Overview of Liquid Biofuel Technologies (07ren18)

8/12/2019 Overview of Liquid Biofuel Technologies (07ren18)

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Overview of Liquid Biofuel Technologies

Dr. Michael A. PachecoDirector of the National Bioenergy Center National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Golden, Colorado

prepared forTAPPI International Renewable Energy Conference, 10-11 May 2007

- ABSTRACT -

A wide array of biomass feedstocks and conversion technologies currentlyexist or are being developed for the production of liquid fuels from biomass.Each combination of a feedstock and conversion technology presents adifferent route for producing liquid fuel from biomass, and each of theseroutes is at a different stage of development. This presentation will providean overview of the following conversion pathways: ligno-cellulose to

ethanol, renewable diesel, bio-oil from pyrolysis, biomass-derived syngas tofuels, and triglyceride-derived fuels from aquatic species. What emerges is acontinuum of options from the more mature near-term options, to less-mature longer-term technology options. The current status, strengths,weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of each route will be discussed.The presentation will include information from the latest economicassessments of these strategic biomass-based opportunities, where data are

available. Finally, some ideas for integrating of these biomass conversiontechnologies into existing infrastructure within the petroleum, agricultureand/or forestry industries will also be discussed.


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1

An Overview of Liquid BiofuelsTechnology

TAPPI 2007 International Conference on Renewable Energy

Dr. Michael A. PachecoDirector of The National Bioenergy Center


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The National Bioenergy Center Supports the mission and goals of DOEs Biomass Program

Develops technology to produce fuels, chemicals, materials,and power from biomass.

Partners extensively with the emerging industry

Works as a multi-laboratory consortium of: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)Idaho National Laboratory (INL)National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)

Headquartered at NREL with about 100 researchers and anannual core R&D budget of about $30 million


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U.S. Biomass Resource Assessment Updated resource assessment - April 2005 Jointly developed by U.S. DOE and USDA Referred to as the Billion Ton Study

Taken from ORNL & USDA Resource Assessment Study by Perlach et.al. (April 2005)http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final_billionton_vision_report2.pdf


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Based on ORNL & USDA Resource Assessment Study by Perlach et.al. (April 2005)http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final_billionton_vision_report2.pdf

Significance of the Billion Ton ScenarioBillion Barrel of Oil Equivalents


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ProductsProductsFuels

EthanolBiodieselGreen Gasoline & Diesel

Power ElectricityHeat

ChemicalsPlasticsSolventsChemical IntermediatesPhenolics

AdhesivesFurfuralFatty Acids

Acetic AcidCarbon BlackPaintsDyes, Pigments, and InkDetergentsEtc.

Food and Feed

Enzymatic FermentationGas/liquid Fermentation

Acid Hydrolysis/FermentationGasificationCombustionCo-firing

Trans-esterification

ConversionProcessesConversionProcesses

Range of Possible Biorefinery Concepts

TreesGrasses

Agricultural CropsResidues Animal WastesMunicipal Solid Waste

Algae

Food Oils

BiomassFeedstockBiomassFeedstock


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Near-term Focus on EthanolEthanol as a blending agent from either grain or cellulosicmaterial from Ag and/or Forestry industry

Biodiesel Transesterified vegetable oils blended with diesel

Green Diesel/Gasoline fats, waste oils, or virgin oils blendedwith crude oil as a feedstock for making low-sulfur diesel/gasoline inpetroleum refinery

Pyrolysis Liquids as a boiler fuel or an alternative feedstock topetroleum refinery or gasification facility, also a future source ofaromatics and/or phenols

Synthesis Gas for conversion to Fischer Tropsch liquids,MeOH/DME, or mixed alcohols

Algae as alternative source of triglycerides for biodiesel or greendiesel

Hydrocarbons from hydrogenation of carbohydrates or ligninLongTerm

Near

Term


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Integrated Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery

Focus of NationalBioenergy Center


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Other Near-Term Biofuel TechnologiesEthanol as a blending agent from either grain or cellulosic

material from Ag and/or Forestry industryBiodiesel Transesterified vegetable oils blended withdiesel

Green Diesel/Gasoline fats, waste oils, or virgin oils

blended with crude oil as a feedstock for making low-sulfurdiesel/gasoline in petroleum refinery

LongTerm

Near

Term


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Oils, Fats & Greases as Bio-renewablePetroleum Refinery Feedstocks

Co-processing of oilsand greases withpetroleum fractions

Utilize existing processcapacity

Potential for lowerconversion costs (thanFAME)

Higher quality diesel

blending component G/D flexibility

CatalyticCracker

DistillateHydrotreater

Oils andGreases

GreenGasoline& Olefins

GreenDiesel

ISBL Petroleum Refinery

Based on Presentations at 1 st International Biorefinery Workshop, Washington DC, July 20-21, 2005- Future Energy for Mobili ty , James Simnick, BP

- From Bioblending to Biorefining , Veronique Hervouet, Total- Opportunities for Biorenewables in Petroleum Refineries , Jennifer Holmgren, UOP


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Green Diesel

Hydrotreating ofbiorenewable oils inexisting refinery units

Lower capital coststhan biodiesel

Excellent fuelproperties

Source: U.O.P. Corp.1st International Biorefinery Conference, August 2005


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Mid-Term Biofuel TechnologiesEthanol as a blending agent from either grain or cellulosicmaterial from Ag and/or Forestry industry




Synthesis Gas for conversion to Fischer Tropsch liquids,

MeOH/DME, or mixed alcohols

LongTerm

Near

Term


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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Base Case Incr size to2000 tpd

Incr yield to70%

$ / G i g a

J o u

l e

010

20

3040

506070

80

$ / B O E

Crude Pyrolysis Oil Cost Estimates

Source: V. Putsche, NREL report (2004)

Base Case:550 ton/d wood chips59% oil yield2 MBPD oil product$ 44 mill ion Capital


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Decentralized Biomass Liquids ScenarioDecentralized Biomass Liquids Scenario

Alternate Feedstocks Petroleum Refinery


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Mid-Term Biofuel TechnologiesEthanol as a blending agent from either grain or cellulosicmaterial from Ag and/or Forestry industry





MeOH/DME, or mixed alcohols

LongTerm

NearTerm


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Gasification Offers Many Feed & Product OptionsPrim ary Energy

Source Syngas St ep Conversion Technology Products

Syngas(CO + H 2)

FischerTropsch

(FT)Upgrading

Lubes

Naphtha

DieselSyngas to Liquids (GTL) Process

Mixed Alcohols (e.g. ethanol, propanol)

Syngas to Chemicals Technologies

Methanol

Acetic Acid

Others (e.g. Triptane, DME, etc)

Coal

NaturalGas

Biomass

Hydrogen

ExtraHeavy

Oil

Slide courtesy of BP Corporation


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Ethanol133,500 gpd

Example 2030 Target Case for a LargeCellulosic Biorefinery to Maximize Ethanol

Ethanol viaBioconversion

Ethanol1,035,000 gpd

Lignin-Rich Residue1,500 dMT/day

Steam& Power Lignin

CHP Plant

Gasification AlcoholSynthesis

Higher Alcohols

Syngas

Ethanol1,168,000 gpd

409 MM gal/yr

Lignin-Rich Residue1,432 dMT/day

Yield: 117 gal/ton

19,100 gpd n-Propanol7,300 gpd n-Butanol

3,300 gpd n-Pentanol

Corn Stover10,000 dMT/day

S. Phill ips and J. Jechura


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Thermochemical Ethanol Cost Targets

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

2002 2005 2008 2011

M i n i m u m

E t h a n o

l S e

l l i n g P

r i c e

( $ p e r g a

l l o n )

ConversionFeedstockPrevious DOE Cost TargetsPresident's Initiative

State of TechnologyEstimates

Forest & Agricul tural Resources67 gal/ton

Costs in 2002 DollarsForestResources56 gal/ton

D. Dayton


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Longer Term Biofuel TechnologiesEthanol as a blending agent from either grain or cellulosicmaterial from Ag and/or Forestry industry





MeOH/DME, or mixed alcohols Algae as alternative source of triglycerides for biodiesel or greendiesel

Hydrocarbons from hydrogenation of carbohydrates or ligninLongTerm

NearTerm


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Microalgae as a Source of Biofuels

DOEs Aquatic Species Program at NREL(1978-96) provided the technical foundationfor producing biodiesel from algae

The concept involves produce biofuels from:Sunlight

CO2 in fuel gases and/or vent gasesUnproductive landBrackish or saline water

Productivity per acre potential (~10,000 gal/acre/yr) far exceedsterrestrial plants R&D is needed to reach this potential! NREL and industry exploring use of algal oils in existing refineries Algal carbohydrates can be integrated into ethanol production


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Diesel/Jet Fuel From Algae


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Low Land Use Required for Algal Biofuels(Basis: algal oil needed for 5 Billion gal/yr Jet Fuel )Near Term: withcurrent state of the art

Longer Term: withtargeted research plan

4,000,000 acres(6,500 square miles)

530,000 acres(830 square miles)

Arizona:73 million acres114,000 sq. mi.


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Summary & Conclusions

Biofuels are the only renewableoption for liquid transportation fuels

Resource is sufficient to supply alarge portion of demand today, withpotential to expand in the future

Ethanol and biodiesel are the bestnear-term options for deployment must transition to cellulosic biomass

On-going R&D may create otherbiofuel options in the future

Different biofuel options offer a mixof pros and cons


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Illustration by Oak Ridge National Lab

Overview of Liquid Biofuel Technologies (07ren18)

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