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Unit 2

Control Yourself! Topics/ Daily Outline: Day A Day B Day Content: CW: HW:

1 9/27 9/28 Homeostasis and Lactose Intolerance 1 1 2 9/29 9/30 Chemical Reactions 2 2

3 10/3 10/4 Enzyme Reactions 3, 4 3

4 10/5 10/6 Collision Theory 5 Project 5 10/7 10/10 Milk: A Love/Hate Relationship Project Project

6 10/11 10/13 Milk: A Love/Hate Relationship Project Workday Project, 6 5 7 10/14 10/17 Passive Transport: Diffusion, Quiz 6, 7 6

8 10/18 10/19 Passive Transport: Osmosis 8, 9 Lab 9 10/24 10/25 Active Transport, Lab Due, Review/Reteach 10 7

10 10/26 10/27 Review, Quiz -- --

11 10/28 10/31 Quarterly Assessment -- -- Required Lab: Osmosis in Salmon Eggs, Report due 10/29 on Edmodo Unit Project: Milk: A Love/Hate Relationship, due 10/21 Homework:

HW 1: Looking into Lactase

HW 2: READ TEXT Section 2.4, Pages 50-53; Complete 2.4 Assessment, Page 53, #1-3

HW 3: Enzyme Function Graphs

HW 4: Data Analysis Worksheet

HW 5: Review for Quiz

HW 6: READ TEXT Section 7.3, Pages 208-213; Complete WKBK Section 7.3, Pages 106-108, #1-13

HW 7: Review for Quarterly Assessment

SRHSbio:

http://www.srhsbio.wikispaces.com If you are absent, please use this sheet to determine what you missed and collect the materials from the make-up work bins up front. Get help from a friend, the links above, or the instructor.

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U

nit

Map

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Date:

Outcome:

Drill: Date:

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Date:

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Drills

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Date:

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LINCs Word:

Activation Energy

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

Word:

Substrate

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

Word:

Enzyme

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

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Word:

Cell Membrane

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

Word:

Diffusion

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

Word:

Osmosis

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

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Word:

Isotonic

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

Word:

Hypertonic

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

Word:

Hypotonic

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

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Word:

Endocytosis

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

Word:

Exocytosis

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

Word:

Homeostasis

Definition:

Reminder Word:

Sentence:

Picture:

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CW 1: NOTES: Homeostasis

Main Ideas Notes Homeostasis

The cell membrane

How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis?

What would happen if the cell had no membrane?

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How does multicellular life maintain homeostasis?

Lactose Intolerance Reading Summary

5 Minute Essay: How do people who lack an enzyme maintain homeostasis?

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CW 2: NOTES: Chemical Reactions

Main Ideas Notes What is a chemical reaction?

What is an example of a biologically important reaction?

What energy changes are involved with reactions?

Forward Reaction

Does the graph show energy being released or absorbed? How do you know?

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Reverse Reaction

Does the graph show energy being released or absorbed? How do you know?

Activation Energy

Catalysts

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CW 3: NOTES: Enzymes

Main Ideas Notes What are catalysts?

Why are catalysts important to living things?

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How are enzymes reused in living things?

What must occur for an enzyme to work?

What factors affect the regulation of enzyme activity?

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CW 4: Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions

Enzyme Substrate Products Where Produced Importance

Catalase

Salivary Amylase

Pepsin

Trypsin

Pancreatic Lipase

Lactase

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CW 5: Collision Theory Gizmo

Vocabulary: activated complex, catalyst, chemical reaction, concentration, enzyme, half-life, molecule, product, reactant, surface area

Activity A: Temperature

Get the Gizmo ready:

Click Reset ( ).

Check that the Reactant concentration is set to 1.0 mol/L, the Catalyst concentration is set to 0.00 mol/L, and the Surface area is Minimum.

Question: How does temperature affect the rate of a chemical reaction? 1. Observe: Select the ANIMATION tab. View the animation with No catalyst selected.

What do you see? When two reactant molecules meet, they form a temporary structure called an activated complex. The activated complex breaks up into the product molecules.

2. Observe: Return to the CONTROLS pane. Set the Temperature to 0 °C and the Simulation speed to its

maximum setting. Click Play.

A. Describe the motions of the molecules.

B. Now set the Temperature to 200 °C. How does increasing the temperature affect the motions of the molecules?

C. What do you notice about the chemical reaction at the higher temperature? 3. Predict: How do you think temperature will affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

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4. Gather data: Click Reset. A useful way to compare reaction rates is to record the time required for half of the reactants to react, called the half-life of the reaction. With the Temperature set to 200 °C, click Play. Click Pause ( ) when the number of reactant molecules is 10. Record the half-life time in the first space of the table below.

Trial 200 °C 150 °C 100 °C 50 °C

1

2

Mean half-life

Repeat the experiment at different temperatures to complete the table. (Note: To get exact times, you can refer to the TABLE tab.)

5. Calculate: Calculate the mean half-life for each temperature. Fill in these values above.

(Hint: To get an exact mean, first convert each time to seconds by multiplying the minute value by 60 and adding this to the seconds. To find the mean in seconds, add up the two times and divide by two. Convert the answer back to minutes and seconds.)

6. Analyze: What do your results indicate? 7. Draw conclusions: For two molecules to react, they must collide at just the right angle and with enough

energy to break the original bonds and form new ones. Based on these facts, why does the reaction tend to go more quickly at higher temperatures?

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Activity B: Surface area and concentration


Click Reset.

Check that the Catalyst concentration is set to 0.00 mol/L and the Surface area is Minimum.

Set the Temperature to 200 °C.

Introduction: Reaction rates are also influenced by surface area and concentration. The surface area of a solid is a measure of how much of the solid is exposed to other substances. The concentration of a substance is a measure of how many molecules of that substance are present in a given volume. Question: How do surface area and concentration affect reaction rates?

1. Observe: Change the Surface area from Minimum to Maximum. How does this change the amount of

Reactant B molecules that are exposed to Reactant A? 2. Predict: How do you think increasing the surface area will affect the rate of the reaction?

3. Gather data: Set the Reactant concentration to 2.0 mol/L. Use the Gizmo to measure the half-life of the

reaction for each surface area setting. (There will now be 20 reactant molecules left at the half-life.) Then, calculate the mean half-life for each setting.

Trial Minimum surface area Maximum surface area

1

2

Mean half-life

4. Analyze: What do your results indicate? 5. Explain: Why does the reaction proceed more quickly when the surface area is increased?

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6. Observe: Click Reset. Move the Reactant concentration slider back and forth. What do you notice?

7. Predict: How will increasing the reactant concentration affect the rate of the reaction? Why?

8. Gather data: Make sure the Temperature is 200 °C and the Surface area is Maximum. Use the Gizmo to

measure the half-life for each given reactant concentration. (Note that the number of reactant molecules changes with each concentration.) Calculate the means.

Trial 0.4 mol/L 0.8 mol/L 1.2 mol/L 1.6 mol/L 2.0 mol/L

1

2

Mean half-life

Analyze: What do these results indicate?

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Activity C: Catalysts


Click Reset ( ).

Introduction: A catalyst is a substance that helps a chemical reaction to proceed. The catalyst molecules are not changed by the reaction and can be reused over and over again. Question: How do catalysts affect the rate of a chemical reaction? 1. Observe: Select the ANIMATION tab. Select With catalyst, and observe.

A. What do you see?

B. Why do you think the shape of a catalyst is important? 2. Gather data: On the CONTROLS pane, set the Reactant concentration to 2.0 mol/L, the Surface area to

Maximum, and the Temperature to 50 °C. Measure the half-life for each given catalyst concentration. Calculate the means.

Trial Catalyst concentration

0.00 mol/L 0.05 mol/L 0.10 mol/L 0.15 mol/L

1

2

Mean half-life

3. Analyze: What do your results indicate?

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4. Explore: Set the Catalyst concentration to 0.00 mol/L and the Temperature to 0 °C. Click Play, wait for 10 minutes of simulated time, and click Pause.

A. What happens?

B. Click Reset, set the Catalyst concentration to 0.25 mol/L, and click Play. After 10 simulated minutes, click Pause. What happens now?

C. Why do you think the catalysts allowed the chemical reaction to take place at 0 °C?

5. Draw conclusions: What is the usefulness of catalysts?

6. Apply: Most of the chemical reactions inside your body rely on protein catalysts called enzymes to take

place. For example, the enzyme pepsin helps to break down protein molecules in your stomach. What might happen if your stomach stopped producing pepsin?

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CW 6: NOTES: Passive Transport

Main Ideas Notes

What is passive transport?

What is a concentration gradient?

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How does the concentration gradient affect diffusion?

How can the process of diffusion be summarized?

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CW 7: Starch Iodide Test

Complete the Starch Iodine Test Virtual Experiment.

1. What is diffusion?

2. Will the starch diffuse out of the dialysis tubing? Explain why or why not.

3. Will the iodine diffuse into the dialysis tubing? Explain why or why not.

4. Draw a label a picture of what you think will happen to the beaker.

5. Draw a picture of the close up view and use it to explain what happened.

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CW 8: NOTES: Osmosis

Main Ideas Notes What is osmosis?

How is osmosis different from diffusion?

How does “free water” drive osmosis?

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How can you predict the direction of the movement of water?

Solution

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

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CW 9: Movement of Water Lab

Type of Solution

Diameter Before Diameter After Drawing Showing Water Flow

6 eggs 1 egg 6 eggs 1 egg

6 eggs 1 egg 6 eggs 1 egg

For each of the following:

Predict if water will flow into the cell or out of the cell.

Then label if the solution is hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic to the cell.

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For each of the following:

Predict if water will flow into the cell or out of the cell.

Then label the solution and the cell with a possible percent of sugar.

Design an Experiment

Design an experiment to determine if a solution is pure water, high salt water, or low salt water using a salmon egg. (HINT: what would happen to the egg in the high salt water?)

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CW 10: NOTES: Active Transport

Main Ideas Notes What is active transport?

What is a protein pump?

What is endocytosis?

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What is exocytosis?

What kinds of things are moved using active transport?

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Milk: A

Love/Hate

Relationship Project

Control Yourself Honors Biology

Ms. Leffel

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Pharmex Pharmaceuticals To: All Research Team Members From: Principal Investigator Date: 10/4/13 Re: Testing the efficacy of our new enzyme product I commend all research team members for your hard work to date. I thought it might help to remind you why it is so important for us to work diligently for the successful development of our product, which we are going to name Lactex. Our newest product, Lactex, is nearly ready for the last phase of testing before submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for approval. Once we get the FDA‘s approval, we can begin large scale manufacturing and marketing of our product. Before this, however, we need to verify Lactex‘s ability to break down the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose. We will also need to check Lactex‘s ability to function at different temperatures and different pH values. You are to work in your teams to conduct three experiments. Please submit your final laboratory protocols, which include your results, after completion. Also remember to follow established safety procedures, as we do not want any fines assessed us by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration).

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EXPERIMENT ONE

Memo Pharmex Pharmaceuticals

Hello Team – We need to verify the activity of lactase found in our newly developed drug, called Lactex. The drug must be tested on different types of milk that contain different sugars, to verify that it only works on lactose. If the enzyme affects other sugars, it may not be approved for use by the FDA. Three milk samples will be tested: cow, soy, milk. This is a blind test to avoid bias, so the samples are labeled 1, 2, and 3. It is your job to determine which sample contains the different types of milk and to prove that Lactex only breaks down lactose.

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Complete the table below about what sugars are present before and after the addition of Lactex to each sample of milk.

Milk Sugars Present Before Lactex Sugars Present After Lactex Cow

Rice

Soy

Design an experiment to prove that Lactex works on the cow milk, and only on the cow milk. Materials:

Glucose test strips

Milk samples: cow, soy, rice

Lactex Procedure: Independent Variable: Dependent Variable: Control: Results:

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Questions: 1. What is the purpose of the glucose test strips?

2. What effect does Lactex have on cow milk?

3. Which sample is cow milk? How do you know?

4. Can Lactex be used specifically on lactose? Are there any effects on the other sugars?

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EXPERIMENT TWO


Hello Team – We have to determine under what conditions Lactex will work. Since the Lactex is ingested, it must be determined whether or not the Lactex solution can remain effective throughout a wide range of pH values that it may encounter with different foods and liquids while entering the human digestive tract. Using cow milk, your team will conduct an experiment to test the activity of the Lactex solution across a range of pH values.

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Working in small groups, use the procedure below to test the effect of pH of the effectiveness of Lactex. Hypothesis: Under what pH values will the Lactex work best, and why? Materials: Lactex Solution, Pipette labeled Lactex, six test labeled tubes (pH 2, 4, 7, 10, 12, and dH2O), Pipette labeled cow milk, six labeled glucose test strips (pH 2, 4, 7, 10, 12, and dH2O) Procedure:

1. Using the labeled pH dropper bottle, carefully add 20 drops of each pH solution to the labeled test tubes (pH 2, 4, 7, 10, 12, and dH2O).

2. Gently mix the tube labeled Lactex solution. 3. Using the pipette labeled Lactex, add 1 ml of the Lactex solution to the 6 test tubes

labeled: pH 2, 4, 7, 10, 12, and dH2O. 4. Gently shake the test tube to mix the contents. 5. Wait 5 minutes. 6. Using the pipette labeled Cow Milk, add 2 ml of cow milk to all 6 test tubes 7. Gently shake the test tube to mix the contents. 8. Wait 3 minutes. 9. Label six new glucose test strips with the labels found on the test tubes: 2, 4, 7, 10, 12,

and dH2O. 10. Dip each labeled glucose test strip into the matching test tube. 11. Place the test strips on a paper towel. 12. Wait 3 minutes. Meanwhile, create a data table to include the pH, color of the glucose

test strip, and the concentration of glucose. 13. Record the color of the test strips and the concentration of glucose in the table you

created. To do this, compare the color that developed on the test strips to the color chart on the test strip bag.

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Data Table: Create a graph to show the dependence of the Lactex activity on pH. Remember TAILS.

Title: ____________________________________________________

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Questions: 1. Why do we use the water sample?

2. What is the optimum pH range for Lactex? How do you know?

3. What effect does changing the environment from basic to acidic have on the activity of the lactase enzyme?

4. Why would pH affect the enzymes ability to function?

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EXPERIMENT THREE


Hello Team – As research scientists at Pharmex, we are certain the Lactex solution breaks down lactose and have determined at which pH range the solution works best. You have been asked to determine under what temperature conditions the Lactex solution will work. The solution may sometimes be ingested with cold foods (such as ice cream) and then go into the stomach (a generally warm place). It must be determined whether or not the Lactex solution can remain active in a variety of temperatures. Using cow milk, your research team will test the activity of the Lactex solution at different temperatures. The temperatures being tested in the lab are: freezing cold (ice), very hot (boiling water), and room temperature.

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Working in small groups, use the procedure below to test the effect of temperature of the effectiveness of Lactex. Hypothesis: Under what temperatures will the Lactex work best, and why? Materials: Lactex Solution, Pipette labeled Lactex, three test labeled tubes (HL, RTL, CL, HC, RTC, CC), Pipette labeled cow milk, three labeled glucose test strips (H, C, RT) Procedure:

1. Gently mix the tube labeled Lactex. 2. Using the pipette labeled Lactex, add 1 ml of lactase solution to the three test tubes

labeled: HL, RTL, and CL. 3. Using the pipette labeled Cow, add 2 ml of cow milk to the test tubes labeled: HC, RTC,

CC. 4. Place the test tubes at their respective temperatures for 10 minutes:

a. hot tubes, HL and HC, into the hot water (remember, no caps) b. cold tubes, CL and CC, into the ice c. room temperature tubes, RTL and RTC, leave in the rack at your station

5. While the test tubes are sitting, create a data table showing the temperature condition (Hot, Room Temperature, and Cold), actual temperature, color of strip, and the concentration of glucose.

6. Record the hot water temperature, the ice temperature, and room temperature in degrees Celsius in your table.

7. Carefully pour the contents of the HC tube into the HL tube. Tubes and contents will be hot, so use appropriate laboratory safety techniques and hold tubes at the top.

8. Carefully pour the contents of the CC tube into the CL tube. 9. Carefully pour the contents of the RTC tube into the RTL tube. 10. Gently shake each test tube to mix the contents. 11. Place each of the three full tubes back into its appropriate temperature for 5 minutes. 12. Label 3 new glucose strips ―H for Hot, ―C for Cold, and ―RT for Room Temperature. 13. Using the correctly labeled glucose test strip, dip into the correct mixture, and lay the

test strips on a paper towel. 14. Record the color of the test strips and the concentration of glucose in the table you

created. To do this, compare the color that developed on the test strips to the color chart on the test strip tube.

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Data Table: Create a graph to show the dependence of the Lactex activity on temperature. Remember TAILS.

Title: ____________________________________________________

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Questions:

1. Which temperature represents the control? Why?

2. What is the optimum temperature for Lactex? How do you know?

3. Explain the difference in enzyme activity at varying temperatures. What happened to the enzyme?

4. Do you think it is possible to recover the enzyme activity from the samples treated with extreme temperature conditions? Why or why not?

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FINAL SUBMISSION


Hello Team – Now that we have completed our experiments, we will have to summarize our results and submit them to the FDA for review. Create a fact sheet for Lactex:

For experiment 2 and 3:

Describe how you performed the experiment and what you were testing

Explain your results

Justify to the FDA that Lactex works using evidence from the experiments

Justify the need for Lactex in the general population

Use the rubric provided on the next page.

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Students will create a single sided fact sheet about the development of the Lactex drug, detailing its effectiveness. The following rubric will be used to score assignments.

Points Tasks Score 10 Experiment 2:

Explain the purpose of the experiment and how it was conducted. This should be an overall explanation, not a step-by-step procedure – you are summarizing. What was the point in doing the experiment? What were we trying to prove?

Describe the results of each experiment. What did we learn about the ranges in which Lactex functions?

10 Experiment 3:

Explain the purpose of the experiment and how it was conducted. This should be an overall explanation, not a step-by-step procedure – you are summarizing. What was the point in doing the experiment? What were we trying to prove?

Describe the results of each experiment. What did we learn about the ranges in which Lactex functions?

15 Justify that Lactex is ready for mass production.

Use the results of the experiment to show that Lactex works in the human body when taken as a pill. How do our experiments prove that Lactex works?

Hint: What temperature range and pH range would the Lactex pill encounter when swallowed? Will the enzyme survive these conditions? Will it work?

Include the use of graphs to show that Lactex works within the range of conditions it will encounter in the human body

10 Justify the need for Lactex in the general population.

Use evidence from your reading (Lactose Intolerance). Who needs this drug? Are there enough people who need it?

5 Pride in Work and Neatness

Evidence of editing

One-sided fact sheet

Attractive

TOTAL:

/50

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2: Control Yourself Movement of Water Lab To complete this lab, you will write a laboratory summary, using this sheet to guide you. Your final lab report should be typed. The following sections should be completed, in order, as they appear below. COVER SHEET: A cover sheet with:

Title of the lab

Your name

Your partners’ names

Due date of the lab report

Class period

PURPOSE: What are we trying to determine/ do in this experiment? PROCEDURE: A step by step procedure for setting up the experiment and collecting data over the course of the experiment. Directions should be numbered; and read something like a recicpe. Underline any materials you will need once you have written the procedure. DATA: Organize ALL data into a neat data table. This means you will need in depth observations. Things to observe:

Original size (cm) of 6 eggs

Original average size (cm) of 1 egg

Observations of the unknown solution

Final size (cm) of 6 eggs

Final average size (cm) of 1 egg

Solution number CONCLUSION: Answer the following questions using complete sentences. You should use at least several sentences for each question.

1. Summarize the process of osmosis. Include how it is different from diffusion. (5)

2. Explain the difference between hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic, including their effects on plant and animal cells. (5)

3. Draw and label a picture showing the effect of each type of solution on an animal cell. (10)

4. Identify what type of unknown solution you had (include the solution number). Justify your identification using your data. (10)

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Grading Rubric Cover Page

Title of the lab: ½ point

Your name: ½ point

Your partners’ names: ½ point

Due date of the lab report: ½ point

Class period: ½ point

/2.5

Purpose

Clear statement about what we set out to do with this lab

/2.5

Procedure

Step by step, repeatable, clear: 8 points

Materials are underlined: 2 points

/5

Data

Table is neat, organized, readable: 3 points

Quality/ completeness of observations: 7 points

/10

Conclusion

Question 1: 5 points




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