytarsu� sp. 3
(Figure 136 to 140)
LARVA: n = 10
Antenna: Tubercle without a spur. First antennal segment
197.3 (167.5-247.5) urn long,· antennal ratio 2.22 (1.53-2.42).
114
Ratio of the length of the second segment to the third is
1.86 (1.16-3.60). Ring organ at the base of the first
antennal segment. Sensory hair is in the distal half of the
first segment. Antennal blade reaches midpiont of second
segment. Lauterborn's organs small on a long petiole, ratio
of petiole length to length of la�t three segments is 2.40
(1.57-3.89).
Labrum: Bases of SI close together, SI and SII·comb like.
Pe�ten epipharyngis made of three palmate scales.
Premandible with 4 teeth� the most proximal the smallest.
Premandibular brush well developed.
Mentum: Eleven teeth, median tooth pale with lateral
notches, may appear trifid. Ventromental plates close
together medially, striations distinct. Lateral end of
ventromental plates are slightly curved posteriorly.
Mandible: Length 142.8 (125.0-162.5) urn. One dorsal tooth,
apical and three inner teeth dark. Pecten mandibularis and
seta interna well developed. Seta subdentalis longer than
apex of mandible.
Body: Anterior parapods separate, each with a crown of
claws. Branched setae on abdominal segments present on
segments I to V? Procerci small with 7 anal setae.
Posterior parapods with simple claws.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Digestive tract contains diatoms and
detritus. The specimens were collected from Cladophora mats
during July 1982 in pond A.
115
REMARKS: Steiner�! ale (1982) keys out 7 unnamed species.
Specimens key to �lopsectra group sp. 5 in Roback (1957).
These specimens could be the larva of I. neofl��la as
Roback (1957) does not key larva of this species. To confirm
the identification reared adult male material will be
required.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 19 larvae.
116
Orthocladiinae
LARVA: Range in size from very small to large. Color may be
white, green, brown, blue or red.
Antennae: Four to seven segmented, varying in length from
shorter than the mandibles to longer than the head capsule.
A ring organ and/or sensory pits �re usually present on the
first segment. The antennal blade, on .the apex of the first
� segment, may be longer or shorter than the terminal segments.
Lauterborn's organs are situated on the apex of the second
segment; they may be distinct or vestigial.
Labrum: Labral seta SI'may be simple, bifid, palmate or
pectinate; SII is usually simple. Pecten epipharyngis
usually consists of three scales. Premandibles have one to
five teeth, premandibular brush may be present or absent.
Prementohypopharyngeal complex: Ligula small. Paraligula
usually an apically serrated series of scales. M-appendage
may be well developed to indistinct. Pecten hypopharyngis
consists of several transverse rows of apically serrate
scales or spines.
Mentum: Convex, usually with eight to twelve teeth.
Ventromental plates may be indistinct to well developed,
often with a setal beard, but never with striations.
Mandibles: Have a single apical tooth and two to six inner
teeth. The pecten mandibularis is absent. Seta interna
usually well developed with four to eight plumose or
subdivided branch�s. Seta sub dental is usually present. The
117
outer surface of the mandibles are usually smooth but may be
crenulate.
Maxillary palps: Always shorter than wide.
Body: Anterior para pods usually separate, with an apical
crown of claws. Abdominal setae usually simple, sometimes
plumose. Procerci usually presen� with two lateral setae and
three to seven anal setae, often with dorsal spurs.
Posterior parapods usually separated, well developed with
apical crown of claws. Two pairs of anal. tubules usually
present.
PUPA: Range in size from 2 to 12 mm in length. Color ranges
from dark to pale.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles and frontal setae present
or absent. Thoracic horns present or absent, when present
they may be simple tubes of various shapes, with or without
spines on the surface.
Abdomen: Tergites have a variety of armatures, from uniform
shagreen, to distinct patterns of shagreen, spines and hooks.
Anal lobes usually have three, macrosetae and/or a variably
developed hair fringe may be present or absent.
KEY TO ORTHOCLADIINAE GENERA
collected in study
LARVAE
1a. Antennae longer than head capsule, four segmented
(Fig. 149) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Corl.!lS!�ur�
1b. Antennae as long as mandibles, usually five
118
segmented ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
2a. 51 and 511 bifid ••••••••••••••••••••••Eseudosmittia
Zb , SIr simple ....•••••••••••.••..•.••••.••••••...•... 3
3a. Premandibles with two apical teeth (Fig. 156) ••••• 4
3b. Premandibles with one apical tooth (Fig. 143) ••••• 6
4a. Antennae six segmented. 51 plumose (Fig. 167) •••••
•• •• ••• • •• • ••••• •••• •• •• •• •• •••• •• •• •• • • !:!ydrobae�
4b. Antennae five segmented. 51 bifid (Fig. 154) or
plumose ••••••••••••••• � ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5
5a. SI bifid (Fig. 154). Pecten epipharyngis a broad
conical plate of fused scales (Fig. 155) •••••••••••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ., • • • • • • • C ric 0 t .Q£.!:!.2
5b. SI plumose. Pecten epipharyngis three subequal
scales ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Limnophyes---
6a. Ventromental plates with a beard (Fig. 144). 51
bifid (Fig. 142) •••••• � •••••••••••••••••�cricoto£�
6b. Ventromental plates with a sparse beard (Fig 176,
185). SI palmate (Fig. 174, 183) •••• Psec1!££1adius
PUPAE
1a. Anal lobes bare (Fig. ·191) ••••••••••••Eseudosmitti�
1 b. Anal lobes with short hair fringe and/or three or
macrosetae (Fig 190) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
2a. Anal lobes with hair fringe (Fig. 181) •••••••••••• 3
2b. Anal lobes with hair fringe absent (Fig. 165) ••••• 5
3a. Hair fringe on anal lobes sparse (Fig. 1 71 ) ••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• !:!ydrobaenus
,
119
3b. Hair fringe more extensive (Fig. 148, 181) •••••••• 4
4a. Thoracic horn absent ••••••••••••••••••••�£����
4b. Thoracic horn club shaped (Fig. 179) •••••••••••••••
••••• ••• •• ••••• • • ••• •• • • • • •••••• •• •• • �tr.2.£ladiu§
Sa. Tergites II - VIII.with posterior row of long pale
spines (Fig. 172). Anal macrasetae long and curved
( Fig • 1 7 2 ) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .• • • • • • .'. .1..i.m.!22.El:!�
5b. Tergites without posterior row of long spines ••••• 6
6a. Shagreen uniform (Fig. 161) or banded (Fig. 163) on
tergites III and IV. Segments VII to VIII pale ••••
• • • • • • • • • .'. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • C ric a t DE u s----
6b. Shagreen sparse. Tergites with paired medial spine
patches (Fig. 147) •••••••••••••••••••••• ..acric£!�E,!;!.§
Acricoto�§ Kieffer
Kieffer. 1921. Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Metz. 29:90
LARVA: Medium sized. Antennae five segmented. Mentum with
one median tooth and six pairs of lateral teeth.
Ventromental plates well developed, with a beard. SI bifid.
Pecten epipharyngis three simple scales. Premandibles
unevenly bifid. Mandibles with three inner teeth, apical
tooth slightly longer than width of inner teeth. Seta
subdentalis present, seta interna absent. Anterior parapods
separate; each with apical group of claws. Abdominal
segments have long, simple setae. Two pairs of anal tubules;
shorter than posterior parapods. Procerci strongly
120
sclerotized with slight indication of spurs; six anal setae
present.
PUPA: Cephalic tubercles low, frontal setae present.
Thoracic horns with spines. Pedes spurii present on segment
II. Hook row on tergite II made of dark hooks. Tergites II
to VI with paired central spine patches. Segments VII and
VIII with four or five lateral setae. Anal lobes without
hair fringe but with three anal macrosetae.
REMARKS: The immatures are found in all types of fresh
water, but prefer small shallow bodies of water. They are
tolerant of low oxygen levels (Wilson and McGill 1982).
Five species are known from the Holarctic (Cranston, et
�1. 1983). Only two are known from the Nearctic (Oliver
1981 ).
Only one species was collected in this study.
�£flEot££� senex (Johannsen)
(Figures 141 to 147)
Johannsen. 1937. Mem. Cornell. Univ. Agric. Exp. Stat. 205:63
LARVAE: n = 10
Antenna: First segment 88.1 (73.4-103.7) um long. Antennal
ratio 2.27 (2.07-2.43). Each segment consecutively smaller.
Laut e r bo rn r s organs" abollt "three quarters as long as third
antennal segment. Blade shorter than combined length of
terminal segments.
Labrum: SI unevenly bifid, larger branch feathered at the
tip making it appear plumose. Pecten epipharyngis consists
•
121
of three "subequal pointed scales. Premandibles with a single
apical tooth.
Mentum: Median tooth sometimes weakly divided into four
parts. Six pairs of lateral teeth consecutively smaller.
Ventromental plates with a well developed setal beard.
Mandible: Length 217.7 (192.3 - �42.9) um. Surface of
mandible smooth or very weakly crenulated.
Occipital margin: Very dark, with two dark projections.
Body: Procerci strongly sclerotized with slight indication
of spurs.
PUPAE: n = 10
Color: Dark brown.
Length Total length 5.6 (5.1-6.0) mm; abdominal length 4.1
(3.6-4.6) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles low with preapical frontal
seta, about 7 times "as long as tubercle. Thoracic horns
300.2 (251.4-350.0) um long, covered with spines. Dorsal
surfa�e covered with nodulations.
Abdomen: Hook row on tergite II a multiple__ �ow of dark
hooks. Paired patches on II to VI of short black spines and
2 posterior bands of shagreen, increasing in size and number
caudally. Tergite VI with only one posterior band of
spinules. Lateral setae; 111-3, IV-4, V-4, VI-4, VII-4,
VIII-5. One of the lateral setae on VIII larger than the
rest. Anal lobes with three sub equal macrosetae.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The gut contents of the larvae were
•
122
diatoms, filamentous algae, and detritus. �£!l££!£�� ��!
emerged from pond A in late April and early May in 1983.
REMARKS: The larvae can be keyed in Johannsen (1937a), but
the pupal specimens have a pair of spine patches on tergites
II to VI rather than a transverse row. Adult specimens key
in Johannsen and Townes (1952).
DISTRIBUTION: Acricoto� ��! has been previously recorded
from lA, NY and PA (Sublette and Sublette 1965).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 6 males, 4 pupae, 58 pupal
exuviae, 11 larvae, and 4 larval exuviae. Pond B: 3 larvae.
Pond F: 14 larvae.
Cor���� Winnertz
Winnertz. 1846. Stettin. ent. Ztg. 7:12
LARVA: Small, three mm or less in length. Head capsule has
sculpturing on it. Antennae four segmented, longer than head
capsule. Mentum triangular with two or three medial teeth
and five pairs of lateral teeth. Ventromental plates
reduced. SI and SII simple. Pecten epipharyngis made of
three or five scales. Premandibles serrated apically.
Mandibles with four inner teeth, apical tooth very short.
Seta interna present. Seta subdentalis absent. Mesothoracic
and metathoracic segments fused. Procerci have four anal
setae. Variably developed seta arising from ventral surface
of posterior parapods.
PUPA: Thoracic horns absent. Wing sheaths with pearl rows
�--
,
123
(Fig 6). Anal macrosetae filamentous.
REMARKS: Larvae are usually associated with submerged or
floating macrophytes in all types of freshwater habitats
(Cranston, �! �. 1983). They are tolerant to moderately low
levels of oxygen (Wilson and McGill 1982).
CO£XDoneura seems to be a large genus with a world wide
distribution (Cranston, �! ale 1983). Over twenty species
are known from the Nearctic (Oliver 1981).
Two life stages were collected in this study.
Con.QE�� (C0.EYD��) sp , 1
(Figure 148)
LARVA: No larvae were associated.
PUPAE: n = 5, unless otherwise stated.
Color: Pale brown.
Length: Total length 2.8 (2.6-2.9) (n=4) mm; abdominal
length 2.0 (1.8-2.2) mm.
Cephalothorax: Dorsal surface with fine nodulations. Wing
sheaths with double pearl row.
Abdomen: Tergite I with sparse hair like shagreen. Hook row
on tergite II absent. Tergites II to VIII with uniform
sparse shagreen and a line of short spines on the posterior
margin of each segment. Segments III to VIII with four large
lateral setae. Conjuctives bare. Anal lobes with hair
fringe consisting of 54 hairs and three lamallar hairs. One
lamallar hair on each of the genital sac apices.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Exuviae were collected from Pond A in late
,-
124
April.
REMARKS:' The specimens key to £2���� �le!l� in
Roback (1957) and to Cor�no�� (Cor�noneura) sp in
Johannsen (1937). Reared material will be required to
positively identify these specimens to species.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 5 pupal exuviae.
£££���� (Corynoneura) sp. 2
(Figures 149 to 152)
LARVA: n = 1
Head capsule: Surface slightly sculptured.
Antenna: First segment 299.0 urn long, antennal ratio 1.33.
Second and third segments subequal and dark. Sensory pit
165.0 urn from base of first segment. Blade 17.5 urn long.
Labrum: Pecten epipharyngis'with five simple scales.
Premandibles with six teeth on inner margin.
Mentum: Triangular. Five lateral teeth. Median tooth
trifid, center division one-third size of lateral divisions.
Ventromental plates appear vestigial.
Mandible: Length 77.0 urn. Apical tooth shorter than first
inner tooth. Inner margin with three inner teeth. Seta
interna present.
Body: Anterior parapods separated, each with a crown of
claws. Procerci small, spurs absent. Posterior parapods
with a 70 urn long brown spur half way down the length, spur
is bare except for basal hairs. Claws of ptisterior parapods
simple.
,-
125
PUPA: No pupa were associated with the larva collected.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The gut of the larva contained diatoms.
The specimen was collected on April 29.
REMARKS: The specimen keys to fB£1�� tari� in Simpson
and Bode (1980). Reared material will be required to confirm
the species identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: larva.
Cricot£E� van der Wulp
van der Wulp. 1874. Tijdschr. Ent. 17:132
LARVA: Antennae five segmented. Mentum with one median
tooth, and six pairs of lateral teeth. Ventromental plates
reduced. 51 usually bifid. Pecten epipharyngis consisting
of three scales or a single scale. Premandibles with one or
two apical teeth. Mandibles with three inner teeth, outer
margin sometimes crenulate. Apical tooth shorter than
combined width of inner teeth. Seta subdentalis present,
seta interna usually present. Anterior and posterior
parapods each with a crown of claws. Seta L4 on abdominal
segments I to VI/VII often plumose. Procerci as long as
wide, spur absent, with six or seven anal setae.
PUPA: Frontal setae present. Thoracic horn a short tube.
Hook row on tergite II at least one third as wide as segment.
Tergites III to V with variable shagreen patterns. Tergites
VII and VIII bare. Anal lobes without hair fringe, with
three short terminal macrosetae.
l
126
REMARKS: Cricol£� is one of the largest genera in the
Orthocladiinae. The genus is divided into three subgenera;
Cric£iQ� (s. str.), f. (Isocladi�), f. (�tocladi�)
(Cranston, � ale 1983).
Larvae are usually associated with submerged macrophytes
and algae of most types of freshw�ter environments;
Cricol£�� (s. str.) generally inhabits lotic conditions, f.
(Isocladi�) prefers lentic habitats and f. (Nostococ�di�)inhabits Nostoc colonies (Cranston, et ale 1983; Oliver and
---- -- --
Roussel 1983).
The genus is world wide in distribution, occurring
everywhere except Antarctica. Over twenty species have been
identified from the Nearctic (Cranston, Oliver and Saether
1983) •
Three species were collected in this study.
Key to Pupae of Cricot��
collected in the study
1a. Tergites II to VI pigmented (Fig. 161). Thoracic
horns longer than 350 _l:''!1 (Fig 160) •••••••••••••••••
•••• •• •• •••• •••••••• •••••• •• ••••• Cricoto� �£��
1b. Tergites pale (Fig. 163, 165). Thoracic horns less
than 150 urn long •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
2a. Tergites III to V with central and posterior bands
of shagreen (Fig. 163). Thoracic horns 117 urn
long ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Cricotopus sp , ·1
2b. Shagreen on tergites II to VI uniform (Fig. 165).
,-
I
127
Thoracic horns about 147 um long ••• Cricoto£� sp. 2
Cri££topus (�ocladius) ornatus (Meigen)
(Figures 153 to 161)
Meigen. 1818. Systematische Beschreibung derbekannten
europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Erster Theil. Aachen:
43
LARVA: n = 10
Antenna: First antennal segment 64.4 (55.7-73.4) um long;
antennal ratio 1.8 (1.5-2.07). Each segment shorter than
preceeding one. Lauterborn's organs distinct. Both sensory
pits are located close to the ring organ in the basal portion
of the first antennal segment. Antennal blade shorter than
combined length of terminal segments.
Labrum: SI bifid. Pecten epipharyngis consists of a broad
conical plate of fused scales. Premandibles bifid.
Mentum: One median tooth and six pairs of lateral teeth.
First two laterals may be fused. Ventromental plates small
and indistinct, never with setae.
Mandible: Length 185.5 (169.5 - 212.5) um. Three inner
teeth brown. Seta Lrrt e rna di vided into a number of
filaments. Seta subdentalis short. Inner margin of mandible
smooth, outer margin crenulate.
Body: Abdominal segments I to VII with setae L4 plumose.
Seta L4 on segment VII with a least three branches.
PUPAE: n = 10, unless otherwise stated.
,-
128
Color: Dorsal surface of cephalothorax and abdominal
tergites II to VI dark brown, tergites VII and VIII pale.
Length: Total length 5.4 (4.7-5.9) mm; abdomen length 3.9
(3.5-4.4) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles low knobs with very long
frontal setae. Thoracic horns 416.0 (374.7-463.4) (n=8) um
long, dark brown, with small indistinct spines. Dorsal
surface with brown nodulations.
Abdomen: Tergite I bare. Hook rowan a posterior extension
of tergite II, half as wide as segment. Pedes spurii absent.
Tergites II to VI with dark brown pigment in posterior half.
Shagreen on tergites II to VI uniform, spinules increase in
size posteriorly. Tergites VII and VIII very pale, with
sparse shagreen anteriorly, posterior bare. Conjunctives
between segments III and IV, IV and V, and V and VI with a
band of pale spinules. Anal lobes with blunt apices and
three straight sub equal anal macrosetae.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Cricotopus £!�� was a common species
collected from pond A. Most immatures specimens were
collected from submerged macrophytes and algae.
The digestive tract of the larvae contained mostly
diatoms with some detritus.
REMARKS: The specimens can be identified using Hirenojoa
(1973). Cricotopus ornat� belongs to the �y!vestris group_
The larva can be distinguished from other Cri�to��
(Isocladi�) specie� by the plumose L4 setae on abdominal
,-
129
segments I to VII. The pupae are darker brown than the pupae
of the other two species collected in the study.
DISTRIBUTION: Hirvenjoa (1973) reports that CricotE�
.E£!:!�.2 has a Holarctic distribubion.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Pond .A: reared male, 2 pupae with
associated larval exuviae, 22 pup�l exuviae, 46 larvae.
CricEtoE� (Cricoto�) SPa 1
(Figures 162 to 163)
LARVA: None were collected.
PUPA: n = 5
Color: Transparent to light brown.
Length: Total length 4.5 (4.4-4.5) mm; abdominal length 3.1
( 3 • 0 - 3 • 1) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles absent. Thoracic horns
small 117.9 (93.6-128.9) um long, spines present on the
surface. Dorsal surface wrinkled, nodulations absent.
Abdomen: Tergite I with central transverse band of shagreen.
Hook row on tergite II 1/2 as wide as segment, on a posterior
extension of the segment. Pedes spurii B on segments II and
III. Te�gites III to V with a central shagreen patch and a
posterior shagreen band. Shagreen on segments VII and VIII
absent or sparse. Anal lobes with three sub equal anal
macrosetae.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: All pupal exuviae of Cricol£� SPa 1 were
collected in late May.
REMARKS: The specimens key in to Cri£QtoE� (££i£Q!E�.2)
,-
,
130
tribial� group Hirvenjoa (1973). All specimens were in poor
condition. Better and reared material will be needed for
species identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 5 pupal exuviae.
Crl�to�� (�ocladiu�) SPa 2
( Fig u res ' 1 64.to 1 65 )
LARVA: None were collected.
PUPA: n = 1
Color: Transparent to light brown.
Length: Total length 5.3 mm; abdomen 3.9 mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles absent, frontal setae
extremely long. Dorsal surface weakly nodulated. Thoracic
horn 147.9 urn long spines present.
Abdomen: Tergite I with a central transverse band of
shagreen. Hook row on tergite II more than 1/2 the width of
segment. Pedes spurii B absent. Shagreen on tergites II to
VI uniform. Tergites VII and VIII with sparse shagreen.
Anal lobes with three subequal anal macrosetae.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The specimen was collected on Aug 9, 1983.
REMARKS: The specimen keys to Cricotoeus (l�ocl�dius)
�xlv�ri� group in Hirvenjoa (1973). Reared material will
be needed for species identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: pupal exuvium.
�ydroba� Fries
Fries. 1830. K. svenska Vetensk-Akad Handl. 1829:177
J
1 31
LARVAE: Antennae six segmented, sixth segment minute, often
very diffic�lt to see. An�ennal blade shorter than combined
length of terminal segments. Lauterborn's organs distinct.
SI plumose, SII simple. Premandibles bifid. Labral lamallae
a single scale. Pecten epipharyngis three simple scales.
Mentum with 2 median teeth and si� pairs of lateral teeth.
Ventromental plates large, rounded, without a beard.
Mandibles with three or four inner teeth, apical tooth short,
seta interna and seta subdentalis present. Parapods
separate, each with a crown of claws. Procerci short, with
seven anal setae.
PUPA: Frontal setae present, cephalic tubercles usually
absent. Thoracic horns long with sparse covering of spines.
Dorsal surface of thorax and wings usually smooth. Hook row
on tergite II weak. Pedes spurii 8 present on segment II.
Lateral setae on segments V, VI, VII, VIII; 4, 4, 4, 4 or 5
respectively. Anal lobes with a variable hair fringe and
three anal macrosetae.
REMARKS: Saether (1976) recognises five species groups in
the genus.
The immatures of most species inhabit the littoral
regions of most types of freshwater, preferring northern
oligotrophic conditions (Saether 1976).
�ydro�� is a holarctic genus with 20 species known.
Thirteen species are known from the Nearctic (Saether 1976).
The genus is widespread in Canada occurring north of the
,-
132
treeline (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
Two life stages were collected in this study.
!:!ydroba� sp , 1
(Figure 171)
LARVA: None were associated.
PUPA: n = 9
Color: Grey to transparent.
Length: Total length 4.9 (4.8-5.3) mm; abdominal length 3.7
(3.6-4.0) mm.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles absent. Thoracic horns
covered in spines, length 426.7 (404.3-458.5) urn. Dorsal
surface slightly wrinkled.
Abdomen: Hook row on tergite II reduced. Tergites II to VI
with uniform shagreen, points increasing in size posteriorly.
Conjuntives bare. Shagreen on tergite VII sparse. Tergite
VIII almost bare. Anal lobes with about 25 short hairs and
three anal macrosetae.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The pupal exuviae were all collected in
mid May from pond D.
REMARKS: The specimens key to !:!Y2£ob�� nivori��� in
Roback (1957); and to the former's synonym Seaniotoma
(Orthocladius) n Lvo r Lundai
Ln Johannsen (1937a). In Saether
(1976) they key to couplet 7 but no further. Reared material
is needed for species identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond D: 13 pupal exuviae.
fudrobae� sp 2
,-
I
133
(Figures 166 to 170)
LARVA: n = 9, unless otherwise stated.
Antennae: First segment 65.1 (58.2-73.4) (n=8) um long.
Antennal ratio 1.86 (1.53-2.32) (n=8). Ring organ 19.1
(15.2-22.8) (n=8) um from base of first segment.
Lauterborn's organs distinct.
Labrum: SI plumose at apex. Premandibles bifid,
premadibular brush absent.
Mentum: First lateral teeth slightly shorter and narrower
than median teeth. The median teeth and first laterals are
paler than the remaining teeth. Ventromental plates well
developed, rounded at posterior end.
Mandibles: Length 146.6 (131.6-156.9) um. Three inner teeth
and a short apical tooth. Seta subdentalis hooked apically.
Body: Procerci as long as wide with seven anal setae on
apex.
PUPA: None were associated.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Gut contents of larvae were detritus,
green algae and plant material. Specimens were all collected
from pond C in late April 19B4.
REMARKS: The specimens are small and in poor condition. In
Pinder and Reiss (1983) they key to Hydrobaenus ��is
group or pilipes group. In Saether (1976) they key to �.
martini but this is a very tenuous identification. Reared
material is needed for species identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond C: 9 larvae.
a_
J
134
Limnophyes Eaton
Eaton 1875. Entomol. mon. Mag. 12:60.
LARVA: Antennae five segmented, half as long as mandible.
Mentum with two median teeth and five pairs of lateral teeth.
Ventromental plates variable, without setae. SI plumose,
rarely bifid. Pecten epipharyngis consists of three subequal
scales. Premandibles bifid or trifid without premandibular
brush. Mandibles with three inner teeth, apical tooth
shorter than the width of three inner teeth. Seta interna
and seta subdentalis present. Anterior parapods separate
'with apical crowm of claws. Abdominal setae usually simple,
sometimes plumose. Procerci with seven anal setae, spurs
absent.
PUPA: Tergites II to VIII with posterior row of long setae.
Abdominal segments III to VIII each with four lateral setae.
Anal lobes with three terminal macrosetae, hair fringe
absent.
REMARKS: .!:imnoph;tes is a species rich genus but very few of
the immatures have been identified (Oliver and Roussel 1983).
Larvae have been collected in aquatic, semi-aquatic and
terrestrial habitats (Cranston, et ale 1983). Larvae of some
species are tolerant to low oxygen levels (Wilson and McGill
1982).
Members of the genus are found world wide (Cranston, et
�. 1983). Eighteen species have been recorded from the
,-
,
135
Nearctic (Oliver 1981).
One species was collected during this study.
Limnophyes sp.
(Figure 172)
LARVA: None were collected.
PUPA: n = 5, unless otherwise st�ted.
Color: Pale.
Length: Total length 3.8 (n=1) mm; abdomen 2.5 (n=1) mm
long.
Cephalothorax: Cephalic tubercles, small knobs with frontal
setae. Thoracic horns absent.
Abdomen: Tergite I bare. Tergites II to VIII with uniform,
sparse shagreen and a posterior band of very long setae.
Lateral setae IV-4, V-4, VI-4, VII-4, VIII-5. Anal lobes
with blunt apices, and three subequal macrosetae.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES:, Oliver and Roussel (1983) reports that the
larvae commonly collected in Canada: have very short
antennae, less than half the length of the mandible; two
sensory pits present on the first antennal segment; SI
plumose; simple abdominal setae; and the apices of anal
tubules are pointed.
The exuvaie were collected from pond A in late April to
mid May.
REMARKS: The pupae of bimnophyes are very distinctive and
easily recognised by the posterior band of long setae.
Specimens were in very poor condition •. Reared material will
,
I
136
be required for species level identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 5 pupal exuviae.
Psectrocladius Kieffer
Kieffer. 1906. AnnIs. Soc., scient. Brux 30:356
LARVA: Antennae five segmented. Mentum with one or two
medial teeth and five pairs of lateral teeth. Ventromental
plates well developed, with beard present. SI palmate with
three to nine lobes. Pecten epipharyngis made up of three
subequal scales. Premandibles with one apical tooth.
Mandibles with three inner teeth, apical tooth variable in
length. Seta subdentalis present, seta interna present or
absent. Anterior and posterior parapods with a crown of
claws. Procerci large, with one or two spurs and six or
seven anal setae.
PUPA: Thoracic horns toothed, slightly swollen terminally.
Tergite II with compact pad of spines on posterior margin.
Pedes spurii B present or absent. Tergites III/IV to VI/VII
with a single or paired patch of spines or bare. Tergites V
to VIII with a posterior row of long lamallar like spines.
Anal lobes with at least three macrosetae, but may have as
many as eight, and a hair fringe.
REMARKS: Psectrocla� as been divided into four subgenera;
E. (s. str.), E. (Mon£Esectrocladius), E.
(Allopsectrocladius) and E. (Mesopsectrocladiu�) (Oliver and
Roussel 1983). The subgenera can be separated in the larval
,-
137
stage.
Larvae prefer lentic habitats (Cranston, � ale 1982).
The genus is relatively intolerant to low oxygen levels
(Wilson and McGill 1982).
The genus is distributed world wide except for Australia
and Antarctica. Sixty species fr�m all four subgenera occur
in the Holarctic (Cranston, et ale 1983). Nineteen species
are widespread in the Nearctic (Oliver 1981).
In this study three species were collected.
Key to �tr�cladi� species
collected in this study
LARVA
1a. SI palmate with 6 to 9 branches (Fig. 183).
Median teeth of mentum dome shaped (Fig. 185).
Apical tooth of mandible shorter than one and one
half times the combined width of inner mandibular
teeth (Fig. 186) •..• e.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••• • Psectrocladi� (E.) sp , 1
1b. SI with 3 branches (Fig. 174). Median teeth of
mentum flat with medial nipple-like projections
(Fig. 176). Apical tooth of mandible more than one
and one-half times longer than combined width of
inner teeth (Fig. 177) ••••••••• Pseclrocladi�� (�) •
.fl!!�.
PUPA
1a. Pedes spurii B present (Fig. 190). Posterior row
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138
of lamallar setae on tergites II to VI (Fig.
188). Tergites IV, V and VI with paired medial
spine patches (Fig. 188, 190) ••••••••••••••••••••• 2
1b. Pedes spurii B absent (Fig. 180). Posterior row of
lamallar setae on tergites III to VIII (Fig. 180,
181). Anal lobes with anal macrosetae
absent •••••••••••••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • ·E.2�tr.2.£ladi� (�.)flavus
2a. Anal lobes with three e�enly spaced anal macro
setae (Fig. 188) •••••••••• Psectrocladius (E.) sp 1
2b. Anal lobes with seven anal macrosetae (Fig. 190) •
••••••••••••••••••••••••• • Psectrocladius (E.) sp 2
E��cladius (�llopse£!rocl�ius) ��� (Johannsen)
(Figures 173 to 181)
Johannsen. 1905. Bull. N. Y. state Mus. 86:270
LARVA: n = 10
Antenna: Each segment small�� than the preceding segment.
Length 245.5 (215.0-267.5) urn. Antennal ratio 3.67
(3.28-4.00). Lauterborn's organ very small and sessile.
Ring organ in basal half of first segment. Antennal blade
subequal to the second antennal segment.
Labrum: SI has three subequal branches. Premandible with a
single sickle shaped apical tooth, slightly darker than ·the
rest of premandible.
,
139
Mentum: Median teeth broad, with central nipplelike
projections. Five pairs of dark brown lateral teeth.
Ventromental plates with setae.
Mandible: Length 255.25 (240.4 - 273.6) urn. Three inner
teeth and apex of apical tooth dark brown. Ratio of apical
tooth to combined width of inner �eeth, 2.19 (1.70-2.80).
Seta interna absent. Both margins of mandibles smooth.
Occipital margin: Slightly darker than the general head
capsule color. Two projections present.
Body: Procerci approximately one and one-half times as long
as wide, slightly sclerotized, with two prominent spurs
present. Seven anal setae on each procercus.
PUPA: n = 5
Color: Dark brown.
Length: Total length 7.1 (6.0-8.2) mm; abdomen length 5.3
(4.4-6.3) mm.
Cephalothorax: Dorsal surface wrinkled, lacking nodulations.
Cephalic tubercles as low domes, frontal setae lacking.
Thoracic horns 552.6 (478.2-620.0) urn long, club shaped with
spines on the surface.
Abdomen: Tergite II with hook row on posterior extension of
segment. Pedes spurii B absent on se�m��i·II. Tergites III
to VIII with a posterior row of wide blunt simple, bifid or
trifid setae. Setal row increases in size and number of
setae caudally. Conjunctives III/IV, IV/V and V/VI with
spinules. Lateral setae V-4, VI-4, VII-4, VIII-5. Anal
I_
I
140
lobes with dense hair fringes, two dorsal setae. Inner
margins of anal lobes straight and bare, outer margin bluntly
curved.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Larvae were collected from submerged
macrophytes and algae in pond A. Other specimens were
collected from the culvert outflow in pond B in 1983. The
guts of the larvae contained mostly filamentous algae with
some diatoms and detritus.
The larvae, pupal exuviae and the larvae of the reared males
were collected in mid July.
REMARKS: The reared males key to Psectrocladiu� flav� in
Johanssen and Townes (1952). The larval and pupal specimens
key to .§.E�iotoma (..e��.2.£ladius) .fla� (a synonym of ..e.
flavus) in Johannsen (1937a). In Roback (1957) the immatures
agrees more closely to ..e. ���, a related species.
DISTRIBUTION: Psectrocl�dius flavus has been recorded from
New York and Saskatchewan (Mason 1983; Sublette and Sublette
1965).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 4 reared males, 15 larvae. Pond
B: 2 larvae.
Psect££cladiu� (E�trocladiu�) sp. 1
(Figures 182 to 188)
Larva: n = 8
Antenna: First segment 102.2 (91.1-111.32) um long; antennal
ratio 2.5 (2.0-2.9). Each segment smaller than preceding
one. Lauterborn's organs small. Ring organ located near
1-
141
base of first antennal segment. Antennal blade shorter than
combined length of terminal antennal segments.
Labrum: SI palmate with six to nine sub equal branches.
Pecten epipharyngis consists of three subequal scales.
Premandible with a single apical tooth.
Mentum: Two broad median' teeth w�th five pairs of lateral
teeth. Ventromental plates well developed with a setal
beard.
Mandible: Length 161.9 (153.6 - 215.1) urn. Apical one-third
dark brown. Three inner teeth. Ratio of apical tooth to
combined width of inner teeth 0.91 (0.75-1.07). Seta interna
present. Margins of mandible smooth.
Occipital margin: Similar in color to the rest of the head
capsule, two occipital projections present.
Body: Procerci approximately twice as long as wide, with
seven anal setae and two prominent spurs.
PUPA: n = 2
Color: Cephalothorax chestnut brown. Abdomen pale except
for lines delimiting segments.
Length: Total length 4.20-4.45 mm; abdomen length 3.12-3.37.
Cephalothorax: Dorsal surface slightly wrinkled. Cephalic
tubercles low rounded with frontal setae present. Thoracic
horn 325.4-364.8 urn long, with spines on the surface.
Abdomen: Segment II with Pedes spurii B present. Hook row
on tergite II of long apically hooked spines, half the width
of tergite. Tergites III to VI with a posterior row of blunt
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142
of spines.
Conjunctives of segments III/IV and IV/V with
Tergites IV, V and VI with paired medial patches
Lateral setae V-4, VI-4, VII-4 and VIII-5. Anal
spines.
spinules.
lobes with fringe of about 35 hairs each and three distally
positioned anal macrosetae.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Specimens were ,collected from aquatic
macrophytes and algal mats. The larval digestive tracts
contained filamentous algae, particularly from those
associated with the Clado£b� mats, diatoms and detritus.
REMARKS: The specimens key to E. sordidellus group in
Cranston (1982) and Cranston, � ale (1983). To confirm this
identification reared male material is required.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 5 larvae. Pond B: pupal exuvium;
2 larvae. Pond F: reared female.
Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) sp. 2
(Figures 189 to 190)
LARVA: No larva were associated with the pupa.
PUPA: n = 2
Color: Dark brown lines separating the segments, remaining
areas transparent.
Length: Total length 6.0-6.8 mm, abdomen length 4.4-5.1 mm.
Cephalothorax: Dorsal surface slightly reticulated.
Cephalic tubercles are dome shaped with a long apical setae.
Thoracic horns 493-540 urn long, pale, with spines over the
surface.
Abdomen: Segment II with Pedes spurii B present. All
,__
I
143
tergites except I and VII with sparse fine shagreen.
Tergites II to VI with two posterior rows of spines. The
most anterior row is very strong, some are bifurcated. The
posterior row made of fine spines. Spine rows on tergites
II, III, and IV, are on distinct posterior extensions.
Tergites IV, V and VI with paired ,central patchs of spines,
increasing in size and number of spines caudally. Tergite
VII with a sparse posterior row of strong spines.
Conjunctives bare. Lateral setae VI-4, VII-4, VIII-S. Anal
lobes rounded with a hair fringe of 60 or more hairs and
seven·anal macrosetae.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: The two pupal exuviae were collected from
pond A on May 26, 1983 and July 1, 1984.
REMARKS: The specimens key to Psectrocladius
(Psectrocladius) sp. in Wilson and McGill (1982) and to
Esect££cladiu� (E.) sp 3 in Mason (1983). Reared material is
needed for species identification.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 2 pupal exuvium.
�udosmittia Goetghebuer
Goetghebuer. 1932. Faune France. 23:126.
LARVA: Antennae with four or fewer segments, shorter than
half the length of the mandibles. Mentum with single median
tooth, with four pairs of lateral teeth. Ventromental plates
distinct, second pair of plates sometimes present, setal
beard absent. SI and SII bifid. Premandibles with two to
,-
I
144
four teeth. Pecten epipharyngis three simple or serrated
plates. Mandibles with three inner teeth, apical tooth
shorter than combined width of inner teeth. Seta interna
absent. Anterior parapods reduced and fused with apical
claws. Procerci absent, anal setae present.
parapods reduced or absent.
PUPA: Small. Exuvium almost transparent.
spinules. Tergites with extensive shagreen.
rounded and bare.
REMARKS: Most species are terrestrial or semi-terrestrial
(Oliver and Roussel. 1983).
Posterior
Conjunctives with
Anal lobes
The genus probably has a worldwide distribution and may
hav.e a number of species (Cranston, et a1. 1983). One
species has been previously recorded from the Nearctic
(Oliver 1981).
One species was collected in this study.
Pseudosmittia sp.
(Figure 191)
LARVAE: None collected.
PUPAE: n = 3
Color: �ale to tran�����nt.
Length: Total length 3.1 (2.7-3.5) mm; abdomen length 2.2
( 1 .9 - 2.5) mm.
Cephalothorax: Thoracic horns absent.
Abdomen: Segments with extensive shagreen, a narrow anterior
..
145
and a wider posterior band of stronger shagreen. Tergites II
to VII with a slight pad extending posteriorly with a number
of spinules on them. Intersegmental conjunctives with
spinules. Anal lobes bare.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES: Pupal exuviae were collected in late April
and late May.
REMARKS: The specimens key to ��itti� in Wilson and
McGill (1982) and Coffman (1984).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Pond A: 2 pupal exuviae. Pond D: pupal
exuvium.
,--
146
ADDITIONAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TEMPERATURE
The water temperature of pond A generally followed that
of the air temperature (Table 1). However the water never
reached the· high temperatures that the air did. In spring
and autu�n when air temperatures hlere low, water temperatures
were not as low.
WATER DEPTH
In pond A the water depth (Fig. 192) usually reached a
peak soon after the ice thawed from the surface of the water
and the snow from the surrounding land melted. The water
levels slowly and steadily decreased to a minimum in late
summer and early autumn.
During the study, two events occurred with respect to
water depth which had significant effects on the pond and its
organisms.
On June 24, 1983, a severe rainstorm raised the water
level of pond A from about 73 cm on June 15 to over 118 cm on
June 25. After the storm the pond water level slowly
declined during the remainder of the year but by freeze.up
the pond still had about 75 cm of water in it, almost the
level present at the spring peak in 1983. Effects of this
were observed in the spring of 1984, when, although spring
runoff was low, the spring water level was almost 20 cm
higher than it was in 1983.
After the storm of June 24, 1983, the water in pond A
I
147
remained very turbid for many weeks. Much of the pond margin
which had been dry in the spring was submerged and remained
so for almost the entire year. In these areas the
terrestrial and emergent vegetation that was damaged by the
storm began to decay.
The Orepan.2.£.!adius mat coverin.g the substrate in the
central region of the pond began to die, probably due to lack
of light for photosynthesis caused by the turbid water. The
subsequent decay caused anaerobic conditions as evidenced by
the unusually strong smell of hydrogen sulfide from samples
taken from this area.
8y July 17, 1983 very few chironomids were collected from
the benthos of the central region. However, large numbers of
late instar larvae of Chironomus te�� and QxlEtot�ndiE�
barbi��, which normally were collected from the benthos of
the central region" were collected from the newly submerged
area in the pond's'periphery where water depths were less
than 30 cm.
These observations suggest that as the benthic
microhabitat of the central area of the pond deteriorated the
usually sedentary larvae migrated to the more favourable
conditions around the edge of the pond. This agrees with,a
number of researchers who found similar behaviours occuring
in late instar larvae when conditions in the immediate
microhabitat deteriorated (Oavies 1973; Hynes 1961).
8y the spring of 1984 the distributiqn of chironomid
'-
,
148
larvae was back to a more "normal state", with larvae of the
two species 'being collected from the central benthos region,
and a new mat of ���ladi� had started to grow.
After the spring peak in 1984 the water level slowly
declined until September 10 when surface water disappeared
completely. Surface water was restored by autumn snow and
precipitation to a depth of 15 cm by freeze up.
The effects, if any; of this dry phase were not
determined. Potentially a number of species may have been
eliminated if they were unable to survive the total loss of
surface water (Wiggins � �l. 1980). However the amount of
d�ssication of the substrate in pond A may not have been
great enough to eliminate the drought sensitive species,
because the substrate under the dry crust was still quite
moist.
MICROHABITATS IN POND A
The seven general microhabitats distinguished in pond A
were: central and peripheral benthos, Q��ocladi� sp. mat,
submerged vegetation, algal mats, emergent vegetation, and
decaying Sali� wood.
The freeliving Tanypodinae were collected in all types of
microhabitats except the benthos and on decaying Sali�
branches. Specimens of �£otanypus alaskensis and
Ablabesmyia pulchri�nnis collected from benthic samples of
the central region were probably associated with the
�panocladius mat covering the substrate rather than the
,-
149
substrate itself. Larvae of most of the Tanypodinae were
collected from submerged vegetation, submerged stalks of
emergent vegetation and algal mats.
Some species of Chironominae showed very specific
microhabitat preferences. Chi�� !�nta� and
Q11B1ot�dip� £arbip� were almo�t exclusively collected
from samples of the benthos of the pond. These two species
are particularly adapted for life in low oxygen level by the
presence of haemoglobin in their haemolymph. Only during the
flood period in 1983 did the central benthos region become
uninhabitable because of very low oxygen levels.
Larvae of Di£�tendip� sp. were collected exclusively
from the submerged decaying Sali� branches found in the pond.
The Tanytarsini species fl������ sp.,
�at���� sp. and Tanytars� sp. 3 were collected from
the Cladophora sp. mats which were present in pond A in 1982.
The species of Orthocladiinae were all collected from
submerged macrophytes, submerged stems of emergent vegetation
and from fla£B£b£� mats.
FEEDING
From examination of the gut contents of the larvae
collected it appears the Chironomidae feed on a wide variety
of food.
The larvae of the Tanypodinae are to some extent
predaceous (Armitage 1968). This was evident in examination
of the larval guts. Most tanypod larvae contained detritus,
,
,
150
diatoms and filamentous algae and small crustaceans such as
ostracads and cladocerans and a number of orthoclad and
Chironominae larvae. One specimen of DerotanYE� ala�kensis
also contained the remains of a chironomid pupa, and a
specimen of E.:!ect�m� dyari had along with chironomid
larvae the remains of a leg of a trichopteran or coleopteran
in the gut.
In the larval guts of the Chironominae and Orthocladiinae
were found detritus, particularly in Chirono�� 1��� and
f11ptotendipes .Qarbipes, diatoms and filamentous algae.
Filamentous algae predominated in the guts of larvae
collected in association with the Cl�dophor� mats.
EMERGENCE
Four species had distinct peak emergences during the
study. ��yia �chriEenni� emerged mostly during June
and July. Chrio��� ten�� emerged throughout the open
water season but peaked from June to mid July. Gl�tendi�
barbipes emerged mostly during May and June but pupa� exuvaie
could be collected throughout__ ��e open water season.
Acricot£E� �� emerged in 1983 just after the ice thawed
from the surface in pond A in late April and early May. This
emergence was very large. However for the remainder of the
years the pond was studied no comparable emergence of �.
�� occurred.
From the patterns of emergence it appears that these four
species are univoltine in pond A.
,
-T-
151
NEW RECORDS OF SASKATCHEWAN POND CHIRONOMIDAE
Forty species of Chironomidae were collected from ponds
in this study. These included six Tanypodinae, 21
Chironominae (16 Chironomini and 5 Tanytarsini), and 13
Orthocladiinae. Only four of the 40 species were not
collected from pond A; Tanypus .E.!:!nctipennis from pond B,
Phaeno��� sp. from pond F, Hydr��� sp. 1 from pond 0,
and �drobaenus sp. 2 from pond C.
Of the forty species collected in this study (Table 2),
seven are additions to Driver's (1977) list of Saskatchewan
pond inhabiting chironomids: DerotaD1� �laskensis,
Erocladi� nietus, Tanypus E�ctipennis, Chrionomus �trell�,
f!�ptochironomus digitat�, Cricot0.E.!:!� ��tu�, and
Psect££�di� flavus. Five species; one named, four
unnamed; belong to genera not previously recorded from
Saskatchewan ponds; lanypus Eunctipenni�, Cl�£2�lm� sp.,
Cladotanyta� sp., f£rynoneura sp. and Eseudosmittia sp ••
,-
152
SUMMARY
Forty species of Chironomidae were collected from ponds
in the study (Table 2). These included six Tanypodinae, 21
Chironominae (16 Chironomini, 5 Tanytarsini) and 13
Orhtocladiinae. Only four of the ,40 species were not
collected from pond A, Tanypus B�ti�nnis from pond Band
PhaenoEsectra sp. from pond F, Hydroba��� sp. 1 from pond D
and Hydrobaenus sp. 2 from pond C.
Five genera and seven species were not previously listed
as inhabiting Saskatchewan ponds by Driver (1977).
Larvae and pupae were collected from pond A and other
selected ponds during 1982, 1983 and 1984. Representative
specimens were reared to adults.
Generic and species identification keys, generic
diagnoses and species descriptions are presented for the
chironomids collected in the study.
Prleiminary data on emergence patterns, microhabitat
distributions, and effects of water fluctuations on
chironomid distribution in Pond A are discussed.
Air a�d water temperatures and water depths were taken
on selected dates from Pond A during the. study.
,
,
153
CONCLUSIONS
The study of pond Chironomidae in Saskatchewan is at a
very preliminary stage. Only Driver (1977) has previously
studied chironomids inhabiting Saskatchewan ponds. Driver's
research and the present study clearly show chironomids are a
very important part of the pond aquatic insect diverity.
Most pond studies however deal with the chironomids, and most
other aquatic insects, at a supraspecific level or not at all
because the emphasis of previous pond studies has been on
mosquito control and waterfowl management. This neglect of
pond aquatic insects has and is hampering environmental
impact studies of agiicultural pesticides and other
pollutants on the pond community. Future research is needed
in the areas of species level taxonomy, life histories and
ecology. of pond aquatic insects before the impact of
agricultural pesticides on ponds can been accurately
assessed.
Another area which needs further attention is the
standardization of pond and wetland classification. At
present, communication between researchers is hampered by not
understanding'what is meant by the variety of terms used to
describe wetland systems. To develop an accurate terminology
a number of parameters must be taken into account such as
water chemistry, pond morphometry, vegetation, drainage,
association with other surface water and the stage in the wet
phase of the -ura t e r body. It is necessary to realize the
�-
154
important.effect this last parameter has on the flora and
fauna of the wetland. It must also be realized that single
season studies without prior information on a wetland provide
little information about its ecology or how it changes from
year to year and how these changes affect the organisms
inhabiting it. Long term studies.of ponds and other wetlands
will greatly improve our knowledge of these interesting and
constantly changing ecosytems.
1_
155
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t._
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157
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170b
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".......
171
Figure 1 Map of Pond A
e
ee
ee
e
e
e
e
e
e �.e
Open Water
Vegetation 010m
172
Figure 2
138'V1
Slide Preparation
,.-
173
Figure 3 Larva
Thorax------------------�Anterior Parapods
L-4 seta
Lateral Hair Fringe
Lateral Process
Posterior Parapods
����----------Anal Tubules
Procerci
'1
174
Figure 4
TanypodinaeHead Capsule
��--------------- Lauterborn organ
Antenna
Mandible�j_-------
Basal tooth
������__--=======MaXillary palp
����-4��Jr----------M-appendage��__�����r----------Pseudoradula
,Q�::..t::::;::--:.�4-----....;.._ Do r sam en tum
�--���-�----- Para Ii gu la
__����t:::--����-------Pecten hypopharyngis
Ligula
��-------Eye spot
L-__----------�Antennal blade
figure 5
Cl1ironominaeHeod Capsule
Antennal blade
Lauterborn organ
Seta Antenna
Dorsal toothMandible
mandibularis
epipharyngis
palp
subdentalis
interna
Ventromental plate
....... 0'."
, j j
Figure 6 175
Pupal Cephalothorax
�� Cephalic Tubercle
l-__-------Thoracic Horn'
�__-----Dorsal Surface
Antennal Sheath
Wing Sheath
-t-------Leg Sheath
Figure 7
Pupal Abdomen
lt�-- Spine Tract
Shagreen
�::���r--------------Lateral Setae
�h�==��---------------SpurI---tii------------- G en ita 1 Sac
.....t!iI!'---------- Ana 1 Lob e
Hair Fringe�--------------------Macrosetae
176
Figures 8 to 12: Ablabes�yia pulchripennis. Fig. 8. Larval
antenna. Fig. 9. Larval hypopharyngis, paraligula
and ligula. Fig. 10. Larval mandible. Fig. 11.
larval maxillary palp. Fig. 12. Pupal anal lobes •
..
177
Figure 13: Ablabesmyia pulchripennis. Thoracic horns (pp -
plastron plate) and thoraxkamm (t).
Figure 14: Ablabesmyia pulchripennis. Pupal abdominal
tergites I to IV (arrow indicates scar on tergite
I ) .
Figure 15: Ablabesmyia pulchripennis. Pupal abdominal
tergites V to VIII and anal lobes.
-
•
..
16
_ .
-, ': .. _:." .... ,
:.' ;. :-
.,..
",', .- ':"
""
r ..
.
,:.
.
..
179
Figures 16 to 21: Derotanypus alaskensis. Fig. 16. Larval
antenna (bl - antennal blade). Fig. 17. Larval
Larval dorsomentum. Fig. 19. Larval mandible.
hypopharyngis, ligula and paraligula. Fig. 18.
Fig. 20. Simple claw of larval posterior parapod.
Fig. 21. Arched claw of larval posterior parapod •
.......
180
Figure 22: Derotanypus alaskensis. Pupal thoracic horn.
Figure 23: Derotan�pus alaskensis. Pupal abdominal tergites
I to IV.
Figure 24: Derotanypus alaskensis. Pupal abdominal tergites
VI to VIII and anal lobes.
.....
182
25
27
�
28
antenna. Fig. 26. Larval paraligula and ligula.
Figures 25 to 28: Pr�E1�di� niet�. Fig. 25. Larval
F�g. 27. Left side of larval dorsomentum. Fig. 28.
Larval mandible.
I .
Figur� 29: Procladius nietus.
Figure 30: Procladius nietus.
VIII and anal lobes.
183
Pupal thoracic horns.
Pupal abdominal tergites V to
..·f •
185
32
3S
II
I,
Figures 31 to 35: Procladius (!:!.) sp , Fig. 31. Larval
antenna. Fig. 32. Larval ligula and paraligula.
Fig. 33: Larval pecten hypopharyngis. Fig. 34.
Larval dorsomentum. Fig. 35. Larval mandible.
, �
Figure 36: .Procladius (�.) sp.
Figure 37: Procladius (�.) sp.
anal lobes.
186
Pupal thoracic horn.
Pupal tergites V to VIII and
'-
188
38
40
Figures 38 to 40: Esectrotan� Qyari. Fig. 38. Larval
antenna. Fig. 39. Larval dorsomentum (d),
paraligula (p), ligula and pecten hypopharyngis.
fig. 40. Larval mandible •
.....
189
Figure 41: Psectrotanypus dyari. Pupal thoracic horn.
Figure 42: Psectrotanypus dyari. Pupal abdominal tergites I
to V (arrow indicates scar on tergite I).
Figure 43: Psectrotanypus dyari. Pupal abdominal tergites
VI to VIII and anal lobes.
.-
u:; !Ill")
II.
"b't
tie' IrifP ........r
191
44
46
t-r-:
47
Figures 44 to 47: Tanxpus punctipennis. Fig. 44. Larval
antenna. Fig. 45. Larval paraligula and ligula.
Fig. 46. Larval dorsomentum. Fig. 47. Larval
mandible.
192
48�49
Si
52
Figures 48 to 52: Chironomus atrella. Fig. 48. Larval 51.
Fig. 49. Larval ventromentum and mentum. Fig 50.
seta interna). Fig. 51. Pupal cephalic tubercle
Larval mandible (pm - pecten mandibularis; Si -
(fs - frontal seta). Fig. 52. Spur on pupal
segment VIII.
53
193
58
59
Figures 53 to 59: Chironomus riparius. Fig. 53. Larval
antenna. Fig. 54. Larval mentum and ventromen�um.
Fig. 55. Larval 51. Fig. 56. Larval pecten
epipharyngis. Fig. 57. Larval mandible (dt -
dorsal tooth; ssd - seta subdentalis). Fig. 58.
Pupal cephalic tubercle. Fig. 59. Spur on pupal
abdominal segment VIII.
194
Figure 60: Chironomus atrella. Pupal abdominal tergites II
to VI.
Figure 61: Chironomus riparius. Pupal abdominal tergites
III to VI.
I
67
63�
65
ro
196
64�
68
Figures 62 to 69: Chironomus tentans. Fig. 62. Larval
antenna (ro - ring organ). Fig. 63. Larval SI.
Fig. 64. Larval pecten epipharyngis. Fig. 65.
Larval premandible. Fig� 66. Larval mandible.
Fig. 67. Larval ventromentum and mentum. Fig. 68.
Pupal cephalic tubercle. Fig. 69. Spur or. pupal
abdominal segment VIII.
...
r197
Figure 70: Chironomus tentans. Pupal abdominal segments III
to V.
Figure 71: Chironomus tentans. Pupal abdominal segments VII
and VIII and anal lobes.
-
199
Figure 72: Chironomus sp. Pupal abdominal segments III to
V.
Figure 73: Chironomus sp. Pupal abdominal segments VII and
VIII (arrow indicates spur).
-
201
Figure 74: Cladopelma sp. 1. Pupal abdominal segments
(arrow indicates mace process on tergite VI).
--.
-
,
75
77
203
76
Figures 75 to 77: Cladopelma SPa 2. Fig. 75. Larval
antenna. Fig. 76. Larval ventromentum and mentum.
Fig. 77. Larval mandible.
f_
204
78 80
81
Figures 78 to 81: Cryptochironomus digitatus. Fig. 78.
Larval antenna. Fig. 79. Larval premandible. Fig.
80. Larval ventromentum and mentum. Fig. 81.
Larval mandible.
•
205
Figure 82: Cryptochironomus digitatus. Pupal cephalic
tubercles.
Figure 83: Cryptochironomus digitatus. Pupal abdominal
segment VIII and anallobes (arrow indicates anal
lobe process).
Figure 84: Cryptochironomus digitatus. Pupal abdominal
tergites III and IV.
L
...
207
85
86 c;;\N)
88
87
Figures 85 to 89: Dicrotendipes sp. Fig. 85. Larval
antenna. Fig. 86. Larval pecten epipharyngis.
Fig. 87. Larval premandible. Fig. 88. Larval
ventromentum and mentum. Fig. 89. Larval mandible.
208
90
93 94
Figures 90 to 95: Einfeldia sp. Fig. 90. Larval antenna (10
- Lauterborn's organ). Fig. 91. Larval SI. 'Fig.
92. Larval frontal apotome. Fig. 93. Larval
ventromentum and mentum. Fig. 94. Larval mandible.
Fig. 95. Pupal spur on segment VIII.
,-
209
Figure 96: Einfeldia sp. Pupal abdominal tergites II to V.
..
�•
1
211
98 � 99
101�."•..._--.-- ... --�-:�...�
102
Figures 97 to 102: Endochironomus nigricans. Fig. 97.
Larval antenna. Fig. 98. Larval pecten
epipharyngis. Fig. 99. Larval premandible. Fig.
100. Larval ventromentum. Fig. 101. Larval
mentum. Fig. 102. Larval mandible.
....
212
Figure 103: Endochironomus nigricans. Pupal abdominal
tergites III to V.
Figure 104: Endochironomus niqricans. Pupal abdominal
tergites VI to VIII a nd anal lobes (arrow
indicates setal tuft of hair fringe).
,
. -
..
..
...
•
t. ·1
105
214
I06�� 107 r;;;;;:;:;:?
108
109
Figures 105 to 109: Glyptotendipes barbipes. Fig. 105.
Larval antenna. Fig. 106. Larval 51. Fig. 107.
Larval pecten epipharyngis. Fig. 108. Larval
ventromentum and mentum. Fig. 109. Larval
mandible.
_..--
215
Figure 110: Ql.i.EtotendiE� barbiE�. Pupal abdominal
tergites III to V (arrow indicates mace process on
tergite V).
Figure 111: Qly£igtendiE� sp. Pupal abdominal tergites III
to VI.
-
\
i·
217
Figure 112: Parachironomus sp. 1. Pupal abdominal tergites
IV to VIII and anal lobes.
Figure 113: Parachironomus sp. 2. Pupal abdominal tergites
V to VIII and anal lobes.
219
114 115�
116
Figures 114 to 117: Parachironomus sp. 3. Fig 114. Larval
antenna. Fig. 115. Larval pecten epipharyngis.
Fig. 116. Larval ventromentum and mentum. Fig.
117. Larval mandible.
220
118 119
120 121
Figures 118 to 121: Phaenopsectra sp. Fig. 118. Larval
antenna. Fig. 119. Larval pecten epipharyngis.
Fig. 120. Larval ventromentum and mentum. Fig.
121. Larval mandible.
- ...
221
122
123�ifJw" .
�\�124�
125at
126
127
�
Figures 122 to 127: Cladotanytarsus sp. Fig. 122. Larval
antenna (at - antennal tubercle). Fig. 123. Larval
S1. Fig. 124. Larval pecten epipharyngis. Fig.
125. Larval ventromentum and mentum� Fig. 126.
Larval mandible. Fig. 127. Claw on larval
posterior parapods.
132
222
129 .
130�
13)
Figures 128 to 132: Paratanytarsus sp. Fig. 128. larval
antenna. Fig. 129. larval 51. Fig. 130. larval
premandible (pmb - premandibular brush). Fig. 131.
Larval ventromentum and mentum. Fig. 132. Larval
mandible.
223
Figure 133: Tanytarsus sp. 1. Pupal cephalothorax (arrow
indicates thoracic horn).
Figure 134: Tanytarsus sp. 1. Pupal abdominal tergites III
to VIII and anal lobes.
J
...
225
Figure 135: Tanytarsus sp. 2. Pupal abdomen.
-
-
�
138Q..
.....
139...
. , .
.
:.� �
140
Figures 136 to 140: Tanytarsus sp. 3. Fig. 136. Larval
antenna (p - petioles of Lauterborn's orgar.s).
Fig. 137. Larval 51. Fig. 138. Larval pecten
epipharyngis. Fig. 139. Larval ventromentum and
. mentum. Fig. 140. Larval mancible •
, 228
141 142
� 14�
144
Figures 141 ·to 145:
antenna.
Acricotopus senex.
Fig. 142. Larval 51.
Fig. 141. Larval
Fig. 143. Larval
premandible. Fig. 144. Larval ventromentum and
mentum. Fig. 145. Larval mandible.
229
Figure 146: Acricotopus senex. Pupal thoracic horn (arrow
indicates thoracic horn).
Figure 147: Acricotopus senex. Pupal abdominal tergites III
to VIII and anal lobes.
_t
•
147.....
231
Figure 148: Corynoneura sp. 1. Pupal abdominal tergites III
to VIII and anal lobes (arrow indicates lamallar
setae).
233
1.49
151 152sh
Figures 149 to 152: Co£X��� sp. 2. Fig. 149. larval
\
anten�a (sh - sensory hair). Fig. 150. Larval
mentum. Fig. 151. larval mandible. Fig. 152. Spur
on larval posterior parapods.
• -__......-----
234
153 154' 155[}JJ
.15�.158
Figures 153 to 159: Cricotopus o r na t u s , Fig. 153. Larval
antenna. Fig. 154. Larval SI. Fig. 155. Larval
pecten epipharyngis. Fig. 156. Larval premandible.
Fig. 157. Larval ventromentum and mentum. Fig.
158. Larval mandible. Fig 159. L-4 seta on larval
abdominal segment v.
Figure 160: Cri£2topus ornatus.
(arrow).
Figure 161: Cricotopus ornatus.
to VIII.
-
Pupal thoracic horn
Pupal abdominal tergites II
237
Figure 162: Cricotopus sp. 1. Pupal thoracic horn (arrow
indicates thoracic horn).
Figure 163: Cricotopus sp. 1. Pupal abdomen.
..
239
Figure 164: Cricotopus sp. 2. Pupal thoracic horn (arrow).
Figure 165: Cricotopus sp. 2. Pupal abdominal tergites III
to VIII and anal lobes.
-
•
,
165
241
166 168�
Figures 166 to 170: Hydrobaenus sp. 2. Fig. Larval antenna.
Fig. 167. Larval 51. Fig. 168. Larval premandible.
Fig. 169. Larval ventromentum and mentum. Fig.
170. Larval mandible.
-
wII'..
242
Figure 171: Hydrobaenus sp. 1. Pupal abdominal tergites III
to VIII and anal lobes.
Figure 172: Limnophyes sp. Pupal abdominal tergites III to
VIII and anal lobes (arrow indicates long posterior
band of setae on tergite VI).
�.----------------------------
J7� � 175�244
176
Figures 173 to 178: Psectrocladius flavus. Fig. 173. Larval
antenna. Fig. 174. Larval s r , Fig. 175. Larval
premandible. Fig. 176. Larval ventromentum and
mentum. Fig. 177. Larval mandible. Fig. 178.
Larval pro cercus (sp - spur on procercus).
245
Figure 179: Psectrocladius flavus. Pupal thoracic horn
(arrow indicates thoracic horn).
Figure 180: Psectrocladius flavus. Pupal abdominal tergites
II to V.
Figure 181: Psectrocladius flavus. Pupal abdominal tergites
V to VIII and anal lobes (arrow indicates lamallar
setae on tergite VII).
182 �; ::�''..
.....f;":�t:J
183 �
247
,
Figures 182 to 186: Psectrocladius SPa 1. Fig. 182. Larval
antenna. Fig. 183. Larval 51. Fig. 184. Larval
premandible. Fig. 185. larval ventromentum and
mentum. Fig. 186. Larval mandi�le.
248
Figure 187: £sectr££1adiu� sp. 1. Pupal thoracic horn.
Figure 188: £sectrocladius sp. 1. Pupal abdominal tergites
II to VIII and anal lobes (arrow indicates
lammellar setae on tergite VI).
250
Figure 189: Psectrocladius sp. 2. Pupal thoracic horns
(arrow indicates thoracic horn).
Figure 190: Psectrocladius sp. 2. Pupal abominal tergites
and anal lobes (arrow indicates Pedes spurii 8).
252
Figure 191: Pseudosmittia sp. Pupal abdomen (arrow indicates
spinules on intersegmental conjunctive between
segments V and VI).
.
..
•
t,..
..
•
254
..c�
Q.Q)C...
Q)�
�.<'"'0C0
...,
0..
...,
N :Ee-...
G)..
::)CD «._
u. C'ICO
..,
0
-.
Eu
255
TA8LE 1: AIR AND WATER TEMPERATURES/FOR POND A
1983
DATE TIME AIR TEMP. WATER TEMP.
April 29 14:00 12 C 6 C
May 2 9:00 3 C 5 C
May 17 14: 00.
20 C 15 C
May 26 9:30 21 C 15 C
June 1 9:45 17 C 13 C
June 9 8:30 17 C 15 C
June 15 9:00 13 C 13 C
June 27 7:20 15 C 16 C
July 17 10:30 16 C 15 C
July 25 9:30 21 C 18 C
July 27 10:15 22 C 16 C
August 9 14:00 33 C 20 C
August 16 9:00 22 C 16 C
August 23 14:00 27 C 18 C
August 24 14:00 25 C 18 C
September 8 11 : 15 18 C 12 C
September 11 9:25 7 C 8 C
1984
April 6 9:45 7 C 2 CApril 18 13:30 20 C 7 C
256
TABLE 1: continued.
DATE TIME AIR TEMP. WATER TEMP.
May 9 9:00 12 C 7 C
May 21 10:00 30 C 9 C
June 10 17:00 19 C 14 C
July 1 12:00 21 C 17 C
July 15 16:00 25 C 18 C
July 22 10:30 18 C 17 - C
July 25 B:30 23 C 20 C
August 8 7:30 12 C 16 C
September 2 11 : 00 16 C 18 C
September 12 No Surface Water
September 19 11 : 30 2 C 8 C
257
TABLE 2: SPECIES LIST
* Species not collected from pond A.
TANYPODINAE
Ablabesm�ia (Karelia) Eulchripennis (Lundbeck)
Derotanypus alaskensis (Malloch)
Procladiu� (Psilotany�1) nietus Roback
Procladius (Holotanypus) sp.
Psectrotanypus £yari (Coquillet)
*Tanypus (Tanypus) punctipennis Meigin
CHIRONOMINAE
Tribe Chironomini
Chironomus atrella Townes
Chironomus !.!parius Meigen
Chironomu� (Camptochironomu1) tentans (Fabricus)Chironomus sp.
Cladopelma sp , 1
Cladopelma sp. 2
·Cryptochiron�� di9itatu� Malloch
Dicrotendipes sp.
Einfeldia sp.
Endochironomu� nigrican� (Johannsen)
Glyptotendipes barbipes (Staeger)
Glyptotendipes sp.
Parachironom� sp. 1
25B
TABLE 2: contiuned.
Parachironom� sp. 2
Parachiro·nomus sp. 3
*Phaenopsectra sp.
Tribe Tanytarsini
Cladotan;ltarsus sp.
Paratanytarsus sp.
Tan;ltarsus sp. 1I
Tanytarsus sp. 2
Tan;ltarsus sp. 3
ORTHOCLAOIINAE
Acricotopus senex (Johannsen)
Corynoneura sp. 1
Cor;lnoneura sp. 2
Cricotopus (Isocladiu�) ornatus (Meigen)
Cricotopus (Cricotopus) sp. 1
Cricotopus (Isocladiu�) sp. 2
*Hydrobaenus sp. 1
*Hydrobaenus sp. 2
Limnophyes sp.
Psectrocladius (Allopsectrocladius) flavus (Johannsen)
Psectrcocladius (Psectrocladius) sp. 1
Psectrocladius (Psectrocladiu�) sp. 2
Pseudosmittia sp.