Cross-cultural communication CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION NONVERBAL COMMUNIACTION.
Parenthood: a cross-cultural approach
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Parenthood: a cross-cultural approachBy Theresa Butler, Megan Collins, Joshua D'Alessio, Mark Divilinsky, and Megan Boucher
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Purpose
• “Childbirth is regarded as one of the most important events in a woman's life, and it can, in turn, affect the rest of their life, both physically, and emotionally.” – Jordan B, Davis-Floyd
• This is also true for men. • We hope to uncover the cultural
constructs surrounding becoming a parent in various cultures.
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Brazilian Culture
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Role of the Mother
• While pregnant, treated like princesses• Souvenirs given to visitors• Look forward to continuing family line
(Edwards)
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Role of the Father
• Support and companionship
• Acceptance of role• Many feel of no use
during child birth• Rely more on third-
party experts• Concern: education
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Role of the Family
• Social Support• Stay nearby• Close relationships
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Kamba “Akumba” Culture
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Role of the Mother
• Recovery: Exempted from chores; given special diet
• Short recovery time
• Stays in Hut after delivery• Takes care of the child: Clean, safe,
nourished
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Role of the Father• Not allowed to be
at birth• Provide family with
food and medication
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Role of the Family
• Grandmother:• Advise family• Attend/Assist labor
• Siblings: • Help with chores
• Villagers:• Cultivating land
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Japanese Culture
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Role of the Mother
• Social support – Collectivistic• Holism in maternal responsibility• Transformation to
motherhood: conception• Environment
• Physical• Emotional/Mental
• Family work – wives
(Sociology of Health & Illness, 2007)(North, 2009).
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Role of the Father
• Most time spent with child – Infancy• Father’s absence = traditional family
structure
(Shwalb, 1994)(Morrone, & Matsuyama, 2013)
• Stigma• Divided
responsibility
(Seto et. al., 2006)
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Role of the Family
• Grandparents: non interference• Proximity• Believe their status in family is eroding
(Strome et. al., 1996)(Saito, & Yasuda, 2009)(Thang et. al., 2011)
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United Kingdom Culture
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Role of the Mother• Importance of health services –
Mother and child• Educate and instill family
values/morals
• Appropriately educate on sex education
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Role of the Father
• Financial support for mother and newborn
• Present during child’s birth
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Role of the Family
• Care and support in the home for mother and newborn
• Share knowledge about how to react in emergency situations
• Influence healthy development
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Islamic Culture
Childbirth is a female issue!
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Role of the Mother- No divorce worries- No Alcohol, Pork or Colostrum- No Husbands Allowed (kind of)- The "40 Day Rule"- Don't forget the placenta
Women are sacred, revered and protected. The solidarity of the family unit depends on it.
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Role of the Father
- Say a prayer - read from the Qur'an- Clean the baby with water containing date seeds
- Baby Visitation Coordinator, Baby Namer
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Role of the Family
- Butcher a sheep (two for a boy, one for a girl) - Special celebration for children (sing, light candles, special dinner)- The "40 Day Rule" host
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Cross-cultural Analysis
The Subtle Differences
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References• Edwards, M. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.disneybaby.com/blog/baby-customs-traditions-rituals-around-world/
• J.A. Lundell. (2007) The Akamba in British East Africa; an ethnological monograph. Retrieved from http://www.archive.org/stream/akambainbritishe00linduoft/akambainbritishe00linduoft_djvu.txt
• John S. Mbiti, Jens Finke. (2003) Kamba - Religion and Beliefs. http://www.bluegecko.org/kenya/tribes/kamba/beliefs.htm
• Jordan B, Davis-Floyd R: Birth in four cultures: a crosscultural investigation of childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States. 4th edition. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press; 1993:235.4ed,235P. Xxi
• Julemont, Ghislaine. (December 2006). Men and Families: Men’s Changing Family Roles in Europe. Retrieved from: http://coface-eu.org/en/upload/07_Publications/MenandFamilies2012en.pdf
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References• Morrone, M., & Matsuyama, Y. (2013). The father image in Japan. In J. Pattnaik
(Ed.) , Father involvement in young children’s lives: A global analysis (pp. 317-327). New York, NY US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5155-2_18
• North, S. (2009). Negotiating what's ‘natural’: Persistent domestic gender role inequality in japan. Social Science Japan Journal, 12(1), 23-44. doi: doi: 10.1093/ssjj/jyp009
• Saito, Y., & Yasuda, T. (2009). An empirical study of the frequency of intergenerational contacts of family members in Japan. Journal Of Intergenerational Relationships, 7(1), 118-133. doi:10.1080/15350770802629180
• Seto, A., Becker, K. W., & Akutsu, M. (2006). Counseling Japanese Men on Fathering. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 84(4), 488-492. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00433.x
• Shwalb, D. W. (n.d.). The father role as viewed by mothers of japanese junior college women. (1994). Annual Bulletin of Koryo Women's College, 12, 375-394. Retrieved from http://www.suu.edu/faculty/shwalb/pdf/FatherRole(1)94.pdf
• Sociology of Health & Illness Vol. 29 No. 2 2007 ISSN 0141–9889, pp. 251–274
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.00475.x
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References• Strom, R., Strom, S., Collinsworth, P., & Sato, S. (1996).
Educating older adults in Japan. Journal Of Instructional Psychology, 23(1), 55-67.
• Thang, L., Mehta, K., Usui, T., & Tsuruwaka, M. (2011). Being a good grandparent: Roles and expectations in intergenerational relationships in Japan and Singapore. Marriage & Family Review, 47(8), 548-570. doi:10.1080/01494929.2011.619303
• Trujillo, Alfonso. (2003). The Family and Life in Europe. Retrieved from: http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/family/documents/rc_pc_family_doc_20030614_family-europe-
• trujillo_en.htmlWilliamson, LJ. (28, January, 2010). The Six Biggest Pregnancy Rates. Retrieved from: http:// www.babble.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/six-biggest-pregnancy-myths/
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References• Long, D. E. (2005). Culture and customs of Saudi Arabia. Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Press.
• Islamic Rulings for New Born Babies >> 3. Naming the Newborn | IslamicLessons.com. (n.d.).IslamicLessons.com | Islamic Lessons – Inspirational, Authentic Knowledge. Retrieved April 25, 2013, from http://islamiclessons.com/blog/islamic-rulings-for-new-born-babies-3-naming-the-newborn/
• Pulsifer, K. A. (2003). The Middle East: life in Saudi Arabia : a unique inside look at the region and the customs, antics, traditions, habits, and lifestyles of the people that live, work, and play there : a "Westerner's" perspective. S.l.: 1st Books.