Green biotechnology in agriculture – food, biofuel and recombinant DNA technologies.

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Green biotechnology in agriculture – food, biofuel and recombinant DNA technologies. Domagoj Šimić 1 , Krešimir Dvojković 2 , Aleksandra Sudarić 3 . 1 Agricultural institute Osijek, Department for Maize Breeding and Genetics 2 Agricultural institute Osijek, Department for Breeding and Genetics of Small Cereal Crops 3 Agricultural institute Osijek, Department for Breeding and Genetics of Industrial Plants

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Page 1: Green biotechnology in agriculture – food,  biofuel  and recombinant DNA technologies.

Green biotechnology in agriculture – food, biofuel and recombinant

DNA technologies. 

Domagoj Šimić1, Krešimir Dvojković2, Aleksandra Sudarić3. 

1 Agricultural institute Osijek, Department for Maize Breeding and Genetics2 Agricultural institute Osijek, Department for Breeding and Genetics of Small Cereal Crops

3 Agricultural institute Osijek, Department for Breeding and Genetics of Industrial Plants

Page 2: Green biotechnology in agriculture – food,  biofuel  and recombinant DNA technologies.

Green biotechnology

• Various definitions • Wikipedia;  Pejić,  Kereša,  Šimić,  Buhiniček: 

Biotechnology  applied  to  agricultural  processes expanding to 

1. genomics   PRECURSOR:  Selection  and domestication of plants (breeding)

2. recombinant  gene  technologies    -  applied particularly  in  plant  production    designing  of transgenic (GM) plants

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Agricultural  Institute Osijek • Genomics    -  routinely  adopted  for  developing  new 

varieties of maize, wheat and soybean• Ionomics  -  detection  of  chromosome  segments  in 

maize  associated  with  biofortification  traits  in  grain to  increase  the  concentrations  of  bioavailable minerals Fe and Zn  food biotechnology 

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Agricultural  Institute Osijek • Ionomics    high-throughput  genetic  analysis 

of  ion  concentrations  of  22  elements  in  maize (mostly beneficial, but also toxic)

• Concentrations  of  almost  all  elements controlled by multiple genes

• Cadmium (Cd) concentration controlled only by 1,  2  genes.  Confirmation  and  validation  in  two maize populations (Sorić et al., 2009)

 

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Quantitative trait loci analysis for cadmium accumulation in maize leaf

IBM population____________________________________________________________QTL Chrom. Pos Left_Mark Supp.IV LOD R^2% add dom -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 chrom2 372 umc1028 1 chrom2 372 umc1028 368- 376 20.01 35.9 0.193 -11.483 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

B84xOs6-2 population_____________________________________________________________QTL Chrom. Pos Left_Mark Supp.IV LOD R^2% add dom --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 chrom2 36 Z1359 34- 38 32.51 40.3 -0.348 -0.134 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Candidate gene approach; no positional cloning

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Cadmium in food

• Higher  Cd  concentrations  in  wheat  and soybean  grain  (EFSA  –  European  Food  Safety Authority, 2012)   fertilization  in agriculture (Cd is by-product in mineral fertilizers)

• Cd can  cause  kidney  failure  and  has  been statistically  associated  with  an  increased  risk of cancer

• decreasing  of  Cd concentration in  crops  by   recombinant DNA technologies?

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Genetically modified (GM) crops for food

• Green biotechnology = recombinant DNA technologies in crop plants = GM crops for food

“the  speed  and  precision  that  they  offer  over  traditional breeding techniques made them indispensable 30 years ago. They still are today.”

30 years of GM cropsGM CROPS: PROMISE & REALITYA Nature special issue, 2 May 2013 nature.com/gmcrops

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Food to fuelShifting the paradigm in agriculture to biofuel

production seems to be promising for green biotechnology 

• Crop plants - not domesticated for modern biofuel production  energy conversion efficiency?

•   quickest, most efficient way to convert to biofuel feedstocks is biotechnologically

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Recombinant DNA technologies for increasing Cd concentration in maize  phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil because of intensive fertilization 

• more  fertilization    more  biomass  and/or higher yields for biofuel production 

• advocating  safe  and  appropriate  use  of technology and environmental protection

GM crops for fuel

Page 10: Green biotechnology in agriculture – food,  biofuel  and recombinant DNA technologies.

New GM crops for food and fuel

• “editing a plant’s own version, rather than bringing in an external gene”, Nature, 2013

 = cisgenesis  transgenesis (EU)

• Equivalent  to  traditional  plant  breeding  but recombinant DNA technologies are applied

• Maize Cd genes for Cd accumulaton in  maizeMario Franić talk - tomorrow