Green biotechnology in agriculture – food, biofuel and recombinant DNA technologies.
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Transcript of Green biotechnology in agriculture – food, biofuel and recombinant DNA technologies.
Green biotechnology in agriculture – food, biofuel and recombinant
DNA technologies.
Domagoj Šimić1, Krešimir Dvojković2, Aleksandra Sudarić3.
1 Agricultural institute Osijek, Department for Maize Breeding and Genetics2 Agricultural institute Osijek, Department for Breeding and Genetics of Small Cereal Crops
3 Agricultural institute Osijek, Department for Breeding and Genetics of Industrial Plants
Green biotechnology
• Various definitions • Wikipedia; Pejić, Kereša, Šimić, Buhiniček:
Biotechnology applied to agricultural processes expanding to
1. genomics PRECURSOR: Selection and domestication of plants (breeding)
2. recombinant gene technologies - applied particularly in plant production designing of transgenic (GM) plants
Agricultural Institute Osijek • Genomics - routinely adopted for developing new
varieties of maize, wheat and soybean• Ionomics - detection of chromosome segments in
maize associated with biofortification traits in grain to increase the concentrations of bioavailable minerals Fe and Zn food biotechnology
Agricultural Institute Osijek • Ionomics high-throughput genetic analysis
of ion concentrations of 22 elements in maize (mostly beneficial, but also toxic)
• Concentrations of almost all elements controlled by multiple genes
• Cadmium (Cd) concentration controlled only by 1, 2 genes. Confirmation and validation in two maize populations (Sorić et al., 2009)
Quantitative trait loci analysis for cadmium accumulation in maize leaf
IBM population____________________________________________________________QTL Chrom. Pos Left_Mark Supp.IV LOD R^2% add dom -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 chrom2 372 umc1028 1 chrom2 372 umc1028 368- 376 20.01 35.9 0.193 -11.483 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B84xOs6-2 population_____________________________________________________________QTL Chrom. Pos Left_Mark Supp.IV LOD R^2% add dom --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 chrom2 36 Z1359 34- 38 32.51 40.3 -0.348 -0.134 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Candidate gene approach; no positional cloning
Cadmium in food
• Higher Cd concentrations in wheat and soybean grain (EFSA – European Food Safety Authority, 2012) fertilization in agriculture (Cd is by-product in mineral fertilizers)
• Cd can cause kidney failure and has been statistically associated with an increased risk of cancer
• decreasing of Cd concentration in crops by recombinant DNA technologies?
Genetically modified (GM) crops for food
• Green biotechnology = recombinant DNA technologies in crop plants = GM crops for food
“the speed and precision that they offer over traditional breeding techniques made them indispensable 30 years ago. They still are today.”
30 years of GM cropsGM CROPS: PROMISE & REALITYA Nature special issue, 2 May 2013 nature.com/gmcrops
Food to fuelShifting the paradigm in agriculture to biofuel
production seems to be promising for green biotechnology
• Crop plants - not domesticated for modern biofuel production energy conversion efficiency?
• quickest, most efficient way to convert to biofuel feedstocks is biotechnologically
Recombinant DNA technologies for increasing Cd concentration in maize phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil because of intensive fertilization
• more fertilization more biomass and/or higher yields for biofuel production
• advocating safe and appropriate use of technology and environmental protection
GM crops for fuel
New GM crops for food and fuel
• “editing a plant’s own version, rather than bringing in an external gene”, Nature, 2013
= cisgenesis transgenesis (EU)
• Equivalent to traditional plant breeding but recombinant DNA technologies are applied
• Maize Cd genes for Cd accumulaton in maizeMario Franić talk - tomorrow