Paragraph 1.20

The Dutch had: No ruler, no regentAnd they were losing the war against Spain.

Spain send a new regent for the Spanish Netherlands: Duke of Parma

He had a strong army that was regularly paid.

They were going to beat the Northern provinces

This group was the leader of the north.They did 2 things:No peace with SpainHenry the 3rd, king of France was asked to be

their king. He refused.So they asked Elizabeth 1st.First said no, but then: send troops, money

and a military leader: Earl of Leicester

Wasn’t really a good leader.His army was badly led, poorly paid and

undisciplined.Spain was still winning.

Province Holland was angry because of this.Their leader, Advocate Johan van

Oldenbarnevelt was against Leicester.Leicester became scared and went back to

England

With Leicester gone, there was no ruler.The provinces decided to become a republic.The United provincesNo more king, not even a foreign one!!Each province had their own States, and one

national States General.

2 leaders:Maurice of Nassau (Son of William of Orange)Johan van Oldenbarnevelt.

Maurice was Stadtholder, so in charge of the army.

He changed the army, and made it stronger:

Regular payRegular supplies and equipmentRegular trainingStrategy that was carefully planned.Much discipline.

Maurice was winning land from Spain.By now Parma was fighting France as well.The soldiers in the Netherlands were badly

paid and were starving.

Archduke Albert became governor-general for the Spanish Netherlands.

He fought against the Northern United Provinces.

Both sides had trouble to pay the war.People on both sides were close to revolt over

high taxes.They couldn’t agree on peace,So in 1609 they singed a 12 year truce.

Spanish Netherlands: name given to the provinces that always stayed part of Spain. (now Belgium)

Advocate: chairman of a states, later Grand Pensionary

Republic: a country ruled by a chosen person or group.

Stadtholder: governor for 1 province, later the leader of the States General.

Truce: an agreement to stop fighting for some time.