Pakistan Wheat Procurement Policy Reform by Paul Dorosh, IFPRI
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Transcript of Pakistan Wheat Procurement Policy Reform by Paul Dorosh, IFPRI
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
IFPRI
Productivity, Growth and Poverty Reduction in Rural Pakistan Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP)
First Annual Conference December 13-14, 2012 Islamabad, Pakistan
Pakistan Wheat Procurement Policy Reform
Paul Dorosh
International Food Policy Research Institute
Government Wheat Market Interventions
Domestic procurement at fixed “support price” in excess of open market prices • Large farmers who sell wheat to government
benefit most Significant losses in government storage,
and high costs of handling and transport Sales of wheat to flour mills at fixed
“release price” below open market prices Subsidies on sales of imported wheat
• In some years, subsidized sales of exports
Financial Losses: 2009-10 Wheat Marketing Year
Support price: 950 Rs/40 kg (23.75 Rs/kg) Official estimates of storage, handling and
transport costs: 196 Rs/40 kg (4.90 Rs/kg) Release price set at 975 Rs/40 kg (24.38
Rs/kg) Subsidy on wheat procured in 2009-10 and
sold in same year: 171 Rs/40 kg (4.28 Rs/kg)
Possible Per Kg Financial Losses* on Domestic Wheat Procurement and Sales (Rs/kg)
* Possible financial loss (unit subsidy) for each year is calculated as the domestic procurement price plus the cost of incidentals minus the release price.
Support Incidentals Release UnitYear Price PASSCO Punjab Sindh Price Subsidy*
(Rs/kg (Rs/kg (Rs/kg (Rs/kg (Rs/kg (Rs/kg2005-06 10.38 1.83 1.73 - 10.75 1.40 2006-07 10.63 2.30 1.95 2.25 11.63 1.13 2007-08 15.63 2.30 2.00 2.40 15.63 2.15 2008-09 23.75 3.03 2.50 2.73 18.75 7.76 2009-10 23.75 4.80 5.00 4.98 24.38 4.28 2010-11 23.75 --- --- --- --- ---
Financial Losses: 2009-10 Wheat Marketing Year
Subsidy on wheat procured in 2009-10 and sold in same year: 171 Rs/40 kg (4.28 Rs/kg) Massive quantity of procurement: 9.2
million tons (compared to normal procurement of 3.9 to 4.5 million tons) Potential losses at 2009/10 release price:
9.231 million tons (total procurement) 4.28 Rs/kg subsidy = 39.5 bn Rupees Total releases: 5.985 million tons times 4.28
Rs/kg subsidy = 25.6 bn Rupees
Possible Financial Losses on Domestic Wheat Procurement and Sales
* Possible per kg financial loss (unit subsidy) for each year is calculated as the domestic procurement price plus the cost of incidentals minus the release price.
** Financial loss is unit subsidy times quantity of procurement.
Procurement Support Release Unit Financial FinancialYear Quantity Price Price Subsidy* Loss** Loss**
('000 tons) (Rs/kg (Rs/kg (Rs/kg (bn Rs) (bn 09/10 Rs)2005-06 3,939 10.38 10.75 1.40 5.51 8.982006-07 4,514 10.63 11.63 1.13 5.08 7.672007-08 4,422 15.63 15.63 2.15 9.51 12.832008-09 3,917 23.75 18.75 7.76 30.41 33.972009-10 9,231 23.75 24.38 4.28 39.46 39.462010-11 6,700 23.75 --- --- --- ---
Possible Financial Losses* on Domestic Wheat Procurement and Sales
* Possible financial loss for each year is calculated as the domestic procurement price plus the cost of incidentals minus the release price, times the quantity of domestic procurement.
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Value of Sales to Flour Mills Financial Loss
Possible Financial Losses* on Domestic Wheat Procurement and Sales (bn 2009-10 Rs)
* Possible financial loss for each year is calculated as the domestic procurement price plus the cost of incidentals minus the release price, times the quantity of domestic procurement.
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Value of Sales to Flour Mills Financial Loss
Possible Financial Losses* on Domestic Wheat Procurement and Sales
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2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
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Financial Loss
* Possible financial loss for each year is calculated as the domestic procurement price plus the cost of incidentals minus the release price, times the quantity of domestic procurement.
2010 Floods and Wheat Markets
Prior to the floods, government stocks were at record levels due to the large domestic procurement in May-July 2009 and May-July 2010 • Stocks reached an estimated 11 million tons in July 2010 • Some stocks, estimated at about 800 thousand tons, were lost in the
floods, but stock levels remain very high • Most of this stock was held outside of godowns or silos, and
typically incurs substantial storage losses in quantity and quality
The size of the 2011 wheat harvest was uncertain immediately after the floods, but ultimately the overall harvest was good in spite of the floods • Flood waters may have prevented October/November sowing of
some of the wheat crop in Sind • Seed quality in flood-affected areas may have suffered where
farmer seed stocks were lost • However, parts of Punjab may have benefited from nutrient rich
sediments
Pakistan: Initial and Estimated Peak Wheat Stocks* 1991-92 to 2010-11
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Initial Stocks Intial Stocks + Domestic Procurement
* Peak wheat stocks are estimated as end-April stocks plus May-June domestic procurement.
Wheat Markets and Procurement: 2011
Real wheat prices in major wholesale markets were stable after the July 2010 floods, evidence that wheat supply was adequate Given huge domestic stocks, domestic
procurement was cut back sharply in April-May 2011 from an average of 4.0 mn tons/year (2002-2008) to only 2.3 mn tons. Domestic prices did not collapse.
Pakistan: Wheat Procurement and Production 1989-90 to 2011-12
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Procurement Production Procurement / Production
Note: Procurement generally takes place in April and May. Season ends June 1.
Pakistan: Nominal Wholesale, Import Parity and Support Prices of Wheat
Despite 50 percent lower wheat procurement in 2010-11 relative to the average of 2000-01 to 2007-08, wholesale wheat prices did not collapse.
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Lahore Wholesale Price Import Parity(Lahore) Procurement Price
Real Wholesale and Procurement Prices of Wheat 2002-2012
Real wheat prices have declined since 2009, but are still higher than average levels for 2002-07.
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Domestic and International Wheat Prices
Government interventions in domestic wheat markets make private international trade (wheat imports or exports) unprofitable. • In terms of price formation, wheat behaves as a non-traded
good, with domestic prices not directly linked to international prices.
In most years since 1990, domestic sales of government imports of about 2 million tons/year kept domestic prices below international (import parity) prices, so private imports were not profitable.
When international prices rose sharply in 2008, export restrictions prevented exports and kept domestic prices from rising to export parity levels
Pakistan Wheat Prices (US$/ton) 2002-2012
Since late 2010, domestic wheat prices have generally been about $100/ton (25 percent) below import parity (Lahore).
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Pakistan Wheat Prices (US$/ton) 2002-2012
In years of high international prices (2002, 2007-08, early 2011, late 2012), Pakistan domestic prices have been at or slightly below export parity.
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Lahore Wholesale Price Import Parity(Lahore) Export Parity (Lahore) Support Price
Recent Developments: Procurement
Procurement in April-May 2012 (at 1050 Rs/40kg) increased to 5.66 mn tons (from 2.23 mn tons in 2011). • Credit advances for procurement (not counting
storage and handling costs) are 5.66 mn tons x 26.25 Rs/kg = 149 bn Rs (about 1.5 bn dollars)
• Subsidized sales of this wheat would result in large fiscal costs.
In December 2012, the procurement price for
April-May 2013 was increased to 1200/40kg (30 Rs/kg)
Current International Wheat Prices
In mid-2010, international wheat prices increased sharply and have remained at a level of about $450/ton import parity (Lahore) through the end of 2012. Domestic wholesale prices have been far
lower (about $300/ton) • There has been no incentive for private sector
imports in this period.
Pakistan Wheat Prices (US$/ton) 2002-2012
Since late 2010, domestic wheat prices have generally been about $100/ton (25 percent) below import parity (Lahore).
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Current Domestic Wheat Prices
Real wheat prices have risen for both producers and consumers since 2002-07
• In real terms (2012 prices), wholesale prices in
2011-12 were 14 percent above their average levels of 2002-03 to 2006-07 (27.7 Rs/kg as compared to 24.2 Rs/kg)
• Procurement prices increased by 30 percent in real terms over the same period
Real Wholesale and Procurement Prices of Wheat 2002-2012
Real wheat prices have declined since 2009, but are still higher than average levels for 2002-07.
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Wheat Policy Conclusions
Setting domestic procurement prices too high relative to domestic release prices results in massive fiscal costs with little or no benefit to consumers and to small farmers that do not sell wheat to government agencies.
Substantially reduced domestic procurement in 2010-11 (April-May 2011) resulted in substantial fiscal savings and did not lead to substantially lower nominal or real wholesale prices
Real prices of wheat are higher than they were in
2002-07 to the benefit of net sellers and the detriment of net buyers.
Wheat Policy Next Steps
Pakistan’s complex wheat markets and policies require continued policy analysis, monitoring and coordination across government agencies. Further work is planned to model the
distributional implications of wheat procurement, sales and import policies.