P. G. Course M.Tech in Engineering Applied to Medical ...

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P. G. Course

M.Tech

in

Engineering Applied to Medical Sciences

EAMS

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology

Nagpur-440010

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Preamble

This interdisciplinary M Tech Programme in Engineering Applied to Medical Sciences is proposed by BoS Mechanical Engineering.

The department of Mechanical Engineering started the research in Biomedical Engineering in 2004 through dentistry and slowly entered into different areas like orthopedics, stent deployment, application of RP machine, muscle characterization etc. In 2013, One week short term training program on Research Avenues in bioengineering for the undergraduate, post graduate and doctoral research students was successfully organized by Mechanical Engineering Department. The program laid the foundation for young researchers to utilize their knowledge and intelligence for the upcoming field of bioengineering. The speakers were invited from CMC Vellore, IIT Mumbai, IIT Delhi, AIIMS Delhi and the dentists and orthopedic surgeons from CARE, Orange city hospital, Nagpur.

As a part of the training program a Panel discussion was arranged with a group of invited doctors and surgeons from different places in India. Biomedical Engineering research that is carried out in the department was presented before the panel. The panel opined that interactions should be more frequent and the research should lead to the betterment of rural society as well. This led to formation of new forum with the intention to encourage, promote and advance interdisciplinary cooperation amongst scientists, engineers and medical doctors for teaching and doing research in the field of biomedical engineering.

A large number of faculty members like, Prof. P.M.Padole, Dr. A.M.Kuthe, Dr. Rashmi Uddanwadikar, Dr. Ashwin Dhoble, Dr. D. A. Jolhe etc. are involved in this coveted and high end research from Mechanical Engineering department. Simultaneously, lot of research work was also done in the department of Electronics and Communication engineering by Dr. Pradnya Ghare, Dr. Deep Gupta, Dr. Prabhat Sharma etc. Dr. Kailash Wasewar from Chemical engineering department, Dr. Shital Raut from Computer science department, Dr Jatin Bhat, Dr Manjusha Thawre, Dr R K Khatirkar and Dr R V Taiwade all from Metallurgical and Materials Engg Dept are also working in the related areas.

Prof A M Kuthe in the recent past has conducted two GIAN courses in the area of medical devices and tissue engineering. He also has set up Tissue Engineering Lab in the department which is equipped with State-of-the-art equipments and is working on Bioabsorbable scaffolds for developing bone implants. Also, the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Electronics and Communication Engg have conducted many symposiums and international conferences in the area of biomedical engineering.

VNIT has also signed MOUs with DMIMS Wardha, AIIMS Nagpur and NKP Salve Institute of Medical sciences, Nagpur in the area of biomedical engineering.

In view of immense work going on in the Institute in the area of Engineering Applied to Medical Sciences, this interdisciplinary PG program is proposed.

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The department started preparing for this Post Graduate program couple of years back. In a meeting chaired by the Director VNIT, Electronics and Communication engineering department, Computer Science Department, Chemical Engineering Department, Mechanical Engineering Department and Metallurgical and Materials Engineering department, decided to start this interdisciplinary program where courses will be offered by all the departments and students from different branches of Engineering would be admitted.

Subsequently, the scheme is prepared by Dr R V Uddanwadikar with due discussions with the Heads of the respective departments through their representatives. Dr R V Uddanwadikar also consulted dignitaries from medical fraternity, , Dr. Pankaj Dhule (MO VNIT), Satish Deopujari (Adjunct Professor of Practice, Mech Engg, VNIT) , Dr Subhash Lulay, ENT surgeon (Pvt), Dr Mrunal Phatak, AIIMS Nagpur, Dr Gaidhane, DMIMS Wardha, etc while framing the scheme. Related documents from IIT Bombay, IIT Kharagpur, Jadhavpur University and IIT Hyderabad were also referred. The participating departments have cleared the scheme. BoS Mechanical has also cleared the scheme and the respective courses. Concerns raised by some of the members were referred to the designer of the concerned course syllabus and are suitable addressed. Other administrative type of issues will also be suitably addressed.

The programme is designed for two years with 7 departmental Core subjects and 5 departmental electives to be chosen out of 13 subjects offered to students in first year. Second year is dedicated to project work where students will be guided by faculty from VNIT and a team of medical Doctors.

The objective of the program is to provide Biomedical engineers to the society who will offer their services to companies and industries manufacturing and supplying high end equipments, implants, surgical devices and many more machineries used in Hospitals and medical colleges.

The post graduate students can also pursue their doctoral research from reputed institutes in India or abroad in this field which is high in demand.

Few students as per the past experience can start their own companies and benefit the economy of the country. Three start ups are functional which are owned by students from VNIT who have done their PG/PhD work in biomedical engineering from VNIT. The societal impact of this course will be measurable and significant. Recently conducted Online symposium titled “Engineer your research for start-up” by Prof A M Kuthe explored the possibility of new start-ups by the PG/ PhD students in the area of biomedical engineering with encouraging outcome.

The scheme with its Program objectives, subjects, credits, syllabus, and course outcomes is presented.

For the time being, five departments are participating through 8 M Tech programmes. The total numbers of seats the departments are sharing from their existing PG intake for the Biomedical Engg programme are given in the following table. The revised intake is also given in the Table.

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Sr No

Department M Tech in Existing intake

Seats shared with Biomedical Engg

Revised intake

1 Mechanical Engineering

Heat Power Engineering

25 02 23


Industrial Engineering

25 02 23


CAD-CAM 25 02 23

4 Chemical Engineering

Chemical Engineering

25 02 23

5 Computer Science Engineering

Comp Science and Engineering

25 Nil 25

6 Electronics and Communication Engineering

Electronics and Communication Engineering

25 02 23

7 Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Materials Engineering

25 02 23

8 Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Process metallurgy 25 02 23

Total 200 14 186

1. It is proposed to start the programme from the academic year 2021-22.

2. Total intake for the Programme = 14

3. The department wise intake is proposed as per the seats shared by the departments for this

programme (given above) for the first year of operation of the scheme. To be reviewed

later.

4. Admission eligibility criteria (Department wise): as is in existence for the M Tech

programme offered by the participating departments.

The senate has approved the M Tech programme in Engineering Applied to Medical Sciences,.

Dr S B Thombre Head, Mech Engg Dept Chairman Bos (Mech)

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Program Outcomes

PO1: An ability to independently carry out research /investigation and development

work to solve practical problems

PO2: An ability to write and present a substantial technical report/document

PO3: Students should be able to demonstrate a degree of mastery over the area as per

the specialization of the program. The mastery should be at a level higher than the

requirements in the appropriate bachelor program

Program Specific Objectives

PSO4: To augment the student’s capacity in pursuing research and higher education

in emerging areas of Biomedical engineering so as to enable them to solve complex

problems related to technology in medical sciences;

PSO5: To make students ready understand professional ethics and responsibilities as

an entrepreneur and start their own companies to address the societal problems.

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Scheme for M.Tech in Engineering Applied to Medical Sciences

(EAMS)

1. Courses to be offered in Odd Semester

S.No Course Name Cours

e type

L-T-P-C

structure Offered by

Prerequi

site

Course

coordinator

1. Physiology for Engineers DC 3-0-2-4 Medical

Dr. Satish

Deopujari

2. Anatomy of Human Body DC 3-0-2-4 Medical

Dr. Pankaj Dhule

3. Biochemistry and molecular

biology DC 3-0-0-3 Medical

Dr. Pankaj Dhule

4. Biomaterials DC 3-0-0-3 MME Dept

Dr. Ravindra

Taiwade

5. Project Phase I DC 3

All participating

Dept

25

credits

6. Design of Devices for

Medical Applications DE 3-0-2-4

Mech Engg

Dept

Dr. A.M.Kuthe

7. Body Sensors network DE 3-0-0-3 ECE dept

Dr. Pradnya Ghare

8. Biomedical sensors and

Applications DE 3-0-0-3 ECE Dept

Dr. Prabhat

Sharma

9. Methods Engineering and

Ergonomics DE 3-0-0-3 Mech Engg

Dr. D.A. Jolhe

10. Methods Engineering and

Ergonomics Lab DE 0-0-2-1 Mech Engg

Dr. D.A. Jolhe

11. Bio-Medical Data Science DE 3-0-0-3 Mech Engg

Dr. V.M.Nistane

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2. Courses to be offered in Even Semester

S.No Course Name Course

type

L-T-P-C

structure Offered by Prerequisite

1. Bio Medical Imaging

Systems and Image

Analysis

DC 3-0-0-3 ECE Dept Dr. Saugata Sinha

2. Biological Transport

Phenomena DC 3-0-0-3 Chem Dept Dr. K.Wasewar

3. Implant design and Tissue

Engineering DC 3-0-2-4 Mech Engg. Dr. A.M.Kuthe

4. Project Phase -II DC 9

All participating

Dept

35 credits + Project

phase I

5. Bioinformatics DE 3-0-0-3 Comp Sc. Dept

Dr. Manish

Kurhekar

6. Biomechanics of Musculo

skeletal system DE 3-0-0-3 Mech Engg.

Dr.

R.V.Uddanwadiker

7. Bioelectric Signal

Processing DE 3-0-2-4 ECE Dept Dr. Deep Gupta

8. Artificial Neural Network

and Deep Learning DE 3-0-0-3 CSE Dept Dr. Meera Dhabu

9. Clinical Trials and

regulatory requirement DE 3-0-0-3 Medical

Dr. Abahy

Gaidhane,

DMMIMS Wardha

10. Structural And Mechanical

Characterization Of

Materials

DE 3-0-2-4 MME Dept Dr. Rajesh

Khatirkar

3. Total Credits to be earned for completion of degree program

Through DC Category courses = (ODD) = 17

(Even) = 19

Total = 36 credits

Through DE Category courses = (ODD) = 6-8

(Even) = 9-11

Total= 16 credits (minimum)

Total credits from all four semesters = 52 (minimum)

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Syllabi

For Odd Semester

1. PHYSIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS

L-T-P-C structure: 3-0-2-4

Course Objective/Outcomes (CO):

1. This course will make students aware of basic physiology of human body

2. Students will learn about various systems and their functions

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

Basic Cell Physiology

UNIT II.

Physiology of Gastrointestinal System and Renal System

UNIT III.

Physiology of Hepatobiliary and Neuromuscular System

UNIT IV.

Bio-membranes and Cellular Transport, Reproductive System

UNIT V.

Physiology of Respiratory and Cardiovascular System

UNIT VI.

Dental Physiology

Text & Reference Books:

1) Arthur C. Guyton: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed, Prism Books (Pvt) Ltd & W.B.

Saunders Company, 1991.

2) W.F.Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, 13th ed., Prentice-Hall, 17th edition, 1995.

3) Guyton ‘Text book of Medical Physiology – WB Jaunder company Philadelphia - 10 edition

2002

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Practicals:

1. Study of Gastrointestinal System

2. Study of Renal System

3. Study of Neuromuscular System

4. Study of Respiratory and Cardiovascular System

5. Study of Reproductive System

CO-PO mapping:

PO1 PO2 PO3 PSO4 PSO5

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2. ANATOMY OF HUMAN BODY



1. To understand basics of Human Anatomy

2. To study the organs and systems involved in body functions

3. To apply this knowledge into the biomedical engineering field

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

Introduction of General Anatomy, Study of Osteology

UNIT II.

Anthropometry, Reproductive System Anatomy

UNIT III.

Anatomy of Respiratory and Cardiovascular System

UNIT IV.

Anatomy of Gastrointestinal System and Renal System

UNIT V.

Anatomy of Hepatobiliary and Neuromuscular System


1) Anatomy & Physiology, Gary A.Thibodeau, Kevin T.Patton – 7th Edition, Mosby Publisher

2009.

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2) The Human Body, Gillian Pocock & Christopher D.Richards, Oxford University Press, 2009.

3) Ranganathan T S, Text Book of human Anatomy S. Chand and company New Delhi – 1994.

Practicals:

1. Study of Osteology

2. Study of Heart, lungs

3. Study of kidney

4. Study of brain

5. Study of abdomen, liver

6. Study of Eyes, ears, nose and throat

7. Study of uterus and the related organs

CO-PO mapping:


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3. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY



1. To understand basics of cell structure

2. To study the molecular genetics

3. To gain knowledge about bacteria, viruses and other pathogens

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

Introduction to Molecular Genetics and Informatics

UNIT II.

Cell Structure and Function

UNIT III.

Bacteria, Viruses and other Pathogens

UNIT IV.

Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics

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UNIT V.

Drug Delivery System


1) Muhammad Ateeq Qureshi, Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry 30th edition , 2018

2) U. Satyanarayana & U. Chakrapani , Textbook of Biochemistry 978-81-312-3601-7,

Elsevier, 4th Revised Edition

3) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox, 7th edition

4) Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology, 10th

edition

CO-PO mapping:


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4. BIOMATERIALS



On completion of the course, the student should be able to:

1. Obtain fundamental concepts and current knowledge of biomaterials and their biomedical

applications

2. Learn the basics about processing, structure, properties and applications of bio-metallic, bio-

polymeric, bio-ceramic and other important biomaterials and able to apply this knowledge for

material selection of implants

3. Learn strategies to develop bio-compatible/cyto-compatible coatings and able to understand

design concept of developing new materials for bio-implant applications. Students will be

aware of various materials used in medical implants

Course Contents:

UNIT-I.

Introduction to Biomaterials, Definitions, biomaterials market, Background history,

classification, applications, problems with biomaterials, Evolution of biomaterials etc.

Concept of biocompatibility, cyto-compatibility, host response, structure-property of biological

cells, invivo, invitro testing etc.

https://www.e-libraryme.com/2019/11/lehninger-principles-of-biochemistry.html

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UNIT-II.

Properties (mechanical and physicochemical), viscoelasticity, creep, recovery, human bone, etc.

elastic, viscoelastic materials, porosity, models like Maxwell model, Voight model, Reuss

model used in designing the biomaterial implants (numerical). Concept of biofilm and its

characterization

UNIT-III.

Bio-metallic Materials: Processing, microstructure, wear and corrosion resistance (Implant based

applications): Stainless steels implants (316L), Ni based alloys, Al, Mg, Ta etc., Ti and its alloys

(Ti-6Al-4V), Shape memory alloys (nitinol), Co-Cr-Mo Alloys etc.

UNIT-IV.

Bio-Polymeric Materials: Basics, Classification, Synthesis, Processing, mechanical behavior,

properties, applications, problems with polymeric materials as implant, Polymer ceramic

composites etc. Degradable and biodegradable polymers, bio-resorption, bio-absorption, bio-

erosion and its mechanisms. Bio-polymeric implants, scaffolds, drug delivery systems etc.

UNIT-V.

Bio-Ceramics: Bio-inert, bio-active and bio-resorbable ceramics, processing, microstructure,

properties and applications of bio-ceramics, bio-glasses, hydroxyapatite etc. Microstructure and

properties of glass-ceramics.

UNIT-VI.

Importance of thin film and coatings, Synthesis of biocompatible coatings on structural implant

materials. Biocompatibility and cyto-compatibility: Processing of carbon nanotube reinforced

hydroxyapatite on metallic substrate etc. Design concept of developing new materials for bio-

implant applications.


1) Biomaterials by Sujata V. Bhat: Kluwer Academic Publishers/ Narosa Publication.

2) Biomaterials, Principle and Applications by J.B.Park: CRC press , New York

3) Biomaterials Science, an introduction to materials in medicine by B.D. Ratner and A.S.

Hoffman: Academic press New york

4) Biological performance of materials, Fundamental of Biocompatibility by Jonathan

Black: Taylor and Francis

5) NPTEL Lecture Series on Introduction to biomaterials by Prof. Bikramjit Basu and Prof.

Kantesh Balani.

6) NPTEL Lecture Series on Medical biomaterials by Prof. Mukesh Dhoble

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CO-PO mapping:


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5. PROJECT PHASE I

Credits: 3

6. Design of Devices for Medical Applications



1. To understand the relationship of art and science to design.

2. To develop proficiency in design skills and methodologies.

3. To gain first-hand experience of the design process in the context of a ‘real’,

open-ended multidisciplinary design project.

4. To apply engineering analysis tools in the design process.

5. To understand the holistic context of design, including global, societal, ethical,

economic and environmental concerns.

Course Contents:

UNIT I DEFINITION:

Product Design by Evolution, Design by Innovation, Essential Factors of Product Design,

Production Consumption Cycle. Product Design Practice and Industry:

UNIT II INTRODUCTION, PRODUCT STRATEGIES:

Classification of medical products as Class I, Class II and Class III Global and Indian medical

device market; Customer pull factors; Technology push factors Innovation process: Defining

unmet needs; Developing novel solutions; Delivering tested products; Deploying in practice.

UNIT III IDEATION AND CONCEPTUALIZATION OF PRODUCT USING TRIZ

Clinical immersion: Domain familiarization; Observing clinical procedures; Permissions and

privacy; Voice of the customer. Problem definition: Problem statement; Functional requirements;

Constraints; Evidence-gathering and cross-checking. Concept and feasibility: Creativity toolbox;

Concept generation; Proof-of-concept fabrication; Feasibility evaluation

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UNIT IV THE DESIGNER:

Myth and Reality, Basic Design Considerations, Role of Aesthetics in Product Design,

Functional Design Practice. Economic Factors Influencing Design: Product Value, Design for

Safety, Reliability and Environmental Considerations. Manufacturing Operations in relation to

Design, Economic Analysis, Profit and Competitiveness, Break-even Analysis, Economics of a

New Product Design. Human Engineering Considerations in Product Design:

Detailed design: Product architecture; Component design; Biomaterials and selection; Product

assembly. Virtual prototyping: 3D modelling; Mechanism simulation; Stress simulation;

Verification and validation. Rapid prototyping: Laser cutting & 3D printing (plastics); Simple

metal parts; Electronics prototyping; Software apps. Functional prototyping: Metal parts

machining; Plastic injection molding; PCB fabrication; Pilot batch production.

UNIT V Introduction to Bionics and commercialization of product

Quality management system: Medical-grade manufacturing; Cleanroom and sterilization; ISO

13485 QMS; SOPs and records. Pre-clinical testing: Biocompatibility testing; Mechanical safety

testing; Electrical safety testing; Device specific standards & testing. Human clinical trials:

Investigation proposal; IEC and CDSCO approvals; Pilot and pivotal human trials; Results

documentation. Device certification: Risk class & regulatory pathway; Device dossier;

Manufacturing license; CE and FDA certification. Commercialization: Product/service/hybrid

offering; Business model and partnerships; Financial sustainability; Scaling up.

Text& References:

1) Chitale, Gupta, “Product Design & Manufacturing”, 2nd Ed 2002, Prentice Hall of India

2) B.Ravi “The Essence of Medical Device Innovation” The Write Place, Mumbai, ISBN: 978-

9-38728-218-6, 2018

Practicals

1. Study of Class I /II medical products

2. To find usefulness of ideality concept in design improvement of existing product

3. To study Contradiction matrix for innovation of need based product

4. To study the application of Substance field analysis in product development

5. To study use of Bionics in product development

6. Study of Class III medical products

7. Study of reverse engineering for implant development

8. Case study : Medical application

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CO-PO mapping:


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CO5 M M M

7. BODY SENSORS NETWORK



1. Understand the basics of body sensor networks

2. Acquire knowledge about wireless standards needed for BSN

3. Be able to describe and present use of wearable technology

4. Know about the applications of BSN

5. Understand research in the field of wearable sensors

Course contents:

UNIT I.

Need for Wearable Systems, Introduction to Body Sensor Network technology, BSN

architecture, Existing wearable devices, Physical, physiological and behavioral states of human

body

UNIT II.

Physiological and biological measurements. Different types of sensors: Accelerometer,

Temperature, Physiological sensors, Biological sensors, Different sensor measurements in

practice: Blood glucose, Body Temperature, SpO2, Heart rate etc.

UNIT III.

Working principle of wearable sensors, Types of wearable sensors: Noninvasive, invasive

measurements, wearable devices for rehabilitation and disease management, Case studies for

Physiological Health Monitoring Technologies

UNIT IV.

Technology for Data Acquisition, Wireless transceivers and microcontrollers for BSN

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UNIT V.

Communication systems/standards required for wearable devices: Zigbee, Bluetooth low energy

Short-range Communication Systems, Interferences, Noise, and Artifacts, Channel Modelling,

BAN-WSN Communications

UNIT VI.

Introduction to Context awareness, Applications of Machine learning for BSN


1) Body Sensor Networks by Guang-Zhong Yang, Springer publications

2) Body Sensor Networking, Design and Algorithms by Anthony G. Constantinides, Delaram

Jarchi, and Saeid Sanei, By Wiley Publishers

3) Wearable Sensors: Fundamentals, Implementation and Applications, by Edward Sazonov,

Elsevier

4) Wearable Technologies and Wireless Body Sensor Net orks for Healthcare, by ernando

os ele ; Fardin Derogarian Miyandoab by Wiley Publishers

CO-PO Mapping:

COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 M L H - -

CO2 M M L - -

CO3 M M L L L

CO4 L - L L

CO5 - L - M -

8. Biomedical Sensors and Applications



1. Students will be able to explain the need for biomedical sensors

2. Students will be able to describe the working of different types of biosensors

3. Students will be able to describe the molecular communication architecture

4. Students will be able to explain the applications of biomedical sensors and molecular

communications

5. Students will be able to design biomedical sensors for various applications

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

Review of Electromagnetic Waves

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Material technology for integrated optics, Introduction to guided wave optics, Integrated optical

waveguide design, Introduction to Photonics Integrated Circuits Biosensors, Optical sensors,

Label versus label-free biosensing, Silicon photonics Operating principle, Performance metrics,

Comparing silicon photonic biosensors

UNIT II.

Internet of Bio-Nano Things

Nanomachines, Nanorobots, and Genetically Engineered Machines, Nanomachines and

Molecular Machines, Nanorobots

UNIT III.

Synthetic Biology-Based Genetically Engineered Machines, Nature-made Molecular

Communications among cells. Molecular Communication, Architectures.

UNIT IV.

Applications of Biomedical Sensors and Communications

Drug delivery application scenarios, Cooperative drug delivery, Example: Intracellular therapy,

Tissue engineering, Lab-on-a-chip technology, Bio-inspired lab-on-a-chip, Smart dust biosensors


1) Fundamentals of Photonics, B.E.A Saleh and M.C. Teich, Wiley, New York, 1991

2) Photonic Devices. Cambridge, J. Liu, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

3) Fundamentals of Optoelectronics, Clifford R. Pollock, Irwin, 1995.

4) Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Larry A. Coldren Scott W. Corzine Milan L.

Mašanović, Wiley-Interscience.

5) Molecular Communications, T. Nakano, Andrew Eckford et al, Cambridge University Press,

2013.

6) Course slides and supplementary reading material

CO-PO mapping:


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9. Methods Engineering and Ergonomics

(an existing course in Mechanical Engg. Dept with course code MEL 502)



1. Understanding the fundamental principles and concepts of work study with emphasize on

method study and work measurement.

2. Understanding the fundamental principles and concepts of ergonomics with its applications

in various domains like, product design, workplace design, system design, anthropometry,

psychology, etc.

3. Developing the analytical and problem-solving abilities, using appropriate tools and

techniques, in the related areas through individual or group exercises.

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

Method Study (including various recording techniques)

Principles of motion economy, Micromotion study, Work measurement- Stop watch time study,

Work sampling, MTM, PMTS, MOST, Concepts of performance rating, allowances and learning

curve

UNIT II.

Man-Machine System

Human physiology and anatomy, Human limitations, Anthropometry (including statistical

treatment), Anthropometric design procedure, Behavior, perception and psychological aspects of

ergonomics, Information processing, Cognitive ergonomics, Mental workload

UNIT III.

Occupational Hazards & Ergonomic Intervention

WMSD, Ergonomic assessments such as REBA, RULA, Single action biomechanics analysis,

HAMA, Stress indexes etc., NIOSH & OSHA guidelines, Postural and movement analysis

UNIT IV.

Environmental Factors

Effect of noise, illumination, ventilation and vibrations on human performance, Thermal

comfort, Heat exchange process, Acclimatization, Metabolism, Physiological costs and energy

expenditure

UNIT V.

Design of Workplace and Work Systems

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Reach envelop analysis, Applications of ergonomics in product/system development such as

automotive design, Usability analysis, Design of displays and controls, Speech intelligibility and

communication design, Manual material handling and its biomechanics

UNIT VI.

Digital Human Modelling and Analysis in Virtual Environment Using Appropriate Software

Case studies/mini projects in ergonomics and work study.


1) Kanawaty, George (Ed.), Introduction to Work study, ILO

2) Bridger, R. S., Introduction to Ergonomics, CRC Press

3) G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, John Wiley & Sons.

4) Sanders, M. S. and McCormick, E. J., Human Factors in Engineering and Design,

McGraw-Hill.

CO-PO mapping:


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CO2 L H H

CO3 H L L L

10. Methods Engineering and Ergonomics Lab

(an existing course in Mechanical Engg. Dept with course code MEP 502)


Course Objectives (CO):

1. To demonstrate methods engineering techniques (such as method & motion study, work

measurement techniques) in a laboratory setting

2. To inculcate the critical understanding of various ergonomic design principles

3. To demonstrate various ergonomic assessment/analysis methods with appropriate software

List of Experiments (8 to 10 experiments from the following list):

1. Study of charting techniques

2. Study of principles of motion economy

3. Study of Therbligs

4. Stop watch time study

5. Work sampling study

6. Training for performance rating

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7. Application of MTM & PMTS

8. Application of MOST

9. Ergonomic assessment of different types of chair/tables

10. Response time measurement

11. Speech intelligibility test

12. Design of workstation

13. Design of displays

14. Design of controls

15. Physiological cost of activity

16. Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA)

17. Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)

18. Anthropometric data collection and application

19. Ergonomic assessment methods such as OWAS, NIOSH etc.

20. Gait analysis techniques

21. Digital human modelling

22. Case study-based exercises on the relevant topics

CO-PO mapping:


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11. BIO-MEDICAL DATA SCIENCE



1. This course will introduce students with little or no prior experience in programming,

statistics or scientific computing to the foundations of biomedical data science. Students will

learn foundational data science skills by creating Python computer programs that address

biological and healthcare case studies. Cases will be analyzed in terms of what data are

generated and consumed in the case, and how that data can be represented, visualized and

analyzed computationally so as to address the biological or healthcare challenge.

2. To allow gaining data science around us understand the relationship data science to

bioscience. Data science is a growing collection of computational tool to visualize and

analyze data.

3. To exploring in depth the biological science new insides as well as gaining tactical

skill in quantitative analysis

4. This course provides powerful method of data analysis using PYTHON environment

algorithms with biological related examples.

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5. To able to design information visualizations for heterogeneous collection of biomedical data

Course Contents:

UNIT-I.

Introduction

Introduction to biomedical data science, Python Basics, Introducing the Pandas, Library, Numpy,

Pandas, Examples, Code Style, Advanced Pandas, basic and advance, Python Programming

UNIT-II.

Biomedical Data Preprocessing

Extracting raw data, performing cleaning, reshaping and exploratory data analysis, data

diagnostics and cleaning, data prognostics, data visualization, exploratory data analysis,

formulating and identifying appropriate statistical models and methods, data science

programming, Review of Probability Theory

UNIT-III.

Biostatistics

Introduction to Data Science Mathematical Statistics and Inference Statistical Computing

Theory, Mean, Median, Mode, Using mean, median, and mode in Python, variation, standard,

deviation, Probability Density Function, Probability Mass Function, Common Data Distributions

(Normal, Binomial, Poisson, etc.), Covariance and Correlation

UNIT-IV.

Biomedical Machine Learning

Processing Biomedical Images, Supervised vs. Unsupervised Learning and Train/Test, Using

Train/Test to Prevent Overfitting a Polynomial Regression, Linear Regression, Interpretability

and Historical clinical models, Classification, Logistic Regression, Log odds, Gradient Descent,

Deep Learning, Conventional Machine Learning- Biophysical Modeling, Clinical Prediction,

Biomedical Imaging, Recurrent Neural Networks-Physiological Signals, Biophysical Modelling

UNIT-V.

K-Means Clustering, Measuring Entropy, Decision Trees: Predicting Hiring Decision, Ensemble

Learning, Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest-Neighbors, Dimensionality, Reduction;

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)


1) Rice, John A. Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis. 2nd edition, 1995.

2) Rosner, Bernard. Fundamentals of Biostatistics. 6th edition, 2006.

3) Venables, WN; Ripley, BD. Modern Applied Statistics with S. 4th edition, 2002.

4) Building Machine Learning Systems with Python - Willi Richert, Luis Pedro Coelho

5) Introduction to Machine Learning with Python- Andreas Mueller & Sarah Guido

O’Reilly Media, Inc

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Syllabi

For Even Semester

1. BIO MEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS AND IMAGE ANALYSIS



The students will:

1. learn the basics of digital image processing

2. learn the basics about the computer aided diagnosis algorithms

3. learn the details about Ultrasound imaging system

4. learn the details about X ray Computed Tomography imaging system

5. learn the details about Magnetic Resonance imaging system

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

Basics of Digital Image Processing

Basics of Digital Images; resolution, greyscale values, histograms etc., point processing,

Filtering, morphological operations, details of medical images

UNIT II.

Computer aided diagnosis

supervised & amp; unsupervised learning, confusion matrix, ROC curve, Artificial neural

network, KNN

UNIT III.

US [Ultrasound] Imaging

Basics of US imaging system, single element, 1D 2D US transducer array, A line, B scan, C

scan images Ultrasound wave propagation inside tissue, attenuation, scattering, Ultrasound

image analysis

UNIT IV.

X ray CT [Computed Tomography] Imaging

X Ray CT imaging system, Image acquisition protocol and Image reconstruction algorithm

UNIT V.

MRI [Magnetic Resonance Imaging]

Basics of MR physics, Imaging techniques, MRI systems, MR image formation

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1) “Medical Imaging: Signals and Systems”, by .L. prince & .M. Links, Second Edition,

Pearson Prentice Hall, (2015)

2) “Digital Image Processing”, by Rafael C. Gon ale & Richard E. Woods 4th Edition

3) “Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: inside Out”, by T.L. S abo, Second Edition, Elsevier

Academic Press., (2014)

4) “Principles of Computeri ed Tomographic Imaging”, by A.C. Kak & M. Slaney,

available on the web at: http://www.slaney.org/pct/index.html)

5) “The Basics of MRI” by oseph P. Hornack, available on the eb at:

https://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/inside.htm

6) “Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning”, Christopher Bishop. Springer.

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2. Biological Transport Phenomena


Course Objectives/ Outcomes (CO):

1. This course focuses on the fundamental concepts and equations that govern heat and mass

transfer, mathematical methods for solving transport problems, and ways of relating complex

problems to simpler ones that illustrate key principles

2. Fundamentals and integration of fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer in living

systems will be clear to students

3. Basic concepts of transport phenomena are presented and applied to biological systems and to

the design of medical devices

Course contents:

UNIT I.

Introduction

Role of transport processes in biological systems, transport within cells, transcellular transport,

physiological transport, application of transport processes in diesese pathology, treatment, and

device development, transport and reaction

http://www.slaney.org/pct/index.html

https://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/inside.htm

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UNIT II.

Momentum balances in biological systems

Fluid kinematics, momentum conservation equations, boundary conditions, fluid statics,

application, rheology and flow of blood. Navier Stokes Equation: Development of equation and

its applications for biological systems

UNIT III.

Fluid flow in the circulation and tissues

Flow in specific arteries, branching vessels, heart valve hemodynamics, artheroscelerosis etc.

UNIT IV.

Mass Transport in Biological Systems

Basics of mass transfer, diffusion and its application, steady and unsteady diffusion transport

equations, Stokes-Einstein equation, diffusion with convection or electrical potential

UNIT V.

Transport in porous media

Fluid flow in porous media, transport in hydrogels, biological tissues, poroelastic material.

Transvascular Transport: pathways for trans endothelial transport, rates of transvascular

transport, phenomenological constants in analysis of trans vascular transport

UNIT VI.

Basics of mass transport and biochemical interactions

Chemical kinetics, reaction mechanism, enzyme kinetics, diffusion – convention – reaction. Cell

surface ligand – receptor kinetics and molecular transport within cells: Cell surface ligand –

receptor kinetics, molecular transport within cells, regulations of gen expressions

Cell Adhesion: Cell matrix, chemical interactions, biophysics Heat transport in biological

systems: Fundamentals, heat transport equations, applications to biological systems.

Introduction to transport in organs: Transport of gases between blood and tissues, transport in

kidneys, drug transport in solid tumors, transport in organs and organisms Case Studies: Based

on research papers


1) George A. Truskey, Fan Yuan, David F. Katz, Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems,

2nd Edition, 2007, Pearson, ISBN-13: 978-013513154

2) Robert J. Roselli l Kenneth R. Diller, Biotransport: Principles and Applications, Springer,

2011, ISBN 978-1-4419-8118-9

3) Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, Wiley, 2007

4) Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, Taylor Francis, 2007

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3. IMPLANT DESIGN AND TISSUE ENGINEERING



1. To understand the basics of Tissue Engineering and fundamentals of cell mechanisms

2. To be able to design medical implants

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

Basics of Tissue Engineering

Introduction to Tissue Engineering - Objectives of Tissue Engineering - Basic definitions -

Structure and organization of Tissues – Development of Tissue – Tissue exchange and diffusion

of simple metabolites – Tissue Equivalent - Wound Healing Process - Biocompatibility and

toxicity assessment

UNIT II.

Fundamentals of Cell Mechanisms

Cell adhesion, Cell migration and Cell aggregation – Cell growth and Cell cycle. Cellular

Interactions: Cell – Cell and Cell – Matrix. Control of Cell migration in Tissue Engineering –

Cell delivery and Recirculation – Cell Culture in vitro – 3D culture in Tissue Engineering - In

Vitro Organogenesis - Cell transplantation

UNIT III.

Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering

Definition – Biological vs Nonbiological materials – Extra Cellular Matrix – Collagen, Chitin &

Degradable and Nondegradable materials – Polymer, Ceramics and Metals – Cell interaction

with different materials –- Scaffolds - Control releaser agents in Tissue Engineering – Cell

interaction with suspension and gels – Tissue response to implants

UNIT IV.

Introduction of Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering

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1) W. Mark Saltzman Tissue Engineering – Engineering principles for the design of

2) replacement organs and tissue –- Oxford University Press inc New York, 2004.

3) Gray E Wnek, Gray L Browlin – Encyclopaedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical

4) Engineering – Marcel Dekker Inc New York, 2004.

5) R.Lanza, J.Gearhart et.al,(Eds), Essential of Stem cell Biology, Elsevier Academic Press,

2006.

6) Sujata V.Bhatt, Biomaterials (2nd Edition), Narosa Publishing House, 2005.

Practicals:

1. To study the file format used in CT scan machine and rapid prototyping machine

2. To study the exchange of DICOM file to STL file

3. To study the rapid prototyping machine parts and their operation

4. To fabricate the physical medical model using RP machine

5. To study the operation of Bio plotter

6. To develop/fabricate the customized scaffold on Bio plotter

7. To design the scaffold for optimum cell proliferation

8. Medical Case study: Tissue engineering application

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4. PROJECT PHASE II

Credits: 9

5. Bioinformatics



1. Given the knowledge of string-based and statistical problems and algorithms in

Bioinformatics, a second semester M. Tech. student will be able to model biological

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problems as theoretical computational formulations and reapply the solutions back to the

biological world.

2. This course introduces students to the basic string based computational methods and

problems along with the algorithms that can be used to understand the cell and biological

systems

3. Students will know algorithms and programming techniques like dynamic programming,

hashing, and suffix trees

4. The course focuses on computational approaches to: genetic and physical mapping; genome

sequencing, assembly, and annotation

5. This course will help students develop a multidisciplinary approach to the systematic

analysis and modelling of complex biological phenomena

6. Students are also made aware of the currently emerging research areas in the fields of

computational and systems biology

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

String Problems and Algorithms

Distance based algorithms, substring matching, common substrings. Sequences: Problem

statement, Edit distance and substitution matrices, Global and local alignments, Spliced

alignment, Space-efficient sequence alignment, Multiple alignment

UNIT II.

Structures Protein alignment, Protein structure prediction, 2D and 3D marchings (1 Week)

Phylogenetic trees: Trees, Large parsimony and small parsimony problems, Probabilistic

approaches, Grammar-based approaches (1 Weeks)

UNIT III.

Overview of Gene Control, Working of Genetic Switches, Introductory Systems Biology, The

biochemical paradigm, genetic paradigm and the systems paradigm (2 Weeks)

UNIT IV.

Building an Organism Starting from a Single Cell -Quorum Sensing – Programmed Population

Control by Cell-Cell Communication and Regulated Killing; Gene regulation at a single cell

level- Transcription Networks -basic concepts -coherent Feed Forward Loop (FFL) and delay

gate -The incoherent FFL -Temporal order, Signalling networks and neuron circuits -Aspects of

multi-stability in gene networks (3 Weeks)

UNIT V.

Modelling biological systems, Genetic Algorithms, Hidden Markov models, predictions (2

Weeks) Miscellaneous topics: Pathways and networks, Microarrays, Biomedical image

processing, Information theory/Entropy and their applications to biology (2 weeks)

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1) "An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms" by Jones, Pevzner. MIT Press.

2) "Algorithms on Strings, Trees and Sequences" by Gusfield. Cambridge University Press.

3) “An Introduction to Systems Biology: Design Principles of Biological Circuits” by Alon.

Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.

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6. BIOMECHANICS OF MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM



1. The student will be exposed to principles of mechanics

2. The student will learn the mechanics of physiological systems

3. The student will be familiar with the mathematical models used in the analysis of

biomechanical systems

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

Introduction to Mechanics

Principles of Mechanics, Vector mechanics, Mechanics of motion-Ne ton’s la s of motion,

Kinetics, Kinematics of motion, Fluid mechanics–Euler equations and Navier Stoke’s equations,

Viscoelasticity, Constitutive equations, Stress transformations, Strain energy function.

UNIT II.

Measuring Techniques

Measurement of Forces, pressure, acceleration, Optical methods, Strain measurement

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UNIT III.

Biosolid Mechanics

Hard Tissues: Bone structure & composition mechanical properties of bone, cortical and

cancellous bones, viscoelastic properties, Maxwell & Voight models – anisotropy. Soft Tissues:

Structure, functions, material properties and modeling of Soft Tissues: Cartilage, Tendon,

Ligament, Muscle

UNIT IV.

Biomechanics of Joints and Implants

Skeletal joints, forces and stresses in human joints, Analysis of rigid bodies in equilibrium, free

body diagrams, types of joint, biomechanical analysis of elbow, shoulder, spinal column, hip

knee and ankle. Design of orthopedic implant, specifications for a prosthetic joint,

biocompatibility, requirement of a biomaterial, characteristics of different types of biomaterials,

manufacturing process of implants, fixation of implants


1) ay D. Humphrey, Sherry De Lange, “An Introduction to Biomechanics: Solids and luids,

Analysis and Design”, Springer Science+Business Media, 2004.

2) Shra an Kumar, “Biomechanics in Ergonomics”, Second Edition, CRC Press 2007.

3) Y.C. ung, “Bio-Mechanics- Mechanical Properties of Tissues”, Springer-Verlag, 1998.

4) Duane Knudson, “ undamentals of Biomechanics”, Second Edition Springer

Science+Business Media, 2007

5) Marcelo Epstein, “The Elements of Continuum Biomechanics”, ISBN: 978-1-119-99923-2,

2012.

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7. BIOELECTRIC SIGNAL PROCESSING



1. Gain the knowledge about the origin of different bioelectric potentials

2. Realize the basic research challenges involved in bioelectric signal processing and their

analysis

3. Understand and realize the different filter design concepts required for biomedical

applications

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4. Understand the practical advantages and limitations of digital signal processing approaches

and identify the best solution for specific problems.

5. Implement and apply appropriate signal processing algorithms on biomedical signals

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

Overview of Digital Signal Processing

Origin of Bio-potential and dynamics of bioelectric potentials, Challenges in bioelectric signals

monitoring and analysis

UNIT II.

Electrocardiogram

Signals of the Cardiovascular System, Electroencephalogram: Signal of the Brain, Evoked

Potentials, Electromyogram: Signal of Muscles

UNIT III.

Cardiological Signal Processing

Neurological Signal Processing, Time and frequency domain analysis, Correlation and coherence

analysis, Event detection, HRV and arrhythmia analysis

UNIT IV.

Optimal Signal Processing

Implementation of model-based methods of spectral estimation

UNIT V.

Applications and Problems with Case Studies

Overview of pattern classification and diagnostic decision


1) Rangaraj M. Rangayyan, Biomedical Signal Analysis: A case study Approach, Wiley

2) Tompkins W J, Biomedical Signal Processing, PHI

3) Cromwell, Biomedical Inst. & Measurement, McGraw Hill

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8. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND DEEP LEARNING



Introduce major ANN & amp; Deep Learning algorithms, the problem settings, and their

applications to solve real world problems. The course will foster abilities in designing and

implementing ANN & amp; DL based solutions for real-world problems

1. Identify the ANN & deep learning algorithms and modeling which are more appropriate

for various types of learning tasks in various domains (Understanding)

2. Perform detailed analysis of leading machine learning approaches and popular NN like

Perceptron, Multi-layer Perceptron, Recurrent network, CNN, FCNN, ImageNet, ResNet, and

RNN (Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating)

3. Implement ANN and Deep learning algorithms and solve real-world problems such as image

classification, image segmentation and natural language processing (NLP), etc. (Applying,

Analysing, Creating)

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

Neural Network

History, overview of biological Neuro-system, Mathematical Model of Neuron, ANN

architecture, learning rules, Learning Paradigms – Supervised, Unsupervised and reinforcement

Learning

UNIT II.

ANN training algorithms

Perceptron, Delta, Multilayer Perceptron Model –Back propagation, Associative Memories, Self-

organizing Maps, Neuro-Dynamics, Hopfield Networks, Applications of ANN

UNIT III.

Introduction to Deep Learning Feed forward Deep Networks – Architecture, Backpropagation –

Introduction, Gradient Descent, Regularization for Deep Learning

UNIT IV.

Convolutional Neural Networks - Introduction, Visualizing Convolutional Networks, Variants

(Locally Connected Networks)

UNIT V.

Sequence Learning with NNs - Recurrent Neural Networks, Design Patterns for RNNs

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1) Neural Network: A Comprehensive Foundation; Simon Haykin, PHI.

2) Elements of artificial Neural Networks; KishanMehtrotra, S. Ranka, Penram International

Publishing (India).

3) Deep Learning by Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville (MIT Press, 2016)

4) Neural Networks and Deep Learning by Michael Nielsen

5) Deep Learning in Neural Networks: An Overview, Technical Report by Jurgen Schmidhuber

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9. Clinical trials and regulatory requirement


Course Objectives/Outcomes (CO):

1. Students would know the challenges of clinical trials and ways to overcome it

2. Regulatory requirements for the manufacturing and sale of the implants will be known to the

students.

Course Contents:

UNIT I.

Design and conduct of clinical trials for biomedical device and diagnostics

1. Developing protocol for clinical trials for biomedical device and diagnostics

2. Implementing clinical trials for biomedical device and diagnostics

3. Managing and ensuring data quality / fidelity of trails and diagnostics

4. Approaches for data analysis in clinical trials and diagnostics

UNIT II.

Ethics / IRB requirement for clinical trials on biomedical device in India

1. Ethics / IRB guidelines of Indian Councils of Medical Research

2. Clinical Trials Registry of India, protocol registration

3. Schedule Y of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945

4. Reporting of Adverse events / Serous adverse events during trials

UNIT III.

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Medical Device categories

1. Medical devices classification

2. Medical device notified and regulated by CDSCO

UNIT IV.

Central Drug Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)

1. The Medical Devices Rules, 2017 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940

2. Functionality for grant of licenses for trials / clinical performance evaluation studies /

clinical investigation

3. Approval process or CDSCO for the applications

4. GMP / GLP requirements for clinical trials


1) Manuals of CDSCO

2) Websites/Internet

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10. STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION

OF MATERIALS


Course Objectives/Outcome (CO):

Upon successful completion of this course, each student should be able to understand:

1. Basic crystallography, microstructural, spectroscopic and thermal

characterization techniques.

2. Mechanical properties characterization, applications of each technique and its

limitations.

3. Selection of a proper characterization method for a particular application.

Course Contents:

UNIT I

Brief introduction to crystallography (Bravais lattices, importance of crystallography, definition

of crystal structure). SC, BCC, FCC, HCP, CsCl, NaCl, DC and ZnS structure description,

description of planes and directions and their representation, Ideal vs real crystals, definition of

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microstructure, defect and its importance, mechanical properties and its importance. Importance

of structure-property correlation in materials, structure sensitive/insensitive properties,

introduction to microstructural characterization and its importance in materials engineering,

different levels of characterization (macro, meso and micro), concept of resolution and depth of

field/focus in imaging.

UNIT II

Optical microscopy (OM) –reflected/transmitted light microscopy, theoretical and practical

resolution of an optical microscope, principles of image formation, microscope construction and

working, effective/ empty magnification, bright field, dark field and polarized light microscopy.

Applications of each in metallurgical and materials engineering, sample preparation for optical

microscopy and its limitations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) –

Advantages/disadvantages as compared to OM and other imaging techniques, working of a

SEM, atomic number and topological contrast, critical probe current, chemical analysis of

phases using SEM (EDS/WDS working principle, construction and analysis, data acquisition

modes – spot, line and area scans), resolution of EDS/WDS detector attached to

SEM, advantages/disadvantages, working and calibration, qualitative and quantitative analysis.

UNIT III

X-ray diffraction (XRD) – Elastic and inelastic scattering, Bragg’s law, basic powder

diffraction, generation of X-rays, characteristic X-ray spectrum, factors affecting the intensity

of diffraction peaks, derivation of diffraction conditions for SC, BCC and FCC Bravais lattice,

phase identification using XRD. Some practical applications.

UNIT IV

Thermal analysis techniques – Importance of thermal characterization techniques. Differential

thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric

analysis (TG) analysis – working principle, calibration and applications (Tg, Tc, Tm

determination, factors affecting them, crystallinity determination, quantification of moisture and

decomposition products etc.). Some practical applications.

UNIT V

Infrared spectroscopy (conventional and Fourier transform, working principles, differences,

some instrumentation and applications). Some practical examples.

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UNIT VI

A brief introduction to elastic and plastic deformation in metals, concept of ductility,

elongation, hardness testing (micro and macro), different scales of hardness testing, general

considerations during hardness testing, tensile testing, determination of YS/UTS/elongation

for ductile/brittle materials, importance of elastic modulus for bio-materials, its measurement.

General considerations during tensile testing (parameters). Examples of mechanical

characterization of bio-materials. Correlation of mechanical properties with microstructure.

TEXT BOOKS

(1) L. Yang, Materials Characterization: Introduction to microscopic and spectroscopic,

Wiley.

(2) ASM Handbook, Vol. 9, Metallography and Microstructures, ASM International, USA.

(3) Testing of Materials, Nayar, Tata McGrawHill

Practicals

1. To determine chemical composition of a material.

2. To study the principle and working of conventional scanning electron microscope (W-

SEM).

3. To study the principle and working of high-resolution scanning electron microscope

(HRSEM).

4. To determine chemical composition of a microstructural feature using energy dispersive

spectroscopy (EDS).

5. Phase analysis using X-Ray diffraction (XRD).

6. To study the principle and working of Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

7. To study thermal characterization of a bio-material using DTA and DSC

8. To study the principle and working of differential scanning calorimetry.

9. Bulk and micro-hardness testing of a bio-material.

10. Tensile testing of a bio-material.

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