OWT Presentation FINAL

8/7/2019 OWT Presentation FINAL

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AABSTRACTBSTRACT

Key points of article Reaping the benefits

Application of course theory to policy document

Conclusion

Discussion


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WWHATHAT AARERE TTHEHE IISSUESSSUES??

Food scarcity and poverty

Accessibility and un-even distribution

Population has grown disproportionably to world foodproduction

Sustainable food production: context of science, social

and economic and the environment

Increase land usage vs. intensification


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WWHATHATSS A SA SUSTAINABLEUSTAINABLE

SSYSTEMYSTEM?? The crops used must provide a high yield

Avoid unnecessary inputs

They must utilise human capital well

Negative environmental impacts must be minimised ormanaged

Must use agro ecological processes


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AAGRICULTUREGRICULTURE & E& ECONOMICSCONOMICS

World Agriculture makes up:

29% of Global GDP

65% of workforce

Multifunctionality Required.

Social

Economic

Political

Incremental better than radical- Unique.


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PPREVIOUSREVIOUS & F& FUTUREUTURE RREPORTSEPORTS

Differences in analysis, recommendations and

Different emphasis in the areas of:

Science

Technology

Markets

Trade

Social & Political

2008World Bank Report.

Overall aim of this report is to provide evidence base for UK GovernmentsForesight Group report (completed in 2010).


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CROP NUTRIENTS,CROP NUTRIENTS,

PESTS AND DISEASESPESTS AND DISEASES Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium are crucial

determinants of global sustainable crops.

Nitrogen fertiliser application increases the economic

and energy costs of agriculture

Agriculture amounts for the majority N20 emissions in

the UK

Crop genetic diversity has declined in recent decades.


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FOOD CROP PRODUCTIONFOOD CROP PRODUCTION

Potential to raise food crop production in sustainable

way.

Has been successful with certain crops already.

Popular in; USA, Brazil, India, Argentina, Canada.

Not popular in; Europe, Africa.


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RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENTSRESEARCH, DEVELOPMENTS

AND POTENTIAL BENEFITSAND POTENTIAL BENEFITS

Improving research leads to better knowledge of food crop

allowing:

Better understanding of crops cells (imaging) allows better

crop management and agricultural environment.

Changing the genetics of the crop and modifying of certain

traits.

Applications of research Improve yield potential

Reduce effects of abiotic stress and Biotic stress

Mineral nutrition of crops

Nutritional quality


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NNATURALATURAL EENVIRONMENTNVIRONMENT

The Natural Environment of externalities

4 key factors

Negative Externalities

Ecosystem Services

Agriculture effects


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BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity in agricultural systems

Intensification Problems

Reasons for increased impact

Gene flow

Possible environmental impacts


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SSOCIALOCIAL IIMPACTSMPACTS

HumanHealth

Crop Modifications e.g. plant produced insulin

Social & Economic systems

Consideration needed e.g. African farms

Rich/poor divide


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TTECHNOLOGICALECHNOLOGICAL IIMPACTSMPACTS

Extension & Technology transfer

Extension service decline Public -> Private

Knowledge exchange


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Innovation towardsInnovation towards

sustainable intensificationsustainable intensification Aim for sustainable intensification is needed

Under 6% cultivated area 300 years ago

About 32% cultivated area today (klein, 2001)

Over half of the agriculturally usable land has been

converted into land for growing crops (Green et al,2005)


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Global food insecurityGlobal food insecurity

Countries must maintain and build their capacity to

innovate. Science and, in particular, the biology of

crop plants and their management, is a necessary partof addressing this challenge

Technology and biological sciences are vital !

Nevertheless !!


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Global food insecuritiesGlobal food insecurities

However, not enough contribution from universities !

Recommendation

Expertise within the private, charity and public sectors

must work together

And good communication between farmers andindustries is essential to achieve sustainable

intensification.


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Application of Course Theory to theApplication of Course Theory to the

Policy documentPolicy document

J. Diamond- Societal Collapse

Policy Making (Stead & Stead)

Further Policy Implications


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Societal CollapseSocietal Collapse --

insufficient food supplyinsufficient food supplyJ. Diamond (2004) talks about many different collapses of societal infrastructure - can

apply this to the downfall of food supply

Climate Change

Hostile Neighbours

Trade Partners

Environmental Problems

Societies Response to Environmental Problems


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Responses toResponses to

Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues Policy making based on:

- Stead & Stead (1992)

- Management for Sustainability

- Strategic Choice Theory


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Further Policy ImplicationsFurther Policy Implications

Transparency of GM foods

Further conflicts- e.g. ethical

Further policy needs

Karp & Gaulding (1995)- 3 approaches

Command & Control approach


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Speak Truth to PowerSpeak Truth to Power -- PolicyPolicy

enforcementenforcement

The policy report builds its scientific evidence to present a case

for policy development

The policy choice is the introduction of intensive agriculturalsystems

Need to look at relative scientific supporting evidence toeliminate doubt and uncertainty

Power

(values)

Knowledge Closure Policy Choice

Truth

Science

(facts)


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Overcoming UncertaintyOvercoming Uncertainty

Ignorance

Uncertainty

Risk

Decision Making

Policy Making and Implementation

Stuck in

uncertain stage

- insufficient

scientific

knowledge


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Crop ProductionCrop Production -- aa

complex system?complex system?Increased Population

Increased demand for food

Increased Production

Further Environmental Damage

Climate Change = inhospitable conditions for crop production

uneven distribution

environmental debates

methods of production - debate

insufficient supply


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Crop ProductionCrop Production -- aa

complex system?complex system?More resources used

Environmental damageInhospitable

environment for crop

production

Greater demand for crops


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IntensificationIntensification -- break thebreak the

cyclecycleIncreased Population

Increased demand for food

Intensified Crop Production

Increased Yield

Environmental Recovery

scientific interference

poverty alleviation

policy implementation


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Further thoughtsFurther thoughts

Relation between policy document and Howards

deadly thoughts

I=PxAxT ( Barry Commoner, Paul R.

Ehrlich and John Holdren)

Reinforcing Management for Sustainability

Corporate Responsibility and Leadership


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Contradictions in theoryContradictions in theory

Technology: cause or cure

Food intensification vs limits

Individual vs Collective Interests

Humility vs Arrogance

Democracy vs Decision Making

Dovers & Handmer (1993)


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Group ViewpointGroup Viewpoint

Policy document was pro GM foods

Served Royal Societys interests

GM foods: future option or necessity?

Local response over global?


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ReferencesReferences

Stead, J., G. and Stead,W., E. (2009)Management for a Small Planet, Greenleafpublishing

Diamond, J., (2004) Collapse, Viking

Dovers, S. R. &Handmar, J.W. (1993) Contradictions in Sustainability, EnvironmentalConservation 20(3) 217 - 222

McNeel, J. R., (2004) Something New Under The Sun, Penguin

Karp, D. & Gaulding, C. L. (1995) Motivational Underpinning of Command &Control,Human Relations, New York 48(5) p. 439

Schmidheiny, S. (1992)Changing Course: Global Business Perspectives on Developmentand the Environment,MITPress

Kahn,H. (1979)World Economic Development: 1979 and Beyond, Taylor & Francis

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