Overview of Lymphoma Clinical Trials - At the Limits€¦ · Overview of Lymphoma Clinical Trials...
Transcript of Overview of Lymphoma Clinical Trials - At the Limits€¦ · Overview of Lymphoma Clinical Trials...
Overview of Lymphoma Clinical Trials
Beatson West of Scotland Cancer CentreUKONS Conference November 2018
Dr Pam McKay
Clinical trials
Treatment related
• New treatment
• does it work?
• how does it work?
• is it better than standard treatment?
• Existing treatments
• comparing one treatment with another
• comparing different ways of using treatment e.g. doses, scheduling
Medical research involving human participants
• Pathology e.g. molecular subtypes – MAPLE study
• Radiology e.g. use of PET/CT scans to guide treatment – PETREA study
• Patient pathway - Horizons study
• Late effects e.g. fertility – RATHL ovarian sub-study
Clinical Trials
• Phase 1 – small trials; often aim to find best dose or test safety
• Phase 2 – aim to find out more about the safety and effectiveness of the treatment
• Phase 3 – larger trials; test a new treatment or a new way of using a treatment against the standard treatment
• Phase 4 – to find out more about a drug after it has been licensed
Advantages Potential disadvantages
• Access to latest treatments
• Access to information
• Access to expert staff
• Careful follow up
• Longer follow up
• Helping others in future
• Uncertainty about outcome • Might be in group with worse outcome
• Unexpected side effects
• Greatest in phase 1 trials (usually for patients with no other treatment options)
• Extra hospital visits
• Reassuring or stressful?
• Extra tests
Subtypes
• Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Diffuse Large B cell lymphoma
• Follicular lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
• ABVD – standard treatment for many years (70-80% cure rates)
• Evens et al, 2007 - importance of delivering full doses on time
• Early stage disease – ABVD 2-4 cycles + radiotherapy
• Can radiotherapy be omitted in patients with early stage HL who are PET negative after 3 cycles ABVD? RAPID study
• Advanced stage disease – ABVD x 6
• Can bleomycin be removed from ABVD if PET negative after 2 cycles of ABVD? RATHL study
• Does substitution of Brentuximab for Bleomycin improve results? ECHELON study
• Can we reduce toxicity of intensive escBEACOPP regimen by giving less cycles if PET negative after 2 cycles? HD18 study
RAPID study – randomization between no further treatment and radiotherapy in patients who are PET negative after 3 cycles of ABVD
Radford et al, 2015. NEJM, 372; 1598-1607
RAPID study
• 3-year progression-free survival rate was 97.1% in the radiotherapy group and 90.8% in the group with no further therapy
• Modest improvement in the 3-year PFS rate (6.3%) can be obtained with the addition of radiotherapy
• Avoidance of RT may reduce incidence of second cancers and cardiac disease
2 cycles ABVD
PET positive
PET 1
4 cycles BEACOPP-14or 3 cycles escBEACOPP
RATHL1200 advanced HL
RT or salvage 2 cycles BEACOPP-14or 1 cycle escBEACOPP
PET positive PET negative
Endpoint : PFS
4 cycles ABVD
PET negativeRandomize
No further treatment
No RT
4 cycles AVD
no bleomycin
PET 2
PET 3
Johnson et al, 2016. NEJM, 374: 2419-2429
RATHL study
• ~1200 patients; UK, Europe, Australia, NZ
• 83.7% of patients had a negative PET2
• 3 yr PFS 85.7% (ABVD) vs 84.4% (AVD)
• 3 yr OS 97.2% vs 97.6%
• Improved PFS in patients escalated to BEACOPP c.f. historical controls
Conclusion:
• Bleomycin can be omitted from C3-6 with no loss of efficacy
• Respiratory events reduced
• Escalation to BEACOPP in PET + patients à improved PFS
Primary Endpoint: PFS for PET-negative randomized, eligible patients
(Median follow up 41 months)
Intention to treat analysis: Per protocol analysis:
HR: 1.13 (0.81 – 1.57), p = 0.483 Year PFS, ABVD: 85.7% (95% CI: 82.1 – 88.6)
3 Year PFS, AVD: 84.4% (95% CI: 80.7 - 87.5)
HR: 1.10 (0.79 – 1.53), p = 0.583 Year PFS, ABVD: 85.3% (95% CI: 81.6 – 88.4)
3 Year PFS, AVD: 84.6% (95% CI: 80.8 - 87.7)
ABVD-AVD = 1.6% (-3.2 - +5.3) ABVD-AVD = 1.3% (-3.7 - +5.1)
Overall survival: PET-2 negative patients
3 year OS ABVD: 97.2% (95.1 – 98.4) AVD: 97.6% (95.6 – 98.7)
Echelon I study:ABVD v A-AVD
• Phase III, commercial study
• Untreated HL, stage III-IV
• ABVD v A(brentuximab)-AVD x 6
• 2 year modified PFS: 77.2% vs 82.1%
• A-AVD – superior efficacy (4.9% improvement in modified PFS)
• Peripheral neuropathy more common with A-AVD (67% vs 43%)
• Serious pulmonary toxicity more common with ABVD (3% vs 1%)
Connors et al, 2018. NEJM, 378; 331-344
Modified PFS per independent review
TimeA+AVD
(95% CI)ABVD
(95% CI)2-year 82.1
(78.7–85.0)77.2
(73.7–80.4)
Median follow-up (range): 24.9 months (0.0–49.3)
CategoryA+AVDN=117
ABVDN=146
Progression 90 102
Death 18 22
Modified progressionChemotherapyRadiotherapy
972
22157
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52
664670
640644
623626
606613
544522
530496
516476
496459
474439
447415
350328
334308
311294
200179
187168
174153
9978
8568
7762
2716
2413
2112
61
41
41
00
00
Time from randomization (months)
Prob
abili
ty o
f mod
ified
PFS
No. of patients at risk:A+AVDABVD
HR 0.77 (95% CI: 0.60–0.98)Log-rank test p-value: 0.035
A+AVDABVD
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
Number of events
Connors, J. et al: Abstract no 0006, ASH 2017
Peripheral neuropathy and pulmonary events
• *Includes the preferred terms peripheral sensory neuropathy, PN, hypoesthesia, polyneuropathy, paraesthesia, muscular weakness, peripheral motor neuropathy, peroneal nerve palsy, muscle atrophy, hypotonia, autonomic neuropathy, neuralgia, burning sensation, dysesthesia, gait disturbance, toxic neuropathy, neurotoxicity, and sensory disturbance; PN, peripheral neuropathy
• †Includes the preferred terms lung infiltration, pneumonitis, interstitial lung disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, organizing pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary toxicity
67%
43%
• Drug discontinuations due to PN:– A+AVD 7%– ABVD2%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
A+AVD ABVD
Patie
nts (
%)
Treatment-emergent PN*
Grade 3-4Grade 2Grade 1
2%
7%
<1%
3%
0123456789
10
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
A+AVD ABVD
All
A+AVD ABVD
Grade ≥3
Interstitial lung disease†
Patie
nts (
%)
Connors, J. et al: Abstract no 0006, ASH 2017
Early interim PET within the German HD18 study
Borchmann P. et al: ASH 2017 Abstract 0737
Advanced stage Hodgkin
lymphoma
PET2 +ve (DS3-5)
PET2 –ve (DS1-2)
eBEACOPP x2
eBEACOPP x4/6
R-eBEACOPP x 4/6*
eBEACOPP x 4/6
Borchmann et al, 2017, Lancet. 390; 2790-2802
HD15 Lancet. 2012 May 12;379(9828) 1791-9: 6 cycles more effective and less toxic than 8 (* amendment, 2011 – standard
treatment 6 cycles in total)
eBEACOPP x2
R
R
PFS and OS for iPET2 negative patients
5 year PFS 92%
5 year OS 97.8%
Non-inferiority using 4 cycles and less infectionsNo TRM2.7% secondary neoplasm
Borchmann et al, 2017, Lancet. 390; 2790-2802
PFS and OS for iPET2 positive patients
Rituximb : no benefit
5 year PFS 88%
5 year OS 94%
Borchmann et al, 2017, Lancet. 390; 2790-2802
German HD18 study - Conclusions
4 cycles eBEACOPP is standard of care if PET negative after 2 cycles
Rituximab is of no additional benefit
Current treatment of HL patients at Beatson
Early stage
• 2-4 cycles of ABVD depending on risk factors followed by radiotherapy
• Discuss RAPID trial on an individual basis, especially young females
Advanced stage
• Majority managed by RATHL approach ie ABVD x 6 with omission of bleomycin if PET scan negative after 2 cycles
• Consider escBEACOPP as per HD18 if high prognostic score, especially in males
• EscBEACOPDac may reduce infertility
Elderly HL - PFS with multi-agent chemotherapy
Age >70Cannot perform ADLs
Andrew M. Evens et al. Blood 2012;119:692-695 ©2012 by American Society of Hematology
BREVITY study
• Untreated HL
• Not for standard treatment due to age, frailty, co-morbidities
• Single agent brentuximab, 3 weekly
• 4 cycles then evaluate by PET/CT
• If CR à further 8 (total 12)
• If PR à further 4 then if CR, further 8 (total 16)
• ORR 84% (CMR or PMR at PET 4)
(N=26/31)
• CMR rate at PET4 was 26%
(N=8/31)
Median PFS 7.4 months
PFS for patients in CMR 11.9 months
Gibb et al, ICML 2017.
Progression-Free Survival
• Tolerable therapy but high incidence of low-grade toxicity and dose reductions in this difficult-to-treat population
• Peripheral neuropathy an issue• High overall response rates but
mainly partial response
• PFS unsatisfactory
The impact of treatment type and age on ovarian toxicity in the rathl study
RA Anderson, R Remedios, AA Kirkwood, P Patrick, L Stevens, T Roberts, AM Carella, M Federico, A Fossa, C Hatton, N Kalakonda, DW Milligan, P McKay, J Radford, C Rowntree, F Scott, P Smith,
PWM Johnson
MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh
Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer Trials Centre University College London
Cancer Research UK Centre, Southampton, UK.
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency following treatment is an important morbidity for patients treated for Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Many patients present in their second or third decade
• Methods for preservation of female fertility are generally complex or unproven
• Prediction of ovarian failure at present is done by age
• AMH is a protein hormone produced by small growing follicles in the ovary
• AMH level reflects the number of primordial follicles, the ‘Ovarian Reserve’, which determines reproductive lifespan
• Could measurement of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) be informative?
Sequential changes in AMH
BEACOPP
ABVD/AVD
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Baseline EOT at 1 year
AB(V)DBEACOPP
Risk of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)(defined as FSH > 25 iu/l)
ABVD/AVD BEACOPP pWomen 35 or over, N (%)
End of treatment2 years
37 (66)4 (10)
11 (100)7 (70)
0.022*<0.001**
Women under 35, N (%)End of treatment2 years
21 (14)0
16 (89)2 (20)
<0.001*0.007**
Median time to recovery (days)35 or overUnder 35
516209
824664
0.008***<0.001***
% Recovery at 2 yearsK-M estimate (95% CI)
35 or overUnder 35
78% (68 -86)93% (89-96)
37% (19 -65)56% (36 -77)
* Chi squared test, ** Fisher’s exact test, *** Log rank test.
Time to recovery of FSH below 25 iu/l
Can pre-treatment AMH be used to predict the risk of premature ovarian failure?
FSH>25 after 1 yearFSH>10 after 1 year
P=0.03 P=0.12
No Yes No Yes
Conclusions
• BEACOPP regimens are significantly more toxic to ovarian function than ABVD, an effect which worsens with age
• There is no detectable evidence of lasting ovarian damage by ABVD in patients under 35
• Reduction in AMH levels appears to be permanent following BEACOPP, although a minority of women will recover normal gonadotrophin levels
• Pre-treatment AMH may be a means to identify those at highest risk of POI following chemotherapy, but this requires further study with a larger cohort of patients.
Anderson et al, 2018. Lancet Oncology, 19; 1328-1337
Diffuse Large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
• Commonest subtype of lymphoma
• Aggressive but curable
• 1994: 7-8 drug regimens no better than CHOP but
significantly greater toxicity à CHOP is standard of care
• 2002: addition of rituximab to CHOP (R-CHOP) àimprovement in response rates, progression free
survival and overall survival by ~15% à RCHOP21 = standard of care
How can we improve on R-CHOP21 ?
• Chemotherapy scheduling
• 6 vs 8 cycles RICOVER-60 study
• 14 vs 21 day cycles CRUK study
• Different monoclonal Ab
• ofatumumab, obinotuzumab Goya study
• Additional agents
• bortezomib REMODL-B study
• ibrutinib PHOENIX study
• Addition of radiotherapy RICOVER-60 study
• Infusional chemotherapy DA–EPOCH - R
Chemotherapy scheduling
• Established that 8 cycles R-CHOP no better than 6 cycles
• RICOVER-60 study1
• R-CHOP14 day cycle no better than 21 day cycle
Pfreundschuh et al, 2008. Lancet Oncol, 9(2); 105-116 Cunningham et al, 2013. Lancet, 381: 1817-1826
Different monoclonal antibody
Goya study – 1418 patients
• CHOP + Obinutuzumab (G-CHOP) vs R- CHOP
• Obinutuzumab –anti CD20 antibody, more potent than R
• No difference in response rate, PFS or OS
• More significant toxicity with G-CHOP.
PFS
OS
Vitolou et al, 2017. J Clin Oncol, 35(31): 3529-3537
Additional agents
ABC DLBCL – poorer prognosis à focus of attention
Some novel agents appear to have preferential activity in ABC type
Bortezomib, ibrutinib, lenalidomide – in combination with R-CHOP
Additional agent
REMODEL-B study
• Large phase III study, multicentre, UK• 1132 patients from 109 sites• First line treatment of DLBCL• R-CHOP vs R-CHOP + Bortezomib• No difference in outcome
Phoenix study
• Large phase III study• R-CHOP vs R-CHOP + Ibrutinib• Ibrutinib - BTK inhibitor• Preferential activity in ABC type DLBCL• follow up ongoing
Addition of Radiotherapy
German RICOVER-60 trial
• Patients aged >60 yrs
• 6xR-CHOP14 + 2xRituximab
• Value of adding radiotherapy to sites of initial bulk (>7.5cm) or extranodal disease
• CONRAD study
R-CHOP vs DA-EPOCH-R in DLBCL
Wilson et al, ASH 2016, #469
• Phase II study, haematologica, 2012: 81% PFS at 4 yrs with DA-EPOCH-R
• Phase III, randomised study vs R-CHOP (SOC)
• 524 pts
• Analysis by age (<60 vs ≥60) and GCB vs ABC in process
• Preliminary analysis (all patients): no difference in EFS or OS, median FU 4.9 yrs
• DA-EPOCH-R more toxic
• Discontinuation due to ae’s: 5.6 vs 1.7%
• Grade 4 neutropenia: 90 vs 56%
• Grade 4 thrombocytopenia: 35 vs 6.1%
• Grade 3 or 4 FEN: 37 vs 19%
• Grade 3 neuropathy
• Motor : 8 vs 1%• Sensory: 15 vs 3%
Management of patients with poor cardiac function/multiple co-morbidities
• INCA study
• Multicentre, randomised, phase II trial
• 1st line DLBCL
• Not suitable for anthracycline due to cardiac or other co-morbidities
• IO-R-CVP v Gem-R-CVP
• IO= inotuzumab ozogamacin – anti CD22 conjugated to calicheamicin
(potent anti tumour antibiotic)
• 6 cycles, 3 weekly intervals
• 1y end point - PFS
Current management of DLBCL at Beatson• R-CHOP x 6 • R-CODOX-M/IVAC – double hit lymphomas• Consider RT if PET +ve lesion on EOT scan
Molecular Profiling Studies - MaPLe
• DLBCL– newly diagnosed
• Samples à molecular diagnostic lab, HMDS
• Molecular profiling
• Basic clinical data collected
• In event of progression, patient screened for targeted treatment • EZH2 mutation present à Epizyme study
Anthracycline cardiomyopathy: detection and prevention in high-risk cancer patients
Cardiac CARE Study A multicentre prospective randomised open-label blinded end-point controlled trial of high-sensitivity cardiac
troponin I-guided combination angiotensin receptor blockade and beta blocker therapy to prevent cardiac toxicity in breast cancer and lymphoma patients receiving anthracycline adjuvant therapy.
Baseline cardiac MRI
Patient is approached and agrees to participate, attends screening visit and consents to study
Anthracycline treatment cycles
Anthracycline treatment completed
Post-anthracycline cardiac MRI
Patient attends clinic for diagnosis & explanation of treatment
candesartan + carvedilol
Titration clinics
Maximum tolerated doses of candesartan + carvedilol*
Drug treatment continues until final MRI scan
Standard care
1:1 Randomisation
Radiotherapy(for some patients)
cTnI concentrations at 2, 4 and 6 months
Pre-cycle 2 cTnI ≥ 6ng/L
Pre-cycle 6 cTnI ≥ 23ng/L
1 m
onth
6 m
onth
s3,
4 o
r 6 c
ycle
s(6
, 9 o
r 15
wee
ks)
cTnI concentrations recorded prior to each cycle
9-20
day
s
* Target doses: Candesartan 32 mg o.d.Carvedilol 25 mg b.d.
Extranodal Lymphomas
Primary Mediastinal B cell lymphoma
IELSG 37 study
• Ph III, multicentre
• 1st line treatment
• Standard of care is R – chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (RT)
• Can we use PET scan to determine need for RT?
• If PET negative à randomize between RT or no further treatment
Secondary CNS Lymphoma
MARIETTA study
• Systemic B-cell lymphoma with CNS involvement at diagnosis or at relapse
• Outlook very poor
• Sequential MATRIX and R-ICE, followed by high-dose chemotherapy + ASCT
Relapsed DLBCL
Epizyme study
• Phase II study, multicentre
• > 2 previous lines of therapy
• Tazemetostat (EZH2 histone methyl transferase inhibitor)
• Single agent, oral therapy
• Well tolerated
ARGO study
• Phase II study, multicentre
• Patients who have relapsed post ASCT or unsuitable for transplant
• R + gemcitabine + oxaloplatin (RGO) vs
RGO + atezolizumab
(check point inhibitor)
Follicular lymphoma (FL)
Commonest low grade lymphoma, incurable
Treatment not always required at diagnosis
• “Watch and wait”
Watch & wait vs rituximab study
• Rituximab à delay in time to require definitive treatment compared to
observation alone
• Potential toxicity from infection
Addition of rituximab to chemotherapy à improved outcomes – response rates, PFS, OS
Rituximab maintenance (2 monthly for 2 years) improves PFS but not OS (PRIMA study)
Ardeshna et al, 2014. Lancet Oncol, 15(4); 424-435.
PRIMA update
©2013 by American Society of HematologySalles, G et al, Blood 2013, 122, 509.
PFS42.7%
PFS 59.2%
6 yrNo overall survival benefit
Standard of care:Rituximab + chemotherapy eg CVP, CHOP, bendamustineMaintenance Rituximab for 2 yearsCurrent q’s:
1) Can other CD20 antibodies eg obinutuzumab result in better outcome? GALLIUM study
2) Can PET/CT scans be used to determine those patients who will not benefit from maintenance rituximab? PETREA study
PRIMA study
GALLIUM study• Large phase III study
• >1200 patients
• Comparison of obinutuzumab (O) + chemo versus rituximab (R) + chemo
• chemo - CHOP or CVP or bendamustine
• maintenance O or R for 2 years
• 3yr PFS 80% for O-chemo vs 73.3% for R-chemo
• Adverse events (gd3-5) more frequent with O (74.6 vs 67.8%)
• Non-lymphoma related mortality higher in bendamustine treated patients (5%) vs CHOP and CVP (<2%)
• Mainly infection– marked reduction in CD4 helper cells – persists up to 18 months
Marcus et al, 2017. NEJM; 377: 1331-1344
GALLIUM study – reduction in risk of PFS event
Obinutuzumab + chemo approved by NICE but not SMC for 1st line treatment
PETREA study
• R-chemotherapy (CVP, CHOP or bendamustine)
• PET/CT scan at diagnosis and post chemotherapy
• If PET/CT negative after R-chemo, randomize between maintenance R (MR) and observation
• If PET/CT positive after R-chemo, randomize between MR and MR + lenalidomide
Relapsed FL - GADOLIN Study
ph 3 study, ~ 400 pts with indolent NHL (80% FL)rituximab refractory
Sehn et al. Lancet Oncol 2016;17(8):1081-1093.
GADOLIN updateAdditional 10mths FU
• Median PFS 25.8 (G-B) v 14.1 mths
• Median OS not reached (G-B) v 53.9 mths
• 43% reduction in risk of PD or death with G-B
• No new safety signals
• Severe neutropenia & infusion related reactions more common with G-B
Cheson et al, 2018. J Clin Oncol; 36 (22): 2259-2266
SMC approved
Other FL relapse studies
• Idelalisib▼ in double-refractory FL, 101-09 study1,2
• refractory to both rituximab and an alkylating agent*
• median of 4 prior therapies1,2
• 56% ORR (14% CR); med PFS 11 months (in FL cohort; n=72)2
• SMC-approved
• toxicities• REBEL study – rituximab and lenalidomide +/- bendamustine• Epizyme study – tazemetostat – multiple relapsed FL à very encouraging
results especially if have EZH2 mutation (~70% RR)
1. Gopal et al, 2014. NEJM; 370 (11): 1008-1018; 2. Salles et al. Haematologica, 2017 Apr; 102(4): e156–e159
*Idelalisib is licensed in Europe as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) that is refractory to two prior lines of treatment
Conclusion
• Clinical trials are important in improving medical care for ALL patients
• They may improve outcome for the individual patient
• They may provide treatment opportunities when standard treatment has been exhausted